Fluid Mass Transfer Research Articles

Investigation of second grade viscoelastic non-Newtonian nanofluid flow on the curve stretching surface in presence of MHD

MHD extended flow of second-grade viscoelastic nanofluid is studied in two-dimensional mode on a curve stretching surface. Items like Joule heating and curvature parameter have been applied to inspect the heat transfer and mass transfer rates. To produce the nonlinear ordinary differential system, appropriate transformations are used. The quasi-linearization method is utilized to derive the solutions numerically. The impact of specific variables on the properties of fluid has been studied. Conclusions indicate that the increase in Schmidt number halted the fluid concentration, whereas temperature grew because of an increment in radiation parameter. Viscous fluid velocity and concentration are reduced faster in comparison to viscoelastic fluid. The surface drag force is an increasing function of the non-Newtonian fluid. When values of Nt and Nb are increased, the heat transfer rate of second-grade fluid increases compared to Newtonian fluid. Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameters highly affect the mass transfer of second-grade fluid compared to Newtonian fluid.

Simulation of LDL permeation into multilayer wall of a coronary bifurcation using WSS-dependent model: effects of hemorheology.

Atherosclerosis, due to the permeation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles into the arterial wall, is one of the most common and deadly diseases in today's world. Due to its importance, numerous studies have been conducted on the factors affecting this disease. In this study, using numerical simulation, the effects of Wall Shear Stress (WSS), non-Newtonian behavior of blood, different values of hematocrit and blood pressure on LDL permeation into the arterial wall layers are investigated in a 4-layer wall model of a coronary bifurcation. To obtain the velocity and concentration fields in the fluid domain, the Navier-Stokes, Brinkman, and mass transfer equations are numerically solved in the lumen and wall layers. Results show that it is important to consider the effects of WSS on transport properties of endothelium layer in bifurcations and this leads to completely different concentration profiles compared to the constant properties model. Our computations show that a giant accumulation of LDL in the intima layer of the outer wall of the left anterior descending artery, especially in low WSS regions, may lead to atherosclerosis. It is also, necessary to consider the non-Newtonian behavior of blood in bifurcations due to its direct effect on WSS. A pressure-induced increase in the half-width of leaky junctions may be responsible for the higher risk of atherosclerosis in hypertension. In addition, it is shown that the dominant mechanism in LDL permeation into the wall is convection, and also, hypertension increases the effect of mass transfer by convection mechanism more than the diffusion mechanism. Furthermore, our results are consistent with various clinical studies.

Multiscale and multiphysics production forecasts of shale gas reservoirs: New simulation scheme based on Gaussian pressure transients

Common numerical solutions for production rate forecasting of shale reservoirs have a limited capability to describe the dynamics of fluid mass transfer during a pressure depletion cycle due to production with hydraulically fractured well systems. The pressure drawdown imposed by the well system triggers continuous expansion of free gas in the larger pores, while molecular diffusion predominates in the smaller pores. The declining reservoir pressure leads to the closure of larger pores, which gives further significance to molecular diffusion as a component of the mass transport process. To capture these multiphysics mechanisms, pressure-diffusion and molecular-diffusion forms of the diffusivity equation, discretized in space and time, were simultaneously solved to simulate mass transfer dynamics and kinematics in shale formations. This new approach uses a Gaussian probability function to describe the advance rate of both types of diffusion processes, creating a unique scheme for simulating shale gas reservoirs based on physical parameters that could be either measured or characterized. The adopted algorithms successfully provide solutions that can match the typical shale production profiles. Results are sensitive to the essential reservoir parameters of pressure depletion, matrix permeability, organic content, and local heterogeneity. The simultaneous solution of molecular and pressure diffusivity equations reveals their interdependencies. The production peaks early and then rapidly declines with a growing effect of pore compaction. The flux of the sorbed phase contributes to the production rate by some factor that is determined by the sorption capacity of the organic matter. The methodology provided in this study can be utilized to simulate mass transport in shale reservoirs and predict hydrocarbon production rates, which may greatly aid asset management decisions and maximization of the ultimate recovery.

