Mass Particle Size Distribution Research Articles

Microplastics and non-natural cellulosic particles in Spanish bottled drinking water

This investigation explored the presence of microplastics (MPs) and artificial cellulosic particles (ACPs) in commercial water marketed in single use 1.5 L poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles. In this work we determined a mass concentration of 1.61 (1.10–2.88) µg/L and 1.04 (0.43–1.82) µg/L for MPs and ACPs respectively in five top-selling brands from the Spanish bottled water market. Most MPs consisted of white and transparent polyester and polyethylene particles, while most ACPs were cellulosic fibers likely originating from textiles. The median size of MPs and ACPs was 93 µm (interquartile range 76–130 µm) and 77 µm (interquartile range 60–96 µm), respectively. Particle mass size distributions were fitted to a logistic function, enabling comparisons with other studies. The estimated daily intake of MPs due to the consumption of bottled water falls within the 4–18 ng kg−1 day−1 range, meaning that exposure to plastics through bottled water probably represents a negligible risk to human health. However, it's worth noting that the concentration of plastic found was much higher than that recorded for tap water, which supports the argument in favour of municipal drinking water.

Contribution of Road Vehicle Tyre Wear to Microplastics and Ambient Air Pollution

Tyre particles are generated by shear forces between the tread and the road or by volatilisation. Tyre abrasion (wear) contributes from one-third to half of microplastics unintentionally released into the environment. The major part ends up in the soil, a considerable amount is released into the aquatic environment, and a small percentage becomes airborne. Nevertheless, tyre abrasion contributes to 5–30% of road transport particulate matter (PM) emissions. This corresponds to approximately 5% of total ambient PM emissions. The particle mass size distribution peak at around 20 to 100 μm, with a second peak in the 2–10 μm range. A nucleation mode has been reported in some studies. The absolute abrasion levels depend on the tyre, vehicle, and road characteristics, but also on environmental conditions and driving style. Most tyre particle emission factors in the literature are based on data prior to the year 2000. We aggregated recent studies and found a mean abrasion of 110 mg/km per vehicle or 68 mg/km/t for passenger cars (based on approximately 300 measurements). Based on a limited number of studies, the PM10 emissions were 1.4–2.2 mg/km per tyre. On the other hand, the particle number emissions were in the order of 1010 #/km per tyre. The ratio of PM10 to total abrasion was found to be 2.5% on average. Finally, the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 was calculated to be around 40%. Various mitigation measures for tyre particle pollution could be envisaged; the most direct is the limitation of the tyre abrasion rate, as proposed by the European Commission for the Euro 7 regulation. Other regulatory initiatives are also discussed.

The export of African mineral dust across the Atlantic and its impact over the Amazon Basin

Abstract. The Amazon Basin is frequently influenced by transatlantic transport of African dust plumes during its wet season (January–April), which not only interrupts the near-pristine atmospheric condition in that season, but also provides nutrient inputs to the Amazon rainforest upon deposition. In this study, we use the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem to investigate the impact of the export of African mineral dust to the Amazon Basin during the period of 2013–2017, constrained by multiple datasets obtained from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), MODIS, as well as the Cayenne site and the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) site in the Amazon Basin. With an optimized particle mass size distribution (PMSD) of dust aerosols, the model captures observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) well in terms of both the mean value and the decline rate of the logarithm of AOD over the Atlantic Ocean along the transport path (AOaTP), implying consistency with the observed export efficiency of African dust along the transatlantic transport. With an annual emission of 0.73±0.12 Pg yr−1, African dust entering the Amazon Basin during the wet season accounts for 40±4.5 % (up to 70 %) of surface aerosol mass concentrations over the basin. Observed dust peaks over the Amazon Basin are generally associated with relatively higher African dust emissions (including the Sahara and the Sahel) and longer lifetimes of dust along the transatlantic transport, i.e., higher export efficiency of African dust across the Atlantic Ocean. The frequency of dust events during the wet season is around 18 % when averaged over the Amazon Basin, with maxima of over 60 % at the northeastern coast. During the dust events, AOD over most of the Amazon Basin is dominated by dust. Based on dust deposition, we further estimate annual inputs of 52±8.7, 0.97±0.16, and 21±3.6 mg m−2 yr−1 for iron, phosphorus, and magnesium, respectively, into the Amazon rainforest, which may to some extent compensate for the hydrologic losses of nutrients in the forest ecosystem.

