Mass Organizations Research Articles

NASAKOM DILEMMA AND THE POLITICS OF ISLAMIC ORGANIZATIONS

The political opinions of Islamic organizations throughout the Guided Democracy (1959- 66) era are diverse. For some, this is a dismal period. The rest saw this era as an opportunity to preserve Islamic dominance. Cooperative and non-cooperative politics with power are strategic options for the long-term political power of Islamic mass groups like Nahdhatul 'Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah. This study seeks to understand the political perspectives of Indonesia's two largest Islamic organizations in the face of the imposition of Nasakom (religious nationalist and communist) ideology during the Soekarno era. This study takes a qualitative descriptive comparative method. The study's findings suggest that, in terms of character, numerous NU figures found theological grounds to reconcile with Nasakom politics. Meanwhile, Muhammadiyah, whose members include numerous senior Masyumi officials, leans toward the opposition. An accommodating mindset helps the organization to breathe for longer. Meanwhile, the opposition faces the possibility of political stunting. In terms of impact, the two Islamic mass organizations failed to arrest the flow of authoritarianism. They attempted to survive by honoring the Great Leader of the Revolution.

Pola Perkembangan Hukum Islam di Indonesia dan Tantangannya

The development of Islamic law in Indonesia is formed in two patterns, namely cultural patterns and structural patterns. Cultural or non-legislative patterns are played out by ulama, kyai and also Islamic mass organizations. They increase the implementation of sharia in a button up, adaptive and persuasive manner in society. Meanwhile, the structural pattern or also called the constitution is played by the political elite. They try to implement Islamic values and Islamic legal norms into national law. Both cultural patterns and structural patterns each contribute and the two cannot be separated. Even so, the existence of Islamic law in Indonesia faces many challenges. The biggest challenge comes from Muslims themselves. Muslims in general still have very low legal awareness, starting from politicians as proponents of legislation and the public as users. This picture was obtained through secondary data from three legal materials, namely primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. These legal materials are sourced from literature using a historical approach.

POLITIK TUTUP JALAN

This paper describes the background of the resistance carried out by the people in three villages (Laiba, Laimpi and Wakumoro) as a form of unrest that they experienced as a result of the damage to the cross-provincial roads that had not been repaired for years by the Southeast Sulawesi provincial government. What is also interesting is that many resistance movements were pioneered by groups of mothers and resistance movements that were formed purely from the community groups themselves without depending on certain mass organizations. Using qualitative descriptive research methods. Data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and documentation studies. Interactive data analysis technique according to Milles Humerman and Saldana (2014). Community resistance against the government uses two methods of resistance, namely open reciprocity and closed resistance (James C. Scott, 2000). First, open resistance in the form of demonstrations, media hammering movements, and ina-ina resistance. Second, closed resistance is in the form of discussion of closed meetings, mass mobilization, strengthening the ideology of the movement and equalizing the vision of resistance. This research found that resistance that emerged organically then developed into a consistent resistance carried out by 3 villages (Laimpi, Laiba and Wakumoro Villages), so as to achieve the desired goals. Namely, the budgeted repair of the road.

The Bolivian pluriverse: the Comuna Group, emerging subjects, and transformative political action against neoliberalism

ABSTRACT This article reviews an important experience of pluriversal political activity in Bolivia, through the prism of the theoretical and political contributions of Grupo Comuna, a local organization of scholar activists and public intellectuals. Comuna deployed Marxist categories to examine, and intervene upon, the dilemmas of the pluriverse and the social and political challenges facing Bolivia’s original peoples (pueblos originarios). The article examines publications of the Group and original interviews with its members. Bolivian social movements were partially successful defeating neoliberalism in the country, and Morales’ administrations transformed Bolivia. These successes were achieved in and through an innovative analysis, including the recognition of the pluriversal nature of the Bolivian political process. Almost uniquely among politically engaged academics, Comuna helped to develop a programme adapted to the country’s circumstances and addressing the challenges of intervention in pluriversal activity; in doing this, they supported mass organization and mobilization, and achieved strong political impact.

