Raw Material Mass Research Articles

Recycling in Building Materials: Analysis of the Possibilities and Results of Using Recycled Glass Sand in Autoclaved Materials

The construction industry is particularly responsible for the appearance of the earth and the environment and for its partial degradation related to climate warming through the production of cement, brick burning, and the processing of substrates for the production of building materials (lime, gypsum, polystyrene, processed materials, etc.). An important aspect of the 21st century has been the overproduction and excessive use of natural resources, including sand. The purpose of this article is to analyze the possibility of using glass sand as a substitute for quartz sand in the production of materials resulting from hydrothermal treatment (so-called silicate bricks). The article is a review of the research conducted since 2016 on laboratory tests on the modification of silicate mass with glass sand from recycled bottle glass, the properties of the mass modified in this way (hydration temperature, consistency, and humidity of the mixture), its physical and mechanical properties, and its structural and potential durability, which is related to, e.g., the direction and degree of crystallization of the C-S-H phase. Tests of compressive strength, density, water absorption, oxide composition (XRF), structure (XRD), microstructure (SEM), and porosity (CT analysis using computer tomography) were carried out. A special point of the research was the use of geochemical modeling code in the form of the GEMS-PSI program in the process of analyzing the modification of silicate mass by glass sand, which is beneficial in limiting ineffective modifications, thus saving time, money, and energy. Studies have shown that the use of glass cullet has a positive effect on the consistency of the modified raw material mass, on the density (1.6–1.75 kg/dm3), and on the compressive strength (15.729–20.3 MPa), while the crystallization of the C-S-H phase occurs in the direction of natrolite and gyrolite, less frequently towards the M-S-H or brucite phase.

Designing the technology and composition of plant extracts using reduced atmospheric pressure

The study aims to establish the regimes and parameters of extraction of bioactive substances from raw plant materials by means of extraction with reduced atmospheric pressure for the purpose of manufacturing non-alcoholic functional syrups. The work is performed by leading specialists of the Kemerovo State University using conventional methods. Preparation of the extracts involves aqueous alcoholic treatment of the crushed mass of raw plant materials selected according to the functional parameters. Extraction is performed in a Soxhlet extractor with an advanced liquid ring vacuum pump. The extraction process is monitored by changes in the content of terpenoids in the extract obtained and the mass fraction of dry matter. As a result, the study establishes the parameters and regimes for carrying out and intensifying the extraction of terpenoids and dry matter from fennel, anise, caraway, and dill: pressure – 0.2 MPa, extraction temperature – 50°С, duration of the process – 45 min, solvent – 40 % aqueous alcoholic solution, raw material particle size – 2-3 mm. These process conditions guarantee the highest degree of extraction of terpenoids and dry matter from raw materials, as well as reduce the time and economic costs.

Slow release fertilizers based on polyphosphate/montmorillonite nanocomposites for improving crop yield

Nanocomposites are promising materials for the development of novel and environmentally friendly fertilizers that can delay the release of nutrients. In this study, a novel high-strength spherical nanocomposite fertilizer was prepared via agglomeration and granulation using montmorillonite, urea phosphate, urea, and potassium chloride as raw materials. The properties and morphology of the prepared fertilizer were characterized by Fourier Transform Tnfrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) techniques. FT-IR analysis identified the formation of polyphosphate in fertilizer and hydrogen bonds between polyphosphate and montmorillonite. XRD analysis showed increased montmorillonite interlayer spacing and confirmed the formation of polyphosphate-montmorillonite nanocomposites. The effects of raw material mass ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the strength and fluidity of nanocomposite fertilizer granules and the optimum preparation process was obtained by the response surface method (RSM-CCD). The optimum preparation process was obtained as follows: reaction temperature, 103 °C; reaction time, 237 min; and mass ratio, 1:1:0.93:1 (urea phosphate: urea: potassium chloride: montmorillonite). Under these optimum conditions, the particle hardness and angle of repose of the prepared fertilizer were 64.75 ± 0.48 N and 30.84 ± 0.95°. Nutrient release and agronomic effectiveness of the fertilizer was evaluated using column leaching and pot experiments, respectively. The column leaching experiment and XCT analysis demonstrated that the nanocomposite structure was responsible for the slow nutrient release. The pot experiment showed that compared with the traditional fertilizer, the soil nitrate and available phosphorus was increased by 28.02% and 43.45%, respectively, and the maize yield was increased by 24.27% with the application of prepared fertilizer. This work provides support for the preparation of high-strength spherical nanocomposite fertilizers and their large-scale applications in modern mechanical agriculture.