Comprehensive study on particle size distribution, MAH and PAH profiles during alkylbenzene pyrolysis

The 5 linear alkylbenzenes, i.e., toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, and n-pentylbenzene as fuels underwent pyrolysis at temperatures from 950 to 1450 °C in a flow reactor. Measurements of particle number size distribution, 11 monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 3 groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (20 unsubstituted PAHs, 5 aliphatic-bridged PAHs, and 10 methyl PAHs) during the pyrolysis of linear alkylbenzenes were conducted. Results showed that the increase in side chain length suppressed the formation of particles, but ethylbenzene produced the highest particle mass and most extensive particle number size distribution. Total particle peak number concentrations exhibited a rise-then-fall trend (peaking at a critical temperature of 1050 °C) with increasing temperature regardless of the side chain length, indicating that high temperature promoted a transition from nucleation to agglomeration and coagulation. Total PAH mass concentrations were ranked in the same order with the variation of side-chain length as particle mass and peak number concentrations, indicating that soot nucleation was highly related to total PAH mass concentrations. Unsubstituted PAHs accounted for most PAHs while substituted·PAHs, including aliphatic-bridged PAHs and methyl PAHs presented 1–2 orders of magnitude less than the corresponding unsubstituted PAHs, probably distinct thermal stability and reactivity led to different growth routes between unsubstituted and substituted PAHs. Increasing the temperature from 950 to 1250 °C, the formation of high molecular weight PAHs was promoted. while a drop of high molecular weight fractions was observed above 1350 °C, which is attributed to the suppression of the formation, as well as their conversions of high molecular weight PAHs to heavier unidentified PAHs or soot. Among the test alkylbenzene fuels, the fuels with a long side chain benefit from the reduction of particles and PAHs. Furthermore, carbon atoms in aromatic rings are dominant sources of large PAHs and particles, while the carbon atoms in aliphatic side chains mainly form gas species.

Concentration and size distribution of atmospheric particles in southern Italy during COVID-19 lockdown period

Many countries imposed lockdown (LD) to limit the spread of COVID-19, which led to a reduction in the emission of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants. Several studies have investigated the effects of LD on air quality, mostly in urban settings and criteria pollutants. However, less information is available on background sites, and virtually no information is available on particle number size distribution (PNSD). This study investigated the effect of LD on air quality at an urban background site representing a near coast area in the central Mediterranean. The analysis focused on equivalent black carbon (eBC), particle mass concentrations in different size fractions: PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter Da < 2.5 μm), PM10 (Da < 10 μm), PM10-2.5 (2.5 < Da < 10 μm); and PNSD in a wide range of diameters (0.01–10 μm). Measurements in 2020 during the national LD in Italy and period immediately after LD (POST-LD period) were compared with those in the corresponding periods from 2015 to 2019. The results showed that LD reduced the frequency and intensity of high-pollution events. Reductions were more relevant during POST-LD than during LD period for all variables, except quasi-ultrafine particles and PM10-2.5. Two events of long-range transport of dust were observed, which need to be identified and removed to determine the effect of LD. The decreases in the quasi-ultrafine particles and eBC concentrations were 20%, and 15–22%, respectively. PM2.5 concentration was reduced by 13–44% whereas PM10-2.5 concentration was unaffected. The concentration of accumulation mode particles followed the behaviour of PM2.5, with reductions of 19–57%. The results obtained could be relevant for future strategies aimed at improving air quality and understanding the processes that influence the number and mass particle size distributions.

