Massive Layer Research Articles

Solubility of anhydrite and gypsum at temperatures below 100°C and the gypsum-anhydrite transition temperature in aqueous solutions: a re-assessment

Anhydrite and gypsum are omnipresent in sedimentary rocks of all types. They occur as massive layers or are distributed within other geological formations as in clays. Understanding the conditions of formation and the stability of the hydrated and anhydrous form of calcium sulfate is crucial in an elucidation of the genesis of the geological formations envisaged as potential host rock for radioactive waste disposal. Estimations of the temperature, where gypsum is dehydrated to anhydrite in water vary between 30°C and 60°C. The extremely slow crystallization kinetics of anhydrite at T < 90°C prevents a direct determination of this transition temperature. In the present work the different approaches to fix this temperature are discussed. It is shown that careful assessment of solubility data and calorimetric measurements yields a transition temperature of 42°C ± 1°C. For results essentially deviating from this value methodic deficiencies are revealed and discussed. Thus, a long-standing discussion about the thermodynamic aspect of the gypsum-anhydrite conversion can be closed, not the kinetic part.

Effects of thermal mass on transient thermal performance of concrete-based walls and energy consumption of an office building

Reducing energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions is an essential part of the clean growth and climate change framework recently developed by the Canadian government, which emphasizes the importance of energy-efficient building constructions. In this paper, the effects of thermal mass and placement of the thermally massive layer within wall assemblies on the transient thermal performance of walls and energy performance of a case study office building were studied. Three climate conditions representative of the heating-dominated, temperate, and cooling-dominated climates were considered. As for the assessment of energy demands, two cases for the indoor air temperature were taken into account: (i) indoor temperature was maintained at 20°C throughout the year, and (ii) during summertime, there was a set-point of 24°C and a setback of 35°C during the rest of the day while during wintertime, the set-point and setback values were 22°C and 18°C, respectively. The cases were compared according to the resulting decrement factor, the time required to reach quasi-steady state conditions, amplitudes of changes of heat fluxes and indoor surface temperatures, and the energy demands. The results showed that, for the cases studied, the wall, for which the thermally massive layer is not directly exposed to the indoor and outdoor climate conditions, resulted in the lowest decrement factor, the minimum amplitude of changes of heat fluxes and indoor surface temperatures, and maximum time required to reach quasi steady-state conditions. As for the energy performance, on the other hand, the wall, for which the thermally massive layer is exposed to the interior and exterior climate conditions, performed best amongst the cases investigated.

Sedimentology and geochemistry of basinal lithofacies in the Mesoarchean (2.93 Ga) Red Lake carbonate platform, northwest Ontario, Canada

The > 200 m thick Red Lake carbonate platform of the 2.940-2.925 Ga Ball Assemblage (Red Lake Greenstone Belt, Superior Province, Canada) is the oldest known carbonate platform preserved on Earth. This study examined surface outcrops and multiple industry cored drill holes comprising a diverse assemblage of chemical and siliciclastic sedimentary rocks of the deeper water lithofacies associated with the shallow water carbonates. The offshore lithologies, underlying, interlayered with, and overlying the mainly stromatolitic carbonates, consist of alternating packages of sandstone, siltstone, carbonaceous slate, pyritic carbonaceous slate, chert, and oxide facies iron formation (OFIF). These interlayer with carbonate in transitional slope environments, which consist in places of carbonate with magnetite laminae above slumped carbonate debris in iron formation and/or carbonaceous slate. Chert and OFIF were deposited further offshore in a suboxic environment, with lithology dependent on concentrations of seawater Fe(II) and silicic acid. The iron sulfides were deposited in a reducing, anoxic, and organic-rich bottom water and muddy pore water environment not conducive to Fe hydroxide or chert precipitation. Carbonaceous mud was the background sediment, accumulating during intervals when the precipitation of chert, Fe hydroxides, or massive layers of Fe sulfides was inhibited. The interlayering of differing assemblages of chemical and siliciclastic sedimentary rocks indicates temporal and spatial fluctuations in the chemistry of local paleo-seawater and variable sedimentation rates on the margins of the Red Lake carbonate platform. Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)- normalized rare earth element (REE) systematics of carbonate and OFIF show positive La and Gd anomalies, super-chondritic Y/Ho ratios, and depleted light rare earth elements (LREEs) relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), similar to modern seawater, while the positive Eu anomalies in the carbonate and OFIF samples reflect hydrothermally influenced Archean seawater. The chemical sedimentary rocks exhibit enrichment of redox-sensitive elements (i.e., Cr, Mo, V, and U) compared to their siliciclastic associates. This, combined with concentrations of MnO up to 6.3 wt% and positive Ce anomalies in the iron formation directly below the carbonate platform, all indicate the likely presence of some O2 ca 2.93 Ga.