Numerical Modeling on Dissociation and Transportation of Natural Gas Hydrate Considering the Effects of the Geo-Stress

A deep understanding of the dissociation and transportation mechanism of natural gas hydrate (NGH), taking into account the effects of geo-stress, contributes to optimizing the development strategy and increases the exploitation efficiency of NGH. In this paper, the mathematical model, coupled with fluid heat and mass transfer, multiphase flow mechanics, and reaction kinetics with phase change in the process of hydrate decomposition was established. An axisymmetric two-dimensional model was developed to simulate the depressurization decomposition process of natural gas hydrate in the Berea sandstones. FLUENT software was used to solve the fundamental governing equations of the multi-phase flow, and UDF programming was employed to program the hydrate decomposition model and the modified permeability model in the dissociation and transportation of NGH. The simulation results were then validated by Masuda’s experimental data. The effects of gas saturation, outlet pressure, temperature, absolute permeability and geo-stress on the decomposition of natural gas hydrate were studied. The results indicated that a higher absolute permeability, higher initial gas saturation, lower outlet pressure, and higher initial temperature advance the decomposition rate of hydrate. Thus, an optimized production plan is essential to promote the extraction efficiency of the NGH. The geo-stress causes a decrease in the porosity and permeability of the porous rock, which restricts the efficiency of the heat and mass transfer by the fluid flow, leading to a slower dissociation and transportation rate of the NGH. Thus, it is important to take geo-stress into consideration and balance the extracting efficiency and the well pressure, especially when the NGH is developed by depressurization.

Significance of Free Convection Flow over an Oscillating Inclined Plate Induced by Nanofluid with Porous Medium: The Case of the Prabhakar Fractional Approach.

Given the importance and use of electrically conducted nanofluids, this work aims to examine an engine-oil-based nanofluid including various nanoparticles. In the current study, a fractional model for inspecting the thermal aspect of a Brinkman-type nanofluid, composed of (molybdenum disulfide (MOS2) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles flows on an oscillating infinite inclined plate, which characterizes an asymmetrical fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer. Furthermore, the Newtonian heating effect, magnetic field, and slip boundary conditions were taken into account. The objectives for implementing the Prabhakar-like fractional model are justified because this fractional algorithm has contemporary definitions with no singularity restrictions. Furthermore, the guided fractional model was solved using the Laplace transform and several inverse methods. The obtained symmetrical solutions have been visually analyzed to investigate the physics of several relevant flow parameters on the governed equations. Some exceptional cases for the momentum field are compiled to see the physical analysis of the flowing fluid symmetry. The results show that the thermal enhancement can be progressively improved with the interaction of the molybdenum disulfide-engine oil-based nanofluid suspension, rather than with the graphene oxide mixed nanoparticle fluid. Furthermore, the temperature and momentum profiles enhance due to the factional parameters for molybdenum disulfide and the graphene oxide-engine oil-based nanofluid suspension. This study's graphical and numerical comparison with the existing literature has shown a very close resemblance with the present work, which provides confidence that the unavailable results are accurate. The results show that an increase improved the heat transmission in the solid nanoparticle volume fractions. In addition, the increment in the mass and heat transfer was analyzed in the numerical evaluation, while the shear stress was enhanced with the enhancement in the Prabhakar fractional parameter α.

Integrated Model for Design, Optimization, Scale-Up, Culture Scheme, and Production Evaluation of a Bioreactor and Its Application for Improving Algal Biomass and Carbon Fixation in Bioreactors

A comprehensive numerical model system for the bioreactor design, structure and cultivation condition optimization, scale-up, and carbon fixation performance evaluation was proposed. Three basic models of computational fluid dynamics, particle and mass transfer, and two improved models of algae growth and light accumulation were integrated innovatively. The algae growth model directly predicted the algal production performance of the bioreactor, and the error was less than 15% compared with the experimental results. The light accumulation model was proposed to simulate the spatial distribution of light utilization with the changes of algal concentration and light intensity. The model system was applied to scale up the flat plate photobioreactor with inclined baffles, and the results showed that the photobioreactor with 9 cm light path had a maximum ideal areal productivity (505.94 g/m2) and better performance. Based on the light accumulation model, the strategy of changing the surface light intensity during the cultivation was proposed to maintain the light utilization and increase the production. Under the optimized surface light intensity, the maximum algal concentration and the average carbon fixation rate of the bioreactor were 43.41 and 248.35% higher than those of the constant light intensity. The proposed model system is a reliable and efficient experimental alternative tool for algal production evaluation and carbon fixation application of the bioreactor.