Variations in black carbon and particulate matters (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) during firecrackers bursting episodes and biomass burning: A case study during the Diwali festival

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Introduction: The Black Carbon (BC) and Particulate Matters (PMs) was measured in the Diwali festival during 3-7 November, 2021. Diwali is being one of the main festivals of India accompanied by lighting and firecrackers bursting.&#x0D; Materials and methods: BC concentration was measured by aerosol black carbon low-cost sensor/detector and PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration as well as number concentration was measured using Grimm Aerosol Spectrometer at Agra, India.&#x0D; Results: Average mass of PM1 (&lt;1 μm), PM2.5 ( &lt;2.5 μm) and PM10 ( &lt;10 μm) were 218.32±56.82 μg/m3, 261.56±74.38 μg/m3 and 380.40±67.78 μg/ m3 respectively in Diwali day (2021). The observed concentration of PM was much higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standard limits. Diurnal peaks for all the pollutants (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) were perceived in the evening time which was due to festival celebration events. Particle Size number Distribution (PSND) showed one major peak in the particle &lt;1 μm size range. BC mass concentration was found to be 16.28±5.62 μg/m3 in Diwali days. BC/PMs ratio decreases as the PM size increases due to the heavy load of PM2.5.&#x0D; Conclusion: BC and PM concentration was significantly amplified on Diwali due to firecrackers bursting and candles and biomass burning which was responsible for the poor air quality. Particle Mass Size Distribution (PSMD) showed multiple peaks while PSND showed one major peak in fine mode. Higher PM1/PM2.5 indicated the abundance of fine particles as compared to coarse. BC concentration was increased by 20 % on Diwali day due to firecracker bursting, other burning materials and more vehicles movement.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Particle size distribution and particulate matter concentrations during synoptic and convective dust events in West Texas

Abstract. Dust events are an important and complex constituent of the atmospheric system that can impact Earth's climate, the environment, and human health. The frequency of dust events in the Southern High Plains of West Texas has increased over the past 2 decades, yet their impact on air quality in this region is still unclear. This is due to the fact that there is only one air quality monitoring station that measures only PM2.5 concentrations (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter &lt; 2.5 µm), and there is no information on other PM sizes or the particle size distribution. The Aerosol Research Observation Station (AEROS) unit provides insight into the local variation in particle concentration during different dust events and allows for a better understanding of the impact of dust events on air quality. As this area is prone to dust events, we were wondering if dust events generated by different meteorological causes (synoptic vs. convective) would present similar particle concentrations or particle size distributions. Thus, in this project, three different dust events were measured by AEROS and compared. Each dust event originated from a different direction and lasted a different duration. One of the dust events was synoptic (10 April 2019) and two were convective (5 and 21 June 2019). Measurements of particle mass and number concentration, size distribution, and meteorological conditions for each dust event were compared. The synoptic dust event (on 10 April) was longer (12 h) and had stronger wind speed conditions (up to 22.1 m s−1), whereas the two respective convective dust events on 5 and 21 June lasted only 20 and 30 min and had lower wind speeds (up to 16.5 and 13.4 m s−1). Observation of PM based on daily and hourly values showed an impact on air quality, yet measurements based on daily and hourly values underestimate the impact of the convective dust events. Observations based on a shorter timescale (10 min) reveal the true impact of the two convective dust events. A comparison of the particle size distribution showed that all three dust events presented an increase in particles in the 0.3–10 µm size range. Comparisons of the particle concentration for particles &gt; 5 and &gt; 10 µm show very high values during the dust events. Some particle sizes even increase in concentration by ∼ 2 orders of magnitude compared with the time before the dust event. This leads us to speculate that the impact of convective dust events on air quality in this region is underestimated with the current (hourly basis) method.

Measurement report: Vertical profiling of particle size distributions over Lhasa, Tibet – tethered balloon-based in situ measurements and source apportionment