Østrup Slot

Østrup SlotNew and old excavations 1894-2017In the spring of 2017, archaeologists from East Jutland Museum undertook an excavation at the medieval castle of Østrup Slot, located 10 km east of Randers on the north side of Randers Fjord. The excavation formed part of a restoration project at the castle and was aimed at documenting the damage caused by the construction of a geothermal heating system.The castle has currently both a partially preserved rampart and a moat, as well as a small section of stone wall. The eastern and southern parts of the castle have been demolished and replaced by modern structures. The castle originally covered an area of ​​around 80 x 100 m. Excavations have previously been carried out at the castle by the Danish National Museum in 1894 and 1913, and there are also a number of written records associated with it. Throughout the Middle Ages, the castle was owned by the Church, but it passed to the Crown during the Reformation and was subsequently used as a hunting lodge. In 1591, Frederik II ordered the castle to be demolished, as it was in too poor a state to be repaired.During the recent excavation, chronologically discrete phases representing presumed construction phases were recorded. The results of this excavation were supplemented by information from the earlier excavations in 1894 and 1913. The excavations show that the oldest part of the castle was built as early as the late 11th or early 12th century. The site appears to have been unfortified during this early phase, but at some point during the 13th century a small rampart and moat were constructed. It appears that this early fortification was constructed over a massive layer of burnt material, which could indicate that the fortification took place in response to an attack on the site sometime in the 13th century. In the 14th century, the castle underwent extensive expansion and rebuilding. The size of the moat and the ramparts doubled, and a large new building was constructed. Likewise, the early excavations showed that stone buildings were constructed along the ramparts on both the eastern and western sides. Overall, the fortification’s defensive capabilities were significantly improved. The 14th century traces constitute the latest surviving remains of the castle. No remains were recorded from either the Late Middle Ages or the Renaissance until the castle’s demolition in 1591.An attempt has been made to link the excavation results to the historical developments. It is clear from the excavation in 2017 that Østrup was already about 100 years old when it was first mentioned in written records in 1191. It is not clear, however, when Østrup came into the possession of the bishopric of Aarhus.It was not possible to date the early fortifications more precisely than to the 13th century. The fact that the fortifications were constructed over a burnt layer indicates that the time of their construction should be sought in the turbulent period around the middle of the century, when the sons of Valdemar Sejr battled for power in the kingdom. There were several episodes at this time that may have resulted in the site being burnt down. Similarly, the expansion and reinforcement of the castle in the 14th century corresponds well with historical developments when the entire country was mortgaged to the Holstein counts. Bishop Svend of Aarhus was caught directly in the middle of this power struggle and was eventually forced to flee the country in the 1330s. Subsequently, ownership of Østrup probably passed to one of the Holstein counts. It is impossible to determine whether the entrepreneur behind the great expansion of Østrup’s fortifications was Bishop Svend or a Holstein count, potentially Count Gerhard III, as all these events took place within a relatively short period of time.The strengthening of the fortifications could also have taken place in conjunction with the major revolts against Valdemar Atterdag in 1351 and 1357. During both insurrections, however, the bishop sided with the king, and there therefore do not appear to be any immediate grounds for an expansion of the fortifications.There were generally few privately owned castles in the environs of Randers during the Middle Ages, but Østrup is an exception here. This should probably be seen as an indication of a strong royal presence in the area. Østrup was probably given to the Church in the second half of the 12th century: A time when Crown and Church worked closely together and constituted a powerful force in Denmark. The Church was, on the same occasion or shortly afterwards, probably given large areas of land in the area to support its new holdings and it managed to hang on to these throughout the Middle Ages, until the monarchy took over Østrup after the Reformation.