Supervision of Non-Profit Organizations (NPO) On Potential Criminal Acts of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing

The biggest challenge for NPOs is how the purpose of the NPO, to serve the community, can be run by legal corridors and not be used as a medium for money laundering for criminals or terrorism funding. Supervision of NPOs has a very important purpose in the context of preventing terrorism financing and also in the context of preventing money laundering. Therefore, the identification of donor recipients or beneficiaries for NPOs needs to be analyzed by looking at the existing regulatory framework, and whether the regulatory framework can effectively prevent money laundering and terrorism financing. This paper aims to discuss the supervision mechanism of NPOs in mitigating money laundering and terrorism financing, as well as the liability of NPOs if used as a medium for Money Laundering or Terrorist Financing. The research in this paper is Normative Research with Explanatory Descriptive Research Typology. The data analysis technique that the author uses is data analysis with a qualitative approach. Based on the research conducted by the author, it can be concluded that to prevent NPO funding from being misused for money laundering or terrorist financing, by way of supervision of the transaction flow of Mass Organizations as customers by the financial service provider through the identification and verification of donors and recipients or beneficial owner of NPO, and by the risk-based supervision of NPOs conducted by the Ministry that has authority to allow the establishment of NPOs through educating, monitoring and evaluation.

Rallying Europe: young women and men searching for a life and a future

ABSTRACT The turmoil of the mid-twentieth century saw young people mobilized for action across Europe in an unprecedented manner. Concurrently, against the backdrop of the struggle between democratic and authoritarian projects, war and fragile peace, young people increasingly became a target of state legislation, (mass) organizations and other institutions. From the end of the First World War to the aftermath of the Second World War, Europe witnessed fundamental changes in the social regimes that determined societal power distribution. This special issue approaches the first half of the twentieth century through the lens of age and gender as interdependent categories of analysis. In doing so, the authors reveal how adult perceptions of youth and gender framed young men and women’s lives, as well as their roles in society. Vice versa, the authors explore how these perceptions collided with youth agency, probing the specific age – and gender-related dynamics of empowerment and organization. By zooming in on the concrete young actors and the institutional settings that limited their scope of action, processes of wayward appropriations will be contrasted with institutionalized attempts to control and lead ‘the young’. As such, the authors contribute to a global academic discussion on age, gender, the lifecycle and intersectionality.

Differences in Determining Ramadan and Shawwal: A Discourse Analysis of the Book Nusus al-Akhyar fi al-Shaum Wa al-Ifthar

The phenomenon of differences in the implementation determination of Eid al-Fitr in 1418 H was regretted by the Indonesian people. Responding to the emergence of differences in the determination of 1418 H, KH Maimoen Zubair through his work Nusuus al-Akhyar fi Al-Shum wa Al-Iftihar intends to provide solutions to Muslims in Indonesia in facing the differences surrounding the determination of Eid al-Fitr. This type of research is qualitative research with the research approach used being discourse analysis initiated by Van Dijk. The data used in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary data are in the form of lexemes, words, phrases, and sentences in Arabic that contain ideas about the determination of the beginning of the month of Ramadan and Shawwal in the book. Secondary data come from sources, journals, print media, online journalism, and other scientific works to find out the context of social situations that can influence the writing of the book. Data collection methods in this study are interviews and literature study. The results showed that the linguistic aspect that stands out in the discourse of persuasion is the invitation to promote unity in the midst of controversy over differences in each group; the author's ideology appears in the title, the lexemes "judge" and "hilal"; the pronouns of the time and person in the text indicate that there is a different social context from the current condition. The social conditions that appear in the book are the differences in the method of determination by Indonesian Mass Organizations and the emergence of certain polemics in 1998.