The use of buckwheat flour in the technology of semi-smoked sausage

This article aims to substantiate the use of buckwheat flour in the technology of semi-smoked sausage based on the study of physicochemical, functional and technological, structural and mechanical and organoleptic parameters. It has been found that a small amount of buckwheat flour in semi-smoked sausage samples (up to 10.0% by weight of unsalted raw material) increases the moisture-binding capacity of the control sample by 1.1-1.8%. The study of the shear stress limit of the finished experimental samples showed that the maximum value of this parameter is 758 Pa. With increasing the dosage of hydrated buckwheat flour, the minced meat loosens, and the value of the shear stress limit in samples No.3 and No.4 is 420 and 390 Pa. The appearance, color, smell, aroma, consistency, taste and juiciness were studied in the produced samples of semi-smoked sausage. Histological examination of an experimental sample of semi-smoked sausage with a level of hydrated buckwheat flour of 6% was carried out. It has been found that introducing hydrated buckwheat flour into the minced meat up to 6% of the mass of raw meat material has a positive effect on the physical and chemical, functional and technological, structural and mechanical and organoleptic parameters of semi-smoked sausage.

Mechanical Behaviour Evaluation of Full Iron Tailings Concrete Columns under Large Eccentric Short-Term Loading

In this study, full iron tailings concrete (FITC) was created using iron tailings from a tailings pond in Qian'an, China. Iron tailings account for 86.8% of the total mass of solid raw materials in the FITC. To enable large-scale use of FITC, a comprehensive investigation of the structural behaviour of full-iron tailing-reinforced concrete (FITRC) specimens is warranted. Therefore, eight rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns with conventional reinforced concrete (CRC) as a control were tested to investigate the effects of section dimensions, initial eccentricities, and concrete strengths, on the structural behaviour of FITRC columns under large eccentric short-term loading. The experimental and analytical results indicated that the sectional strain of the FITRC columns satisfied the plane-section assumption under short-term loading, and the lateral deflection curve agreed well with the half-sinusoidal curve. In addition, the FITRC columns exhibited a slightly lower cracking load and lower ultimate load capacity than the CRC columns, and the crack widths were larger than those of the CRC columns. The reduction in the load capacity observed in the FITRC was within the permissible range stated in the design code, thereby satisfying the code requirements. The deformation coefficients of the FITRC and CRC columns were identical, and the cracking and ultimate loads calculated according to the current code and theories were in good agreement with the measured results.

Determining forces arising during the passage of cotton fiber between the fixed knife and working drum of the roller gin

The object of this study is a roller gin. Roller gins are installed in the gin shops of cotton factories and their purpose is to mechanically separate cotton fiber from seeds in fine-fiber varieties of cotton. The criteria for the technological evaluation of roller gin are the sum of defects and fiber contamination after ginning, the cleansing effect of gin on weeds, damage to seeds, and fiber tow effects. Existing methods do not fully reveal all the reserves of increasing the productivity of the machine, improving the design of the main working bodies of the roller gin, ensuring the effective operation of the machine, and preserving the natural qualities of fiber and seeds. The determination of the force on the surface of the drum during the ginning process is of great practical interest for designing main working bodies of roller gins. The efficiency and quality of the processed product depend on the interaction of the working drum and knife with the breaking organ in the process of fiber separation. The design of the drum and knife, their kinematic parameters, the stability of technological wiring largely determine both the performance of the gin and the quality of the fiber and seeds. Theoretical studies have been conducted to determine the factors that affect the performance of roller gin. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended to change the most important structural parameters of the machine. The obtained analytical expressions for the specific pressure and specific friction forces applied from the side of the drum surface to the processed mass of raw materials make it possible to conclude that when the load from the breaking body increases during the lower rebound, the process of grasping, dragging, and holding the fibers between the working drum and the fixed knife worsens