Periphyton (microbiome) of filamentous algae studied by polarization microscopy, aided also by some contrasting optical methods.

Polarization microscopy, possibly together with some contrast techniques (dark field and color phase contrast), was used to study the periphyton (microbiome) growing on filamentous green algae. The material containing filamentous algae with periphyton on the surface was collected in the villages of Sýkořice and Zbečno (Křivoklátsko Protected Landscape Area). The objects were studied in a LOMO MIN-8 St. Petersburg polarizing microscope and a Carl Zeiss Jena NfpK laboratory microscope equipped with an In Ph 160 basic body with variable dark field or color phase contrast and a Nikon D70 DSLR digital camera. Cells of filamentous algae of the genera Cladophora, Vaucheria, and Oedogonium were studied and the periphyton attached to them formed by cyanobacteria of the genera Chamaesiphon and Pleurocapsa and algae of the genera Characium, including diatoms of the genera Eunotia and Synedra. In all cases, the cell walls of the host algae showed a very strong birefringence. In contrast, the walls of cyanobacteria of the genera Chamaesiphon and Pleurocapsa were characterized by a much weaker birefringence (Pleurocapsa somewhat thicker), and the diatom frustules of the genera Eunotia and Synedra were almost without a birefringence. Strongly birefringent granules were found in the cytoplasm of the green alga of the genus Characium, which forms periphyton on the filamentous green algae of the genus Vaucheria. The periphyton on the filamentous alga of the genus Oedogonium, formed by cyanobacteria of the genus Pleurocapsa and diatoms of the genera Eunotia and Synedra, deposited in a massive layer of mucus containing birefringent crystals, showed a particularly strong birefringence. At the end of the vegetation of filamentous algae, their parts and remnants of periphyton (diatom frustules and crystals) became part of the detritus at the bottom of the culture vessel. The use of polarization microscopy in the study of filamentous algae with periphyton on the surface allows us not only to determine the birefringence of the observed structures, but also to partially deduce their chemical composition, or regular arrangement ofparticles, so-called shape birefringence.

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PANCREAS IN THE THIRD TRIMESTER OF INTRACTUAL DEVELOPMENT

In the third trimester of fetal development, the software continues to increase signifi cantly in weight. The organ has already undergone the formation of the architecture of a complex alveolar- tubular gland, but the processes of morphofunctional diff erentiation of both the stromal- vascular component and the parenchyma of the pancreas are still ongoing. Particularly active in this period is the process of diff erentiation in the cells of the exocrine and endocrine parts of the parenchyma of the pancreas. We used 30 human objects from 305.0 mm to 500.0 mm of parietal-heel length. On histological preparations of PZ at their staining with hematoxylin and eosin, the already formed particle structure is clearly observed. The capsule is thin and dense, represented by connective tissue. Among its connective tissue structures, in comparison with the early fetal period of embryogenesis, the number of collagen fi bers increases signifi cantly. There are no mesenchymal cells among the stroma cells, but the number of specialized fi broblastic cells is increasing: young and mature fi broblasts with the appearance of single fi brocytes. From the inner surface of the capsule in the thickness of the organ depart trabeculae, similar to the capsule of histological structure. There is a large number of vessels in the connective tissue of the trabeculae. The thickness of the interparticle connective tissue between the already formed particles of the software, compared with the previous term, decreases signifi cantly, and the overall size of the particles themselves increases accordingly. In the interparticle connective tissue are blood and lymphatic vessels of the body with the main duct of the pancreas and interparticle excretory ducts. The main duct of the pancreas is externally surrounded by a massive layer of loose connective tissue, which increases the number of collagen and elastic fi bers and fi broblastic cells. In the thickness of the loose connective tissue of its own plate there are single, already formed, secretory departments of the mucous glands. In fetuses from 28-32 weeks of gestation, the secretion of mucous secretions is already observed and gradually begin to perform their secretory function I-cells. Vessels entwine a dense network of all structural and functional components of the lobe. Theinterparticle ducts branching give rise to rather short intraparticle ducts, which in turn give rise to interacinous. Inlet ducts are a continuation of interacinous ducts. The connection of the pancreatic acini with the insertion ducts gives rise to the entire system of excretory ducts of the exocrine part of the pancreas. The vast majority of the islets of Langerhans are observed in the head of the software, towards the tail, their number and size are gradually decreasing. By the end of the prenatal period of ontogenesis, the pancreas, as an organ of the digestive system, begins to perform its specifi c functions. However, in full its morphofunctional formation does not end and continues it in the postnatal period.