Flexible Organizational Weapon of the Party: The New Presence of Women’s Federations in Women’s NGOs in China

ABSTRACT In the past decade, the Party-state has shifted from pragmatic strategies to Party integration approaches when dealing with the third sector. It has reintroduced its organizational mechanism—mass organizations—to manage this sector and enhance direct linkages with its social constituents. This article investigates how mass organizations strategically connect with and govern civil society through a series of Party integration approaches. Drawing on the cases of women’s federations (WFs) and women’s non-governmental organizations (NGOs), we propose a new typology of NGOs based on their relations with the Party: WF-affiliated, civic and independent NGOs. We then evaluate WFs’ Party integration strategies directed at each type of NGOs. First, NGOs directly affiliated with WFs/the Party play a unique political role. Second, to increase regime support, WFs develop patronage relations with civic women’s NGOs that are managed via the administrative system but unembedded in the Party system. Third, independent NGOs detached from both the Party and administrative organizations are flexibly marginalized. This article suggests that Party–state–society relations have been rewritten: civil society faces compound control from the administrative and Party systems, and the Party aims to build organizational hegemony.

A Comunidade Derivativa

In this article, Erik Bordeleau presents, as a form of anarchic resistance to the capitalist logic, The Sphere project in which he is involved. For the author, The Sphere can be understood as a virtual space for exchanges between artistic processes and financing practices, whose root comes from a need to give new understanding to the meaning and use of digital media. He also states that the project is specifically interested in promoting the integration of creators, producers and the public, enabling an ecosystem that facilitates the alignment between interests and purposes through a spirit of speculative generosity. Therefore, the author uses reflections from renowned figures in the intellectual world, such as, for example, Deleuze and Guattari, Hito Steyerl, Jean-Luc Nancy, Jacques Rancière and Yuk Hui fundamentally to propose the defense of the need for a new look at crypto and blockchain technology, considering the decentralization provided by DAOs and Web3. Generating new forms of rhizomatic organization, instead of nostalgic notions of mass organization, ends up producing the possibility of codifying relations of equity through vectors of mutual participation.

Understanding the Strengthening Cultural-Cosmopolitanism Spirit of Nahdlatul Ulama

The foundations of Islamic philosophy and faith, which go beyond the two primary sources of the Qur'an and Hadith and emphasize the value of Sunni tradition and ijma (ulama consensus), are fundamental to traditional-cultural identity of Nahdlatul Ulama's (NU). In addition, NU is renowned for having adapted the ideas of Abu Al-Hasan Al-Asy'ari, Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, and Junayd Al-Baghdadi, as well as in terms of fiqh, or legal practice, mainly referring to Imam al-Shafi'i, representing Islamic conservatism and cultural traditionalism. This cultural traditionalism initially appears to run counter to the notion of NU's cosmopolitanism advanced by a number of its key figures, in particular Gus Dur. This cosmopolitan notion assumes a contemporary, inclusive belief structure and the segregation of religion from public life. Therefore, it is crucial to consider how the traditionalist-cultural movement founded by NU can coexist with a discourse on world beliefs that is becoming more cosmopolitan and assumes a space that is more open to all peoples. This article focuses on the discourse of cosmopolitanism and how NU, as one of the largest mass organizations in Indonesia, responds to this discourse with its approach and cultural background.

Building a technology for mass organisation of distance learning for students in quarantine based on the Moodle platform

The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the rapid transition to distance learning for students worldwide. This paper examines the current state of distance learning implementation in secondary schools of the Zhytomyr region in Ukraine. A survey of 2445 teachers found that most were using various software tools for distance learning without a unified learning management system. Analysis of the Moodle, Google Classroom, and "My Class" platforms showed Moodle to have significant advantages for supporting distance learning. To enable schools to leverage Moodle, an "Educational Portal for Secondary School" was developed at Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University using the Moodle platform. Based on this Moodle portal, the paper proposes a technology for the mass organisation of distance learning during quarantine. The technology combines the tools, electronic resources, course structure, and tutor competencies required for effective distance learning implementation.