Abstract. In situ measurements of vertically resolved particle size distributions based on a tethered balloon system were carried out for the first time in the highland city of Lhasa over the Tibetan Plateau in summer 2020, using portable optical counters for the size range of ​​​​​​​0.124–32 µm. The vertical structure of 112 aerosol profiles was found to be largely shaped by the evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), with a nearly uniform distribution of aerosols within the daytime mixing layer and a sharp decline with the height in the shallow nocturnal boundary layer. During the campaign, mass concentrations of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) within the PBL ranged from 0.5 to 12.0 µg m−3, with an average and standard deviation of 3.4 ± 2.3 µg m−3, almost 4 times the amount in the free troposphere (FT), which was rarely affected by surface anthropogenic emissions. Though there was a lower level of particle mass in the residual layer (RL) than in the PBL, a similarity in particle mass size distributions (PMSDs) suggested that particles in the RL might be of the same origin as the particles in the PBL. This was also consistent with the source apportionment analysis based on the PMSDs. In total, three distinct modes were observed in the PMSDs for the PBL and the RL. One mode was exclusively coarse particles up to roughly 15 µm, peaking around 5 µm. More than 50 % of total particle mass was often contributed by coarse-mode particles in this area, which was thought to be associated with local dust resuspension. The mode peaking over 0.5–0.7 µm was representative of biomass burning on religious holidays and was found to be most pronounced on holiday mornings. The contribution from the religious burning factor rose from about 25 % on non-holidays to nearly 50 % on holiday mornings. The mode dominated by particles smaller than 0.3 µm was thought to be associated with combustion-related emissions and/or secondary aerosol formation. In the FT coarse mode, particles only accounted for less than 10 % of the total mass, and particles larger than 5 µm were negligible. The predominant submicron particles in the FT might be related to secondary aerosol formation and the aging of existing particles. To give a full picture of aerosol physical and chemical properties and better understand the origin and impacts of aerosols in this area, intensive field campaigns involving measurements of vertically resolved aerosol chemical compositions in different seasons would be highly encouraged in the future.

Evaluation of Mass Concentration and Size Distribution of Fine Particles (PM2.5) in Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province

Air pollution is one of the most concerning environmental issues, in which fine inhalable particles (PM2.5, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller) concentration plays a key part. Bien Hoa city contains and locates close to several large industrial zones that might create sources of PM2.5 polluting the local air quality. This study monitors and evaluates PM2.5 concentration trends in Bien Hoa airport of Dong Nai province. PM samples are analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to recognize the surface pattern and size distributions are analyzed by ImageJ software. Ten samples of PM2.5 were obtained from sampling collected in October 2021. The results show that 24-h PM2.5 mass concentrations were from 15.2 µg/m3 - 50.4 µg/m3 with an average of 28.2 µg/m3; median of 24.1 µg/m3; and standard deviation of 12.2 µg/m3. The values are lower than the Vietnam National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT) but far higher than the recommended values of the World Health Organization (WHO). SEM and image results indicate the distributions of the particles of 2.0 - 2.5 µm are minor, where the majority are particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1.0 µm.&#x0D; Keywords: Air pollution; Fine particulate matters; PM2.5; Size distribution, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai.

Characterization of suspended particulate matter in contrasting coastal marine environments with angle-resolved polarized light scattering measurements.

Optical proxies based on light scattering measurements have potential to improve the study and monitoring of aquatic environments. In this study, we evaluated several optical proxies for characterization of particle mass concentration, composition, and size distribution of suspended particulate matter from two contrasting coastal marine environments. We expanded upon our previous study of Southern California coastal waters, which generally contained high proportions of organic particles, by conducting angle-resolved polarized light scattering measurements in predominantly turbid and inorganic-particle dominated Arctic coastal waters near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. We observed that the particulate backscattering coefficient bbp was the most effective proxy for the mass concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) when compared with particulate scattering and attenuation coefficients bp and cp. Improvements were seen with bbp as a proxy for the concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC), although only if particulate assemblages were previously classified in terms of particle composition. We found that the ratio of polarized-light scattering measurements at 110º and 18º was superior in performance as a proxy for the composition parameter POC/SPM in comparison to the particulate backscattering ratio bbp/bp. The maximum value of the degree of linear polarization DoLPp,max observed within the range of scattering angles 89°-106° was found to provide a reasonably good proxy for a particle size parameter (i.e., 90th percentile of particle volume distribution) which characterizes the proportions of small- and large-sized particles. These findings can inform the development of polarized light scattering sensors to enhance the capabilities of autonomous platforms.

The Effect of Moisture on the Particle Size Characteristics of Knife-milled Beech Chips

The paper presents the effect of moisture on the particle size distribution of knife-milled beech chips. The beech chips of 0.5, 7.5, 15.9 and 30.9 wt % in moisture were milled by a knife mill equipped with a single-bladed rotor under the constant peripheral speed of revolution of 10.2 m·s-1 (1,500 min-1). It was found that the RRSB model precisely fits cumulative mass particle size distribution. The Rosin–Rammler size parameter 0.412 - 4.240 mm varies concerning biomass moisture and size of drum screen sieve. Assuming empiric modelling approaches, it was found that the Rosin–Rammler particle size exponentially decreases with a decrease in knife mill screen sizes and linearly increases with biomass moisture. The polydispersity index was independent of wood chips moisture and knife mill screen size, evincing the value of 2.224 ± 0.328.