BCNet: A Novel Network for Blood Cell Classification.

Aims: Most blood diseases, such as chronic anemia, leukemia (commonly known as blood cancer), and hematopoietic dysfunction, are caused by environmental pollution, substandard decoration materials, radiation exposure, and long-term use certain drugs. Thus, it is imperative to classify the blood cell images. Most cell classification is based on the manual feature, machine learning classifier or the deep convolution network neural model. However, manual feature extraction is a very tedious process, and the results are usually unsatisfactory. On the other hand, the deep convolution neural network is usually composed of massive layers, and each layer has many parameters. Therefore, each deep convolution neural network needs a lot of time to get the results. Another problem is that medical data sets are relatively small, which may lead to overfitting problems. Methods: To address these problems, we propose seven models for the automatic classification of blood cells: BCARENet, BCR5RENet, BCMV2RENet, BCRRNet, BCRENet, BCRSNet, and BCNet. The BCNet model is the best model among the seven proposed models. The backbone model in our method is selected as the ResNet-18, which is pre-trained on the ImageNet set. To improve the performance of the proposed model, we replace the last four layers of the trained transferred ResNet-18 model with the three randomized neural networks (RNNs), which are RVFL, ELM, and SNN. The final outputs of our BCNet are generated by the ensemble of the predictions from the three randomized neural networks by the majority voting. We use four multi-classification indexes for the evaluation of our model. Results: The accuracy, average precision, average F1-score, and average recall are 96.78, 97.07, 96.78, and 96.77%, respectively. Conclusion: We offer the comparison of our model with state-of-the-art methods. The results of the proposed BCNet model are much better than other state-of-the-art methods.

Genesis of the Enkafela Mn deposit: a record of submarine hydrothermal activity in the Afar Depression, Northeast Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The genesis of the Enkafela Mn deposit and associated processes were investigated using field mapping, mineralogical and geochemical analyses by XRD, ICP-MS/AES and XRF. The geology is constituted by limestone, evaporites/gypsum, conglomerates and basalt. The orebody is hosted in the limestone and has two distinctive manganese layers: a massive bottom and powdery top. Pyrolusite, romanechite and birnessite are the major ore minerals. The geochemical results indicate elevated MnO (av. 70.25 wt-%), Ba (>10,000 ppm), Sr (>10,000 ppm) and depleted Fe2O3 (av. 0.37 wt-%) and other metals. The massive orebody has higher (172.9 ppm) REE content than the powdery ore (7.84 ppm). Chondrite normalised REE plot shows LREE enrichment for both orebodies. The massive manganese layer shows enrichment in Ce and no Eu anomaly. The powdery manganese is depleted in Ce and Eu. The geochemical and mineralogical studies indicate that the manganese mineralisation has dual sources: hydrogenous and hydrothermal sources (for the massive orebody), and hydrothermal (for the powdery). The data suggest that there was active submarine hydrothermal activity in Dallol associated with the regional geodynamic events while the area was inundated by the Red Sea during the Pleistocene.