Modeling multiphase fluid flow, mass transfer, and chemical reactions in bioreactors using large-eddy simulation.

We present a transient large eddy simulation (LES) modeling approach for simulating the interlinked physics describing free surface hydrodynamics, multiphase mixing, reaction kinetics, and mass transport in bioreactor systems. Presented case-studies include non-reacting and reacting bioreactor systems, modeled through the inclusion of uniform reaction rates and more complex biochemical reactions described using Contois type kinetics. It is shown that the presence of reactions can result in a non-uniform spatially varying species concentration field, the magnitude and extent of which is directly related to the reaction rates and the underlying variations in the local volumetric mass transfer coefficient.

Numerical investigation of a thermal energy storage system based on the serpentine tube reactor

Thermochemical heat storage (TCHS) technology is widely concerned for its high energy storage density (ESD) and long-term storage of energy in the form of chemical energy for long-term thermal storage applications. TCHS with hydrated salt as the thermochemical material (TCM) has low regeneration temperature, clean reaction products, and appropriate heat release temperature, which is suitable for the application of medium and low temperature applications. A 3D numerical model is developed to simulate and understand the hydration (heat discharging) process of the serpentine tube reactor filled with hydrate of K2CO3. The coupled multiphysics includes fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, and chemical reaction process. Variations of hydration characteristics, such as temperature and conversion, are discussed in detail. The heat discharging processes at different vapor pressure (1200 Pa–1600 Pa) and different inlet flow rates (0.5–5 m/s) of heat transfer fluid (HTF) are investigated. It is found that higher vapor pressure can significantly increase output temperature, and a higher HTF inlet flow rate can improve overall heat exchange performance. By increasing the vapor pressure from 1200 Pa to 1600 Pa, the maximum outlet temperature lift could be significantly increased by 7.9 %. However, pipe shape has little effect on enhancing the performance of the reactor.

Simulation Assessment of Inlet Parameters and Membrane-Surface-Structure Effects on CO2 Absorption Flux in Membrane Contactors

The management of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is considered one of the main environmental problems facing the modern world. One of the potential techniques for CO2 capture is absorption, using membrane contactor modules. Most of the previous research that dealt with membrane contactor simulations considered the whole membrane surface as the active reaction surface. However, in this paper, a more realistic model of the membrane-contactor module is presented, taking into account the effects of the pore size and surface porosity. CO2 absorption into the monoethanolamine (MEA) solution in hollow fiber membrane-contactor modules was numerically investigated. A computational fluid dynamics simulation was established using essential basic fluid dynamics and mass transfer equations in reactive mode. An algorithmic function was used to present the relations between the CO2 absorption flux and the hollow fiber length, membrane surface pore size, and porosity. The simulation results were compared to previously obtained experimental results without using any fitting parameters, and a good agreement was found with an average error of 8.5%. The validated simulation was then used to predict the effects of the MEA inlet velocity and concentration, the membrane surface pore size, and porosity on the total CO2 absorption flux. A maximum absorption flux of about 1.8 mol/m2·s was achieved at an MEA concentration of 4 M with a pore size of 0.2 microns, a surface porosity of 1%, and an inlet velocity of 0.25 m/s. The extrapolation technique was then used to predict the values of the absorption flux at longer fiber lengths. The concentration profiles around the pores at the gas–liquid contact surface of the membrane were obtained and presented. The proposed model exhibited excellent potential to evaluate the effective reaction surface in hollow fiber membrane contactors. This model could be considered the first step to obtaining accurate predictions of the membrane contactor gas absorption performance based on its surface structure.

Conjugate natural convection flow of a nanofluid with oxytactic bacteria under the effect of a periodic magnetic field