Characteristics of particulate emissions from coal char combustion: Char fragmentation and ash coalescence behaviors

Air pollution from fossil fuel combustion motivated the extensive and in-depth investigation on particulate matter (PM) to meet the stringent emission norms. The relationship between char fragmentation/mineral coalescence and PM formation is elucidated in this paper. To separately investigate their contributions to PM formation, the effects of particle bursting during devolatilization and fragmentation of excluded minerals have been stripped off. We prepared size-graded and density-fractionated chars with varying ash content levels and conducted combustion experiments in a drop-tube furnace at 1300/1600/1800 K. The mass particle size distributions (PSDs) of collected ash were measured by an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (for PM10) and a laser particle-size analyzer (for PM10+). The micro- morphologies and elemental compositions analyses were also shown for particles of different sizes. The results indicate that char fragmentation significantly increases the number of ash particles in fine-fragmentation mode (FFM), and the ash peak in the coarse mode comes from the char particles that show fewer fragmentation behaviors. Dense char structure disadvantages char fragmentation but enhances coalescence of included minerals. The distribution of fly ash at 1600/1800 K exhibits bi-modal with two peaks around 10 and 105 μm, while the distribution at 1300 K/50%O2 exhibits uni-modal with one peak. This can be well explained by the percolation theory that the char combustion in the kinetically-limited regime is dominated by uniform fragmentation, while particles at 1600/1800 K mainly undergo perimeter fragmentation. The effect of ash content is more related to the mineral grains distributions within the char particles.

Ultra-low PCDD/F emissions and their particle size and mass distribution in a hazardous waste treatment system

An integrated gasification-flameless combustion-melting process was approached by a twin-cyclonic flow in a hazardous waste thermal treatment plant. A series of advanced scrubber, cyclonic demister, activated carbon adsorption, and baghouse processes were equipped for the end-of-pipe treatment. The untreated filterable particulate matter, CO, and NOx levels were only 283, 47.1, and 15.9 mg/Nm3, indicating the flameless combustion inhibited their formation by narrowing the post-combustion zone. The filterable particle mass-size distribution was equally contributed by nucleation, accumulation, and coarse formations, while their number concentration was predominated by nucleation (99.6%). That could enhance the adsorption of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) on ultrafine particles. Both total mass and toxic equivalent concentrations of PCDD/Fs were reduced 99.9% by the new air pollution control system when a slight reformation occurred during scrubbing. However, the escaped PCDD/Fs were mainly distributed on the ultrafine particles, which should be further inhibited by either increasing their sizes or equipping backup filtrations. Finally, the new process concentrates the PCDD/Fs into the scrubbing sludge, which could be recirculated back into the thermal process. This study not only reveals the emission risk of the ultrafine particle-bound PCDD/Fs, but also provides an effective process to remove them for industrial application.

Single-Particle ICP-MS as a Screening Technique for the Presence of Potential Inorganic Nanoparticles in Food.

In this work, we show the potential of single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) as a screening technique for detection of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) that are expected to be present in food. We demonstrate that the spICP-MS/MS method in combination with collision/reaction cell gases and microsecond dwell times offers sensitive and interference-free detection of NPs. We present the steps that have to be considered to correctly assess the presence of NPs in food, for example, setting a suitable threshold for discriminating particle events from the baseline and analyzing a sufficient number of blank samples to minimize false-positive results. We applied the proposed screening approach to the sequential detection of NPs containing 8 selected elements that could be potentially present in 13 different food products. The highest mass concentrations of NPs (in the mg/g range) were found in the samples with food additives which are known to contain a fraction of NPs. The presence of (nano)particles in some of the investigated food samples was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Moreover, for the example of Al-containing NPs in Chinese noodles, we demonstrate that identification of the source of NPs with an unknown composition can be challenging when using only spICP-MS as particle mass concentration and size distribution can only be estimated by assuming a certain particle composition/shape. Other complementary techniques for particle characterization, such as electron microscopy in combination with elemental analysis, are therefore required.