Downdip Development of the Ni-Cu-PGE-Bearing Mafic to Ultramafic Uitkomst Complex, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

The about 2055-Ma-old mafic to ultramafic Uitkomst Complex in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa hosts the low-grade-large-tonnage Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, Nkomati. The complex is regarded to represent a satellite to the Bushveld Complex and a feeder to an eroded magmatic reservoir in the southeast. Aeromagnetic surveys and previous drilling indicated an overall northwestern-downdip extension of the complex, but the question is to what extent and in which expression can the complete intrusion be found under cover in the northwest? Answering this, a mineralogical, geochemical and geochronological investigation of a borehole intersection of the whole complex at Little Mamre was carried out, using petrography, XRF, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb analyses of zircons for age determination. Although the total thickness of the rock units is larger than to the southeast, emplacement, litho- and mineral chemistry trends, expression of alteration mineralogy and style of sulphide mineralisation are similar. The amount of sulphide mineralisation is on average less than in the southeast. The upper ultramafic unit contains, more frequently, pegmatoidal sections, and the Chromitiferous Harzburgite unit has less massive chromitite layers than the southeastern parts of the complex, whereas the gabbro(-norite) units contain more interstitial liquid with late-stage minerals. The findings confirm that the anvil-shaped intrusion in cross section continues with increased thickness towards northwest at a shallow dip; although approaching the deeper part of the igneous reservoir, mineral compositions are partially more evolved. The overall mineralogical consistency downdip supports a situation of multiple magma replenishment along a flat-lying, northwest–southeast trending conduit, resulting in an evolved cumulus mineral assemblage in the upper part.

Channel modeling of wireless 3D-chip based on ray-tracing

The resource constraints and accuracy requirements for Internet of Things (IoT) memory chips need three-dimensional (3D) monolithic integrated circuits, of which the increasing stack layers (currently more than 176) also cause excessive energy consumption and increasing wire length. In this paper, we propose and describe the channel modeling for wireless 3D chips based on ray-tracing. However, due to the reflection and refraction characteristics in each layer, the complex and diverse wireless paths in 3D chips add great difficulty to the channel characterization. To facilitate the modeling in massive layer wireless 3D chips based on ray-tracing, both boundary-less and boundary-constrained wireless 3D chips models are proposed based on ray-tracing, of which the channel gain can be obtained by a computational efficient approximate algorithm. These wireless 3D models with approximation algorithm can well characterize the wireless 3D chip channel in aspect of complete reflection and refraction characteristics, and avoid massive wired connections, high power consumption of cross-layer communication and high-complexity of 3D chips channel characterization. Numerical results show that: (1) The difference rate between the two models is lower than 0.001% (signal transmit through 20 layers); (2) the channel gain decreases sharply if refract time increases; and (3) the approximate algorithm can achieve an acceptable accuracy (error rate lower than 0.1%).

Component sequence and thermal mass effects on the transient thermal performance of concrete walls

The increased requirements of buildings to reduce energy use have highlighted the importance of accounting for all factors that influence energy use in buildings. One consideration that requires further study in the envelope design of concrete-based wall assemblies is the placement of the thermal mass layer. In this study, two thermally massive walls, Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) and tilt-up walls, with the same thermal resistance but different sequencing of layers are investigated. In addition, a wall made of a homogeneous insulation layer with an identical thermal resistance was considered to further investigate the thermal mass effect on the potential for energy savings. Results of the numerical simulations performed using COMSOL Multiphysics® software indicate that, for the transient scenarios investigated, thermal mass can contribute to shifting and dampening peak heating and cooling loads, as well as saving energy. Also, less intense fluctuations were observed in the heat fluxes when considering the ICF wall. Energy savings during the primary seasons (i.e. winters in Montreal and summers in Miami) are found to be marginal but the existence of a thermally massive layer considerably reduced the demands during secondary seasons i.e. summers in Montreal and winters in Miami.