Pengembangan Moderasi Beragama Bagi Pengajar TPA Dan Takmir Masjid Di Desa Lemahbang Kecamatan Jumapolo Kabupaten Karanganyar

The aim of this service is to increase religious moderation for teachers at the Al-Qur'an Education Park and Mosque Takmir in Lemahbang village, Jumapolo sub-district, Karanganyar district so that in carrying out their social activities they can provide coolness and provide a message of peace, especially for the children of the Al-Qur'an Education Park and the community. common for the Takmir of the Mosque. This service was carried out with consideration because Lemahbang village consists of many mass organizations, including Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama, Al-Qur'an Tafsir Council, Indonesian Da'wah Council Institute and others. This service activity was carried out in Lemahbang village, Jumapolo subdistrict, Karanganyar district in February 2023. Lemahbang subdistrict consists of 20 RTs and 8 RWs and there are 8 villages in it. This activity involved Al-Qur'an Education Park teachers and mosque Takmirs throughout Lemahbang village which was carried out through three phases, namely preparation, implementation and evaluation. This religious moderation service activity is based on 4 things, namely tolerance, accommodating local culture, national commitment and non-violence. The results of this service show that the four things that underlie religious moderation are implemented well by the teachers at the Al-Qur'an Education Park and Takmir mosque in Lemahbang village. This happens because of their commitment to maintaining the calm of Lemahbang village where they live.

Konsep Moderasi Beragama dalam Islam Perspektif Habib ‘Ali al-Jufri

The rise of socio-religious conflicts that have occurred in Indonesia in recent years has caused the condition of Indonesian society to be threatened. Such as the case of acts of terrorism by ISIS networks and radical Islamic groups. Also the movement against pancasila by the leader of the Jemaah Islamiyah group, Abu Bakar Ba'asyir. One of the factors causing the emergence of religious social conflicts is the existence of differences in views and beliefs about something. Overcoming this, religious moderation is conceptualized as a powerful solution in controlling radical and extreme ideas. In this study, researchers felt the need to reexamine the concept of religious moderation from the frame of Islam in the view of Habib 'Ali al-Jufri. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods with the type of literature research. The focus of research by researchers is taken from two points, namely; a) the concept of religious moderation in the Islamic perspective of Habib 'Ali al-Jufri; b) the relevance of the concept of religious moderation in Islam from Habib 'Ali al-Jufri's perspective to the religious diversity of Indonesian society. Religious moderation according to Habib 'Ali al-Jufri is a person's religious perspective or attitude while still maintaining human values. In such conditions, the similarity of form as a creature of Allah SWT becomes a factor to be generous with various differences. The concept of religious moderation by Habib 'Ali al-Jufri is very important and very relevant to be applied in Indonesia. Considering Indonesia with a Muslim majority and various mass organizations in it. Thus, the concept of humanizing humans is the main indicator in realizing the glory and glory of Muslims in Indonesia.

Mapping Cases and Actors in Violations of Religious Freedom in Contemporary Madura

This study examines the dynamics of violations of the freedom of religion in Madura, mapping cases, actors, and handling models. This study is field research that uses qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. Methodologically, the choice of the qualitative type is based on the research objectives that want to describe the research problem in depth and focus. The research problem is to examine the dynamics of violations of freedom of religion in Madura, mapping cases, actors, and handling models of religious sociology. After analyzing the field data based on the perspective of the sociology of religion, this study found that cases of violations of freedom of religion in Madura tend to occur in the internal scope of the Muslim community, which is generally triggered by the attitude of 'resistance' to the dimensions of freedom of religion or belief, both dimensions of forum internum and forum externum. Based on these actors, the practice of violating the freedom of religion in Madura often involves religious figures. In this context, kyai is the most influential figure as well as the highest religious authority in Madura. In addition, other actors also come from mass organizations or religious groups, which in fact have great power and influence to mobilize the masses, as in the violation of freedom of religion that befell Shia Sampang adherents and Wahabi Muslims in Pamekasan. Regarding handling, the model of handling violations of freedom of religion in Madura has so far been more exclusive. The settlement process tends to produce unbalanced decisions, often centered and in favor of the majority group or groups, especially the local elite circle such as Kyai. In many cases, the handling process is not fully aimed at building a truly accommodative and moderate agreement, but rather at maintaining the status quo, creating domination, intimidation, and even religious intervention against minority groups.

Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat Sebagai Dampak Didirikannya RA Darussalam di Desa Wonoharjo

Raudhatul Athfal is an early childhood education unit under the guidance of the Kementrian Agama. That way, it can make it easier to educate children and introduce Islamic teachings that are suitable for their children to school. The emergence of RA, which was mostly founded by Islamic-based institutions, whether Islamic mass organizations or other Islamic missionary institutions, is expected to have an influence on society, both social and religious life. Therefore by using qualitative methods. This research aims to describe the social changes in society as a result of the establishment of RA Darussalam in Wonoharjo Village. The research results show that before the establishment of RA Darussalam in Wonohrajo Village, the local community was reluctant to send their children to early childhood education due to the long distance between schools and family economic problems. However, after the founding of RA Darussalam, public interest in sending children to early childhood education institutions increased, which ultimately had an impact on the social conditions of the surrounding community. Apart from that, the establishment of RA Darssalam was also able to increase the level of community welfare through Darussalam Mart, which is a simple shop that provides the opportunity for parents of students or the surrounding community to leave their goods for sale at Darussalam Mart. Therefore, RA Darussalam not only has a social impact, but also an economic impact for the people of Wonoharjo Village.

Kontroversi Dan Komparasi Prinsip Asuransi Syariah (Takaful) Perspektif DSN- MUI, Lembaga Tarjih Muhammadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama Dan Ulama Kontemporer

The development of sharia insurance in Indonesia continues to grow every year, so that the sustainability of sharia insurance has caused controversy among several Ulama circles, Islamic mass organizations such as NU and Muhammadiyah. Because many people think that sharia insurance is the same as conventional insurance. From the results of this comparison, it can be concluded that there are several groups of contemporary ulama who allow sharia insurance law based on social interests, so that in its implementation it is only permitted in tabarru' or ta'awun contracts. The aim of this research is to understand the concept of takaful which is based on sharia principles, to find out how the MUI views takaful in Indonesia. This research method uses a qualitative library research approach, in the form of literature studies sourced from secondary data, namely books, scriptures, journals and the Koran. From the discussion it is concluded that there are two controversies regarding the development of takaful, the first is allowing and the second is prohibiting. Basically, the principle of sharia insurance (takaful) can continue as long as it does not ignore or violate the provisions of sharia law that have been established by Allah SWT. One solution is to implement takaful purely with the principle of the ta'awun contract (ask for help).

Buya Syafii dan Bangsa yang Oleng: Sebuah Refleksi


 
 
 
 Prof. Dr. Ahmad Syafii Maarif or Buya Syafii has matured in personality and has relatively advanced knowledge because of the long process that he has not gone through easily. Experiencing a life episode that has many bitterness to a life that has a lot of sweetness, from being a school magazine writer, journalist and editor of party magazines, mass organization magazines, to being a teacher, manual worker, chicken and goat trader, to being a lecturer and struggling as hard as he can to climb the educational ladder until he gets doctoral degree and was confirmed as a professor of history at his campus. He once held the top position in the Muhamamdiyah Association, as General Chair, and held the position as General Leader of Suara Muhammadiah until the end of his life. Buya Syafii received the provisions to participate in dressing up or improving the lives of the Islamic Ummah and the Indonesian nation because he had studied and studied the world of thought of Muhamamd Iqbal and Fazlur Rahman and absorbed many role models from his seniors at Muhammadiyah and fellow Indonesian intellectuals and other national figures. Including his friendship with Gus Dur and leaders across religions and groups. Buya Syafii was very concerned when he saw something swaying. Including when he witnessed for himself the symptoms of a nation faltering which made him called to do and say things to improve the situation.
 