Effect of Organic Compounds on the Special Properties and the Microstructure of Autoclaved Brick

After a long decomposition process, organic matter turns into humic substances. In humus, carbon dioxide (CO2) bound in photosynthesis is brought back to the soil, where it should be used by its ecosystem. This is important because similar relationships are found in modern concretes and concretes designed with the use of geochemical modeling (possibility of the C-S-H phase for storing harmful substances). The aim of the article was to investigate the possibility of using humus (Humus Active-HA) and vermicompost (Biohumus Extra Universal-BEU), i.e., organic matter resulting from a long process of biological decomposition in the production of autoclaved bricks containing only ecological materials, i.e., sand, lime, and water. Tests of compressive strength, density, microstructure based on SEM, XRD, and micro-CT analysis were performed. The results of the research indicate that humus and vermicompost can be successfully used in their production. The paper compares traditional products and products made of raw material mass containing 3%, 7%, and 11% of humus and vermicompost, using the apparatus of mathematical experiment planning. Compressive strength, volumetric density, water absorption, and wicking, porosity, and material microstructure were tested. The best results were obtained for samples with the addition of 7% humus and 3% vermicompost. The compressive strength increased to 42.04 MPa (compared to standard bricks, whose strength is 15-20 MPa), and the bulk density increased by about 55%, to the value of 2.11 kg/dm3, which indicates the densification of the material's microstructure. They were characterized by the highest compressive strength, moderate water absorption, and a high proportion of closed pores in the sample.

A new sustainable material for in-situ absorption in noise barrier walls

Perforated macrocellular foams produced using recyclable polyolefin resins have existed as acoustic absorption panels for almost 20 years. They have broad acoustic absorption with good resistance to moisture, salt and UV exposure. Adoption of In-Situ sound reflection standards, in the Rail and Road noise barrier industry; along with renewed focus on sustainable design has led to renewed interest in this technology. Traditional foam panel formats did not attain acceptable in-situ sound reflection performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an improved structure of foam to the industry norms required of absorptive components of the noise barrier wall; and then subject this to a lifecycle analysis. A new structure showed good reflection results in-situ, using a reduced mass of raw material. The novel panel was evaluated to a range of acoustic and mechanical testing standards to assess suitability for adoption in Noise Barrier Wall applications. The material was subsequently subjected to lifecycle analysis and the resulting product issued with an environmental product declaration. This paper concludes that the new material is well suited to widespread use in in-situ category A3 noise barrier walls.

Development of technology for the fermented milk products for baby food

Replenishment of macro- and micronutrients in case of their deficiency in the children is the leading task of modern dietetics and a fundamental factor in the children’s healthy development. The development of new types of food products can solve this task. This article presents the development of technology for production of fermented milk product for children nutrition. The option of introducing spirulina algae into a fermented milk product was experimentally investigated. On the basis of physical and chemical, rheological and organoleptic characteristics it was defined that the introduction of 2% of spirulina allows obtaining a product with acceptable physical, chemical and rheological characteristics. The organoleptic profile was corrected by adding fruit filler in volume of 20 % from the raw material mass. The conducted research made it possible to develop a fermented milk product for child nutrition, which can satisfy 10–16 % of the daily demand for nutritional elements, and which features high consumer-oriented characteristics.

Influence of Waste Basalt Powder Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Autoclave Brick.

In the production of building materials, there has been an increased interest in the use of by-products and industrial waste in recent years. Such modifications make it possible to solve not only technical and economic problems, but also environmental problems. This article describes the use of basalt powder waste in sand-lime products (silicates). The aim of the study was to manage basalt powder waste and to investigate the changes it causes in sand-lime products. The article describes the planning of the experiment, which directly determines the number of samples and their composition, which was necessary to conducting a full analysis and correctly illustrating the relationships occurring in the samples. Basic tests were carried out: compressive strength, density and water absorption, as well as optical tests and scanning microscopy. Based on the research conducted, it was concluded that the use of basalt powder as a component of sand-lime products has positive effects. Studies show that the best results are achieved with a proportion of powder in the raw material mass of about 10%-the compressive strength reaches almost 30 MPa, which is almost twice that of traditional silicate.