Conjugate natural convection flow in a cavity is numerically investigated under the effect of a periodic magnetic field. The cavity has a vertical thermally conducting solid block and a part where the nanofluid flows. The most left wall of the cavity is the hot one and the most right one is the cold one. The problem is considered as two-dimensional and time independent, and a vertical periodic magnetic field is taken into account. Nanoparticle is chosen as SiO2 and the host fluid is water. Inside of the nanofluid, the existence of oxytactic microorganisms is also assumed. Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are also considered in governing equations. The influence of pertinent parameters biconvection Rayleigh number Rb=1–100, Lewis number Le=1–20, Peclet number Pe=0.1–5, Brownian motion parameter Nb=0.1–1, thermophoresis parameter Nt=0.1–1, Hartmann number Ha=0–100, period of periodic magnetic field λ=0.1–1, amplitude of periodic magnetic field A=0.1–1 and conductivity ratio kr=0.1–10 are examined on fluid flow, heat and mass transfer. Numerical results in view of isolines as well as average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented. Conductivity ratio kr=10 has more impact on convective heat and mass transfer. Convective mass transfer depends on the vertical wall considered as solid–fluid interface or the right cold vertical wall. It is an increasing function of Le, Pe, Ha, Nt and Nb and decreasing function of Rb in interface.

Numerical study on thermal and concentration relaxation time in tri, hybrid and mono nano-Sutterby magnetohydrodynamic fluid under generalized diffusion conditions

Sutterby fluid is a viscoelastic fluid and heat and mass transfer in such fluids obeys thermal and concentration memory effects which cannot be analyzed through classical laws of heat conduction and mass diffusion. This is the main motivation toward this study. Therefore, this article considers viscoelastic effects in the presence of thermal and solutal memory effects. A novel theory of heat and mass is simultaneously implemented and generalized models are developed because classical energy and heat equations do not provide accurate information for fluids with memory effect. These generalized models are reducible to their classical cases. Hence, this study considers both generalized and classical aspects. Further, generalized models are solved numerically with the help of the FEM. Results are computed for quantities of engineering interest. The predictions perceived from the analysis are of the use of engineers and industry to design nanofluids with desired thermal properties. A destructive chemical reaction in mono-nanofluid has the highest decreasing effect (relative to tri- and hybrid nanofluids) on the concentration field. A moderate effect of destructive chemical reaction on concentration field in hybrid nanofluid is seen. Mono, hybrid, and tri-nanofluids perceived different magnetic effects. Hybrid nanofluid experiences the greatest magnetic force in comparison with mono and tri-nanofluids. It is seen from the simulations that tri-nanofluid generates the highest heat as a result of Ohmic dissipation. Thus, in comparison with mono and hybrid nanofluid tri-nanofluid offers the highest resistance to the flow of electric current. Moreover, tri-nanoparticles are responsible for an optimized increase in thermal conductivity of Sutterby fluid relative to mono and hybrid nanoparticles. Thus, tri-nanofluid may serve as better coolant, a medium for transporting heat. Destructive chemical reaction in mono-nanofluid has the highest decreasing effect on the concentration field. A moderate effect of destructive chemical reaction on concentration field in hybrid nanofluid is seen. Tri-nanofluid exerts the highest shear stress on the solid boundary while the least shear stress on the wall is seen in the case of mono-nanofluid. A 56% increase in the Nusselt number is noticed if hybrid nanoparticles disperse rather than mono nanoparticles. Similarly, a 59% increase in the Nusselt number is observed if tri-nanoparticles are dispersed rather than mono nanoparticles. Thus the significant rise in heat transfer is possible due to the dispersion of tri-nanoparticles.

Comprehensive Computational Model for Coupled Fluid Flow, Mass Transfer, and Light Supply in Tubular Photobioreactors Equipped with Glass Sponges

The design and optimization of photobioreactor(s) (PBR) benefit from the development of robust and quantitatively accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, which incorporate the complex interplay of fundamental phenomena. In the present work, we propose a comprehensive computational model for tubular photobioreactors equipped with glass sponges. The simulation model requires a minimum of at least three submodels for hydrodynamics, light supply, and biomass kinetics, respectively. First, by modeling the hydrodynamics, the light–dark cycles can be detected and the mixing characteristics of the flow (besides the mass transport) can be analyzed. Second, the radiative transport model is deployed to predict the local light intensities according to the wavelength of the light and scattering characteristics of the culture. The third submodel implements the biomass growth kinetic by coupling the local light intensities to hydrodynamic information of the CO2 concentration, which allows to predict the algal growth. In combination, the novel mesoscopic simulation model is applied to a tubular PBR with transparent walls and an internal sponge structure. We showcase the coupled simulation results and validate specific submodel outcomes by comparing the experiments. The overall flow velocity, light distribution, and light intensities for individual algae trajectories are extracted and discussed. Conclusively, such insights into complex hydrodynamics and homogeneous illumination are very promising for CFD-based optimization of PBR.