In-depth characterization of submicron particulate matter inter-annual variations at a street canyon site in northern Europe

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in air pollution. Aerosol particle chemical composition is highly variable depending on the season, hour of the day, day of the week, meteorology, and location of the measurement site. Long measurement periods and highly time-resolved data are required in order to achieve a statistically relevant amount of data for assessing those variations and evaluating pollution episodes. In this study, we present continuous atmospheric PM1 (particulate matter &lt; 1 µm) concentration and composition measurements at an urban street canyon site located in Helsinki, Finland. The study was performed for 4.5 years (2015–2019) and involved highly time-resolved measurements by taking advantage of a suite of online state-of-the-art instruments such as an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), a multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP), a differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS), and an Aethalometer (AE). PM1 consisted mostly of organics, with mean mass concentrations of 2.89 µg m−3 (53 % of PM1) followed by inorganic species (1.56 µg m−3, 29 %) and equivalent black carbon (eBC, 0.97 µg m−3, 18 %). A trend analysis revealed a decrease in BC from fossil fuel (BCFF), organics, and nitrate over the studied years. Clear seasonal and/or diurnal variations were found for the measured atmospheric PM1 constituents. Particle number and mass size distributions over different seasons revealed the possible influence of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) during summer and the dominance of ultrafine traffic aerosols during winter. The seasonality of measured constituents also impacted the particle's coating and absorptive properties. The investigation of pollution episodes observed at the site showed that a large fraction of aerosol particle mass was comprised of inorganic species during long-range transport, while during local episodes eBC and organics prevailed together with elevated particle number concentration. Overall, the results increased knowledge of the variability of PM1 concentration and composition in a Nordic traffic site and its implications on urban air quality. Considering the effects of PM mitigation policies in northern Europe in the last decades, the results obtained in this study may be considered illustrative of probable future air quality challenges in countries currently adopting similar environmental regulations.

Partitioning behavior of Pb in particulate matter emitted from circulating fluidized bed coal-fired power plant

Inhalable fine particulate matter (PM), which is rich in Pb and other pollutants from coal-fired power plants, can cause air pollution and severe health problems. To facilitate the development of efficient techniques for controlling fine particulate Pb emissions, in this study, various types of size-resolved fine PM (<10.0 μm) were collected from the outlets of fabric filter units (FFs) at an industrial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) power plant to assess the distribution and partitioning behavior of Pb. The results showed that the mass particle size distribution (PSD) of the collected fine PM followed unimodal distribution, peaking at 5.8–4.7 μm, which might be caused by the fragmentation of limestone additives and new-formed CaSO4. However, the mass PSD of Pb for size-fractionated PM displayed different distribution pattern. Two peaks were observed in the size ranges of 5.8–4.7 μm and 1.1–0.7 μm. The mechanism of Pb enrichment in the supermicron particles was mainly controlled by the surface adsorption reaction, which could be explained by 1/dp dependence and be improved using excess active CaO produced by the injected limestone. For submicron particles, gas-film transfer or heterogenous condensation (mass transfer) might represent the deposition mechanism. Besides Pb enrichment, it was found that the submicron particles (<0.7 μm) mainly consisted of Si-rich and Si–Al phases. The emission of those fine SiO2-bearing particles should be limited as they can be inhaled and can damage the respiratory system.

Air quality in archives housed in historic buildings: Assessment of concentration of indoor particles of outdoor origin

Indoor air pollution in archives can cause irreversible degradation of materials stored there. Thus, detailed information about indoor air quality is essential before control strategies could be investigated. In a period 2008–2019, the relationship between the indoor and outdoor pollution was investigated in four naturally ventilated archives located in historical buildings and situated in regions with different outdoor air quality. The indoor and outdoor particle number, mass, and chemical size distributions were measured during different seasons. Moreover, air change rates (a), penetration coefficients (P), and deposition velocities (Vd) were determined. The results revealed that the most important source of the indoor particulate matter was the outdoor air. The size-resolved data with no indoor sources were evaluated using the steady-state solution of the mass balance equation as the I/O ratio. The results showed that all parameters (a, P, and Vd) determined in archives were comparable with low seasonal variation, probably due to the similar building characteristics. Further, the typical average values of the I/O ratio for naturally ventilated historical buildings were estimated. Finally, the long-term indoor concentrations, for periods when no measurement was in place, were determined using data from the local monitoring network. The results showed that the higher level of pollution and therefore the higher degree of degradation is expected in depositories located in highly polluted regions.