Insertion of Magnesium into Antimony Layers on Gold Electrodes:Kinetic Behaviour

AbstractMagnesium based secondary batteries are regarded as a viable alternative to the immensely popular Li‐ion systems. One of the largest challenges is the selection of a Mg anode material since the insertion/extraction processes are kinetically slow because of the large ionic radius and high charge density of Mg2+. In an attempt to bridge the gap between insertion measurements in 3D composite electrode materials and that in an idealized pure model system, we studied the insertion and diffusion of Mg in a thin, massive layer of Sb deposited on Au by using PITT, CV, and potential step experiments. Sb has been suggested as an insertion material because magnesium can form intermetallic compound with it. The layered crystal structure of Sb leads should facilitate formation of such an intermetallic phase. Mg insertion from a MACC/tetraglyme electrolyte into Sb starts 300 mV positive of the onset potential of Mg deposition as shown by cyclic voltammetry. The molar ratio of Mg to Sb agrees well with the stoichiometry of Mg3Sb2 alloy (Zintl‐phase). The diffusion coefficient of Mg‐insertion into Sb – layers and the charge transfer rate have been estimated by the above techniques. Such diffusion coefficients, albeit still somewhat “apparent”, are much more closely related to the true diffusion coefficient in the metal or alloy. The solid‐state diffusion coefficient of Mg into the Sb layers is in the range of 4–8×10−14 cm2 s−1. A very high Tafel slope of 370 mV/dec was found in potential step experiments. Mg insertion was further investigated by XPS measurements. Besides Mg and Sb, Al and Cl signals were also detected, particularly at the outer parts of the layer.

Analysis of landslide in Bungkah, Sepakung, Banyubiru using ground shear strain method and shear wave profile from HVSR method

In Bungkah, Sepakung, Banyubiru there was a landslide several times Monday to Thursday, 17 to 20 October 2017 which occurred due to the high intensity of rain in the region within 2 consecutive days. The landslide material was able to close the road that became access to local residents’ settlements. Besides that, in Bungkah, there is a resident’s house made of permanent walls that are curved on the wall due to ground movement while the house next to it does not occur. To analyze these phenomena, a single station microtremor method is used, namely the HVSR analysis with amplification values and dominant ground frequency of the curves obtained can be used to determine the peak ground acceleration and seismic vulnerability index which can then be used to analyze ground shear strain value or the ability of the soil layer to stretch and shift when receiving elastic wave propagation. Based on the ground shear strain value, Bungkah has values ranging from 10−3 to 10−1, the phenomenon that will occur is landslides with the dynamic nature of the soil included in the category of soil or rock collapse. Based on the results of frequency and amplitude inversion, the profile of Vs is obtained to the depth that can accurately image the shape of the slip surface from landslide that occurred in October 2017. The sensitivity of Vs to the presence of fluid imaged an accumulation of water below the landslide limit. The mechanism of land movement in the Bungkah hamlet is a rotational slide avalanche type. The movement of the soil which causes the curvature of the walls of one of the permanent houses in Bungkah due to the existence of a vertical soil layer with very low Vs which is directly bordered by massive Vs. The boundary of this layer may be cavity or cavity. The existence of a massive layer in the east of the area makes no continuity of soil movement to the east.

An insight into shallow gas hydrates in the Dongsha area, South China Sea

Previous studies of gas hydrate in the Dongsha area mainly focused on the deep-seated gas hydrates that have a high energy potential, but cared little about the shallow gas hydrates occurrences. Shallow gas hydrates have been confirmed by drill cores at three sites (GMGS2 08, GMGS2 09 and GMGS2 16) during the GMGS2 cruise, which occur as veins, blocky nodules or massive layers, at 8–30 m below the seafloor. Gas chimneys and faults observed on the seismic sections are the two main fluid migration pathways. The deep-seated gas hydrate and the shallow hydrate-bearing sediments are two main seals for the migrating gas. The occurrences of shallow gas hydrates are mainly controlled by the migration of fluid along shallow faults and the presence of deep-seated gas hydrates. Active gas leakage is taking place at a relatively high-flux state through the vent structures identified on the geophysical data at the seafloor, although without resulting in gas plumes easily detectable by acoustic methods. The presence of strong reflections on the high-resolution seismic profiles and dim or chaotic layers in the sub-bottom profiles are most likely good indicators of shallow gas hydrates in the Dongsha area. Active cold seeps, indicated by either gas plume or seepage vent, can also be used as indicators for neighboring shallow gas hydrates and the gas hydrate system that is highly dynamic in the Dongsha area.