Double diffusive convection of CuO + MWCNT hybrid nanofluid in an inclined open cavity with internal heat generation/absorption

An intention of the current study is to analyse the effect of double-diffusive convection in a hybrid nanofluid filled in an inclined open cavity with heat generation/absorption. The cavity walls are insulated whereas the centrally placed baffle is maintained at a high temperature. The CuO + MWCNT nanoparticles suspended in the water are used as a working hybrid nanofluid. The angle of inclination γ = 0°–90° is applied for the open cavity. The non-dimensional governing equation in the form of vorticity stream function transport is solved numerically by using the finite difference method. The behaviour of fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer are presented as a contour. At various parametric conditions (q = −4 to 4, Br = −4 to 4, Le = 1–6), the average Sherwood and Nusselt numbers are calculated and explained graphically. The results report that an inclination angle suppresses the heat and mass transfer rate in an open enclosure.

Chemical reaction and Soret effect on an unsteady MHD heat and mass transfer fluid flow along an infinite vertical plate with radiation and heat absorption

In the current investigation, it is anticipated to examine the influence of heat absorption and radiation on an unsteady transient MHD heat and mass transfer natural convective flow of an optically thin non-Grey Newtonian fluid through an abruptly started infinite vertical porous plate with ramped wall temperature and plate velocity in the presence of Soret and chemical reaction of the first order is solved precisely. Using the similarity variables, the governed PDE's are converted into dimensionless governing equations and they are solved numerically by employing the finite element technique. Numerical calculations and graphs are used to illustrate the important features of the solution on fluid flow velocity, heat, and mass transfer characteristics under different quantities of parametric circumstances entering into the problem. Moreover, we computed the physical variables such as the coefficient of drag force, rate of heat, and mass transfer. The findings indicate that when the thermal radiation parameter increases, the thermal boundary layer becomes thinner. To establish the veracity of our present results, we compared them to previously published research and found substantial concordance.

Unsteady MHD oblique stagnation slip flow of Oldroyd-B nanofluids by coupling Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion and Buongiorno model

• Oblique stagnation flow with slip effect under slant magnetic field is studied. • Pressure gradient is gained by solving first order ordinary differential equation . • Thermophoresis and Brownian motion term with relaxation effects are generated. • Approximate analytical solution of unsteady oblique stagnation flow is acquired. Unsteady oblique stagnation flow, thermal and mass transmission of Oldroyd-B nano model through a vibrating tensile plate are investigated, with slip effect and inclined magnetic field. According to the boundary layer flow characteristics, a first-order ordinary differential equation is established to acquire the pressure field. Meanwhile, the heat conduction and Brownian diffusion of Buongiorno model is modified by Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion innovatively, which can produce the thermophoresis term and Brownian motion term with relaxation effects. Convective heat transfer and nonlinear radiation are also considered. The governing equations are changed to time-varying partial differential equations (PDE) via similarity transformation, which is calculated by Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). The outcomes exhibit relaxation effect first accelerate and then impede energy and mass transfer of fluid. As a result of diffusion of nanoparticles, thermophoresis and Brownian motion give rise to large variations in concentration. Convective heat transfer and radiation can profit to thermal transfer. Changing the angle of inclined magnetic field can flexibly dominate flow velocity of fluid, which can cut down the cost in practice. Velocity slip is an obstacle to fluid flow.

Simulation of Polymer Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery in Ghawar Field

This paper presents a 2D model of the Ghawar field and investigates the flow behavior in the field during secondary and tertiary recoveries using a simplified well scheme. For the latter, the focus is on chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), using polymer solutions. The difference in efficiency between secondary and tertiary recovery and the influence of factors such as degradation are analyzed and presented. Furthermore, the influence of oil viscosity on the recovery factor is investigated as well as the efficiency of the well placement of the model studied. In order to do this, a combined shear-thinning/-thickening model, the Unified Viscosity Model (UVM), is used. COMSOL Multiphysics is used in order to study the model, combining the fluid flow and mass transfer in one study, showing the interdependence of both physics transport phenomena. The results show how the influence of the polymer properties and the rock formation affect the recovery behavior. The particle tracing study allows us to determine the percentage of the chemical agent recovered in the producing wells. This paper shows how EOR agents works coupled with advanced numerical models in real-scale fields.

Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Computational fluid dynamics/finite volume method—CFD/FVM

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) applies numerical methods to solve transport phenomena problems. These include, for example, problems related to fluid flow comprising the Navier–Stokes transport equations for either compressible or incompressible fluids, together with turbulence models and continuity equations for single and multi‐component (reacting and inert) systems. The design space is first segmented into discrete volume elements (meshing). The finite volume method, the subject of this article, discretizes the equations in time and space to produce a set of non‐linear algebraic expressions that are assigned to each volume element—cell. The system of equations is solved iteratively with algorithms like the semi‐implicit method for pressure‐linked equations (SIMPLE) and the pressure implicit splitting of operators (PISO). CFD is especially useful for testing multiple design elements because it is often faster and cheaper than experiments. The downside is that this numerical method is based on models that require validation to check their accuracy. According to a bibliometric analysis, the broad research domains in chemical engineering include: (1) dynamics and CFD‐DEM, (2) fluid flow, heat transfer, and turbulence, (3) mass transfer and combustion, (4) ventilation and the environment, and (5) design and optimization. Here, we review the basic theoretical concepts of CFD and illustrate how to set up a problem in the open‐source software OpenFOAM to isomerize n‐butane to i‐butane in a notched reactor under turbulent conditions. We simulated the problem with 1000, 4000, and 16 000 cells. According to the Richardson extrapolation, the simulation underestimates the adiabatic temperature rise by 7% with 16 000 cells.

Beyond Partition Coefficients: Model-Based Solvent Screening in Extractive-Reaction Processes Considering Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer Limitations

Beyond Partition Coefficients: Model-Based Solvent Screening in Extractive-Reaction Processes Considering Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer Limitations

Development of enhanced three‐dimensional printed packings for scale‐up of distillation columns: A successful case study

AbstractThis publication presents a general approach for the enhancement of packings regarding scalability, separation efficiency, and fluid dynamic properties using three‐dimensional (3D) printing. The methodology is used to develop miniaturized, scalable packings for process development, and scale‐up applications. For this purpose, a 3D printable computer‐aided design version of the Rombopak 9M industrial packing (RP9M‐3D), which is known for its positive scalability properties, was created. An initial characterization by means of computational fluid dynamics simulations and mass transfer measurements reveals positive but also negative design properties. These findings are used to create a more advanced, miniaturized packing structure, the XW‐Pak. The evolved structure is compared to the RP9M‐3D. The simulation and experimental results show that the enhanced packing, which is still in the early stages of development, exhibits higher separation efficiencies with improved scalability properties at the same void fraction and surface area than the RP9M‐3D.

Significance of Thermophoretic Particle Deposition, Arrhenius Activation Energy and Chemical Reaction on the Dynamics of Wall Jet Nanofluid Flow Subject to Lorentz Forces

The need for effective heating and cooling systems in the automotive, chemical, and aerospace industries is driving a rapid proliferation of heat-transfer technology. In recent times, GO (Graphene Oxide) has been emerging as one of the most promising nanoparticles because of its uninterrupted behavior of electrical conductivity even at a minimum carrier concentration. Due to this incentive, the behavior of jet flow with heat and mass transfer features of electrically conducting based kerosene oil (KO) fluid dispensed by graphene nanoparticles was studied. In addition, the activation energy, irregular heat source/sink, thermophoretic particle deposition, and chemical reaction are also provoked. In order to provide numerical results, the boundary value problem of fourth-order (bvp4c) solver was used. The graphs were used to illustrate the effects of relevant parameters on the fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer rates. The incorporation of graphene nanoparticles significantly improves heat conductivity. Additionally, the nanoparticle volume fraction augments the temperature and concentration profile while the velocity profile declines. Moreover, the temperature enhances due to the heat source, whilst the contrary behavior is observed in the presence of the heat sink. Furthermore, the shear stress increases up to 12.3%, the Nusselt number increases up to 0.119%, and the Sherwood number increases up to 0.006% due to the presence of nanofluid. Finally, we can conclude that the latest work will be useful for thermal cooling systems, including cooling for engines and generators, nuclear systems, aviation refrigeration systems, and other systems.