Characterization of a thermal aerosol generator for HVAC filtration experiments (RP-1734)

HVAC filters are exposed to a diverse mixture of aerosols during their service life. Aerosol physiochemical properties can have a significant impact on the removal efficiency and loading behavior of a filter. New aerosol generation techniques are needed to age HVAC filters with particle size distributions (PSDs) representative of those found in outdoor (urban) and indoor environments. This study evaluated the physical characteristics of salt aerosol produced by a newly designed commercially available thermal aerosol generator. The thermal aerosol generator produced a high mass output of sub-micron (≤ 1,000 nm) sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) particles by burning a salt stick in an oxygen-propane flame. The shape of the number and mass PSDs is similar to those found in outdoor (urban) and indoor air and can be modulated by varying the rate at which the salt stick is fed into the flame. The morphology of the NaCl and KCl particles varied with size, with compact spherical or cubic structures observed below 100 nm and agglomerates observed above 100 nm. The thermal aerosol generator is a cost-effective technique for rapid ageing of HVAC filters with a PSD that more accurately represents, compared to conventional loading dusts, what filters encounter in real HVAC installations.

Mass concentration and size distribution of particles released from harvesting and biomass burning of sugarcane

AbstractWe evaluated size distribution and mass concentrations of fine (particulate matter &lt; 2.5 μm, PM2.5) and coarse (particulate matter = 2.5–10 μm, PM2.5‐10) particles released during sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvesting operations, including cutting of green cane (GH), burning of standing cane (SB), cane harvest cutting after SB (BH), and ground burning of harvest residues left in the field (GB). Total number of PM2.5 released from GB was 1.63 times greater than that from SB. Total time of burning (flaming + smoldering) phase during GB was 1.5 to 2.1 times longer than SB. The flaming phase for both GB and SB was shorter than the smoldering phase but emitted 5.2 to 7.5 times more PM2.5. Average particle density of PM2.5 from burning operations was 1.12 g cm−3 for GB and 0.52 g cm−3 for SB. The GH and BH released lower PM2.5 but higher PM2.5‐10 as compared to SB and GB. Overall, biomass burning, regardless GB and SB difference, released significantly higher PM2.5 than harvest‐cutting operations.

Indoor Particle Concentrations, Size Distributions, and Exposures in Middle Eastern Microenvironments

There is limited research on indoor air quality in the Middle East. In this study, concentrations and size distributions of indoor particles were measured in eight Jordanian dwellings during the winter and summer. Supplemental measurements of selected gaseous pollutants were also conducted. Indoor cooking, heating via the combustion of natural gas and kerosene, and tobacco/shisha smoking were associated with significant increases in the concentrations of ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles. Particle number (PN) and particle mass (PM) size distributions varied with the different indoor emission sources and among the eight dwellings. Natural gas cooking and natural gas or kerosene heaters were associated with PN concentrations on the order of 100,000 to 400,000 cm−3 and PM2.5 concentrations often in the range of 10 to 150 µg/m3. Tobacco and shisha (waterpipe or hookah) smoking, the latter of which is common in Jordan, were found to be strong emitters of indoor ultrafine and fine particles in the dwellings. Non-combustion cooking activities emitted comparably less PN and PM2.5. Indoor cooking and combustion processes were also found to increase concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds. In general, concentrations of indoor particles were lower during the summer compared to the winter. In the absence of indoor activities, indoor PN and PM2.5 concentrations were generally below 10,000 cm−3 and 30 µg/m3, respectively. Collectively, the results suggest that Jordanian indoor environments can be heavily polluted when compared to the surrounding outdoor atmosphere primarily due to the ubiquity of indoor combustion associated with cooking, heating, and smoking.