Doctrinal basis of the Soviet law science —epistemological and praxeological dimensions

The article considers the Soviet dissertation theoretical and legal doctrines as a scientific category with a set of specific features. The author draws attention to the fact that the massive layer of legal theoretical knowledge known as Soviet jurisprudence and the legal teachings reflecting the evolution of Soviet law are insufficiently studied in ontological and epistemological terms. In specific, the role, place, and significance of Soviet dissertation legal theoretical teachings are lacking in the literature. Moreover, the Marxist methodology of legal knowledge, which should be used in modern educational and scientific space, lacks clear assessment. The author analyzes the most important thesis on the theory of law, which reflect the ontological and methodological foundations of the Soviet law and legal theory presented in the theses. This article lays the basis and the vector of further development of Soviet jurisprudence. These dissertation doctrines are analyzed to further use them in the scientific research of laws and trends in the development of Soviet legal thought. The results of these analyses are crucial for the history of political and legal doctrines, general theory of law, and philosophy of law and can be used in other areas of legal (including industry) science, considering their interdisciplinary heuristic potential.

Pleistocene rock avalanche, damming, and secondary debris flow along the Cotahuasi river, Peru

Landslides are among the most frequent and dangerous mass removal processes around the globe. They can be triggered by different phenomena such as earthquakes, extraordinary rains, glacier outbursts, volcanic activity, among others. In this study, we reconstruct the origin and potential cause of a rock avalanche that occurred in the Cotahuasi canyon in southern Peru. The head-scarp is a cirque carved during the Last Glacial Maximum and is formed by Alpabamba ignimbrites and Upper Barroso Formation volcanics. Slope failure removed a minimum volume of 1.13 km3 generating a dry rock avalanche that was immediately confined into the Cachana valley, where it traveled 11 km downstream before reaching the Cotahuasi river. There, it did run for another 3 km towards the opposite Mungui mountains with minimum speeds of 72 m/s. The transversal Mungui range forced the avalanche to laterally spread upstream and downstream along the Cotahuasi river, as well as upstream the Pampamarca tributary prior to its final stop. The resulting deposit (H/L = 0.16) developed hummocky topography and formed a 10 km long and ≤100 m high dam that impounded two temporary lakes. At their maximum capacity, these lakes could hold ~1.6 × 108 m3 of water prior to overtopping the dam. The dam-breakout generated a catastrophic flood (massive layer forming terraces) that traveled for tens of kilometers and likely as far as the sea. The debris flow deposit could be well-documented up to a distance of 20 km from the breach with the presence of 4 to 50-m-thick terraces with a minimum volume of 0.72 km3. After this distance, the deposit disappears, likely due to post-emplacement erosion by the river itself. Considering the missing volume at the head-scarp cirque (~3.85 km3) and the sum of the minimum volumes of the rock avalanche and debris flow deposits (~1.85 km3), circa forty percent of the material must have been removed by glacial and fluviatile activity since the time of its original emplacement.

The Resilience of Massive MIMO PNC to Jamming Attacks in Vehicular Networks

In this article, we investigate the resilience of Massive MIMO Physical Layer Network Coding (PNC) to jamming attack in both sub-6 GHz and millimeter-Wave (mmWave) systems in vehicular networks. Massive MIMO generally is resilient to jamming attacks, and we investigate the impact that PNC has on this resilience, if combined with Massive MIMO. The combination of Massive MIMO and PNC has shown a significant improvement in the bit error rate (BER) in our previous investigation. The corresponding framework is analysed against a barraging attack from a jammer, where the jamming channel is not known to the base station (BS), and the jammer can use any number of transmit antennas. Over Rayleigh channel, our simulation results reveal that Massive MIMO PNC performs better in the lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regions to jamming attacks and this is achieved at twice the spectral efficiency. A similar performance is observed over mmWave channel.