 
 

The Effectiveness of Community Organizations (Ormas) in Maintaining Cultural Diversity in the Community of Gorontalo Village, Komodo District, West Manggarai Regency

Wibowo & Harefa (2015), the form of implementation of everyone's right to gather, express opinions and associate is the formation of community organizations (Ormas). This was further realized with Law Number 16 of 2017 concerning amendments to Law Number 17 of 2013 concerning Community Organizations. Community Organizations, hereinafter referred to as Ormas, are associations created by the community and formed based on the same aspirations, goals and ideals based on voluntary aspects to participate in development as a form of support in achieving state goals based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Community Organizations have a function as intermediaries to provide aspirations and participation of the community in government, as a forum that provides protection to the community itself, functions to maintain customs and culture as well as religious values, preserve and maintain existing norms in society, both moral and ethical. , and culture that lives in society, and other functions stated in the applicable laws and regulations. The existence of mass organizations is expected to act as a mouthpiece for the people of the area who have united them. Culture is viewed in a completely aesthetic way. What Kleden explains, if it is related to the context of caci, mbata, sanda, danding, etc., seems to be challenged in the midst of today's cultural modernization. Therefore, such cultural heritage should be interpreted as a whole (totality) as a characteristic of Manggarai culture. In the context of caci, it is actually a strategic event in terms of promoting regional tourism. The dance of mutual whipping between adult men (caci) should have a legal basis in the form of regional regulations. This is the task of the regional parliament (DPRD) to make regional regulations. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method which aims to describe the forms, uniqueness and variety of culture of the Manggarai people. The main instrument in this research is own research. The types of data used in this research are primary and secondary data, primary data is data obtained from interviews or observations. Meanwhile, secondary data is data obtained from the results of reviewing reference books or documentation. Community perception of the cultural diversity of Manggarai, especially Gorontalo Village, Komodo District, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The Gorontalo Village community is very enthusiastic about the cultural diversity of Manggarai by continuing to regenerate this cultural diversity in the younger generations so that cultural diversity continues to exist in the Manggarai community in general and in the Gorontalo Village community in particular.

Morphology of Hassall's corpuscles and their microenvironment in neonates with increased thymus weight

To study morphological features of Hassall's corpuscles (HC) and their microenvironment in newborns with increased thymus mass. The study was carried out on autopsy material of children of the first month of life. Based on the thymic index (TI), 2 groups were identified: with normal (conditional norm) and increased TI value (increased thymus weight). The standard method of histological staining and immunohistochemical methods with antibodies to Pan-CK, CK19, CD68, CD3 and p53 were used in the study. The classification proposed by A.G. Beloveshkin (2013) was used to determine the degree of maturity of HC. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to determine statistically significant differences in the groups. In the group of children with increased thymus weight, the number of HC decreased by 20%. It was found that the proportion of progressive and mature corpuscles in this group was reduced by 2.3 and 1.6 times, respectively, compared to the group of children with normal thymus weight, while the proportion of regressive corpuscles increased almost 2-fold. In the HC microenvironment, there is an increase in the total number of thymocytes, combined with a decrease in the expression of CD68, CD3 and p53 in them. A sharp decrease in CK19-expressing cells in this group is accompanied by a disruption in the formation of reticular structures characteristic of the comparison group. In the thymus with increased mass, the structural and functional organization changes: along with an increase in the total number of thymocytes in the cortical layer and a decrease in the number of macrophages, epithelial cells and HC (with a predominance of regressive corpuscles), disturbances in the processes of maturation, apoptosis and negative selection of lymphocytes occur, which can lead to development of immunogenesis disorders.

Research on the constitutional positioning of grass-roots autonomous mass organizations in China

Research on the constitutional positioning of grass-roots autonomous mass organizations in China