Episodic dolomitizations driven by sea-level fluctuations in the Permian–Triassic boundary interval: a case study from a dolomitized Changhsingian reef, Shitouzhai section, South China

The strata exposed in Shitouzhai section, Ziyun region, on the south margin of Yangtze Platform, consists the transaction from Changhsingian reef carbonates (Bed 1) to Griesbachian micritic carbonates (Bed 4). Beds 2–3, which are sandwiched by Bed 1 and Bed 4, are massive layers of fine-crystalline dolostones. The boundary between Bed 1 and Bed 2 is defined by the subaerial exposure related to the end-Permian regression, whereas the Permian–Triassic Boundary (PTB) is emplaced within Bed 3. The dolostones from Bed 1 have 271–493 ppm Sr, 182–1970 ppm Fe and 328–597 ppm Mn. Their dolomites are entirely low-Ca calcian dolomite (LCD, 55 mol% CaCO3) and lesser amounts of LCD, with δ13C of + 2.67‰ to + 3.34‰, δ18O of − 2.53‰ to − 0.66‰. These geochemical attributes point to two phases of dolomitization. Phase 1 is associated with the end-Permian regression and caused partial dolomitization of porous zones in Bed 1. Phase 2 is penecontemporaneous dolomitization associated with the transgression following the end-Permian regression, and responsible for the dolostones of Beds 2–3. This phase stopped when the Early Griesbachian regression exposed Beds 2–3 and led to dedolomitization in these dolostones. The linkage between diagenesis and sea-level changes indicates that dolomitizations and dedolomitization are “regional events”, to which other Permian–Triassic boundary carbonates can refer.

Formation of the Phase Composition, Porous Structure, and Morphology of Membrane Catalysts Based on Tungsten Carbides

Membrane catalysts are prepared by the chemical vapor-phase deposition of tungsten oxides on a corundum porous microfiltration membrane. The massive layer of tungsten oxides formed on the substrate is converted to carbides by temperature-programmed carbidization with С3Н8/Н2 and СН4/Н2 mixtures. Changes in the porous structure and phase composition of the catalytic layer at stages of vapor-phase deposition and carbidization of oxides deposited on the corundum substrate are considered. Dependence of the depth of distribution of tungsten compounds on the deposition temperature is studied by electron scanning microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy. A relationship is established between the synthesis conditions of tungsten carbide-based membrane catalysts and their phase composition, porous structure characteristics, and morphology.

STRATIGRAFIA E SEDIMENTOLOGIA DEI "CALCARI E MARNE A <em>RHAETAVICULA CONTORTA</em> AUCTT. (NORICO-RETICO) DELLA TOSCANA NORD-OCCIDENTALE - NUOVA SUDDIVISIONE FORMAZIONALE

Nine sections from the "Limestones and marls with Rhaetavicula contorta" Auctt. (Norian-Rhaetian) of the Tuscan Nappe in eastern Liguria and northwestern Tuscany, have been examined for their stratigraphic and sedimentological characteristics. The results obtained have been integrated with data pertaining to the previously studied Pania di Corfino section.
 Two formations were identified and studied in detail: that of Pania di Corfino and that of La Spezia.
 Where present, the Pania di Corfino Formation accounts for the lower portion of the sections. It consists mainly of thick beds and massive layers of dolomites, dolomitic limestones and limestones. Thinly-bedded dark limestones appear less frequently, while layers rich in clay are rare. The top of the formation is surely of Rhaetian age, in some sections, as indicated by the presence of Triasina hantkeni Majzon; in the others, it is Norian-Rhaetian. The age of the bottom portion can be regarded as Norian-Rhaetian in all the sections; the presence of considerably thick deposits beneath the established Rhaetian layers in some sections, however, suggests an Early Rhaetian or even Late Norian age.
 The depositional environment of the Pania di Corfino Formation may be envisaged as an epicontinental carbonate platform with predominantly restricted water circulation on which fine carbonate sediments are deposited beneath the wave base; features suggesting a tidal flat are rare. The environment of deposition was, for brief periods only, that of a platform with open circulation in which the effects of wave-motion were prominent; features strictly relatable to a true platform edge have not been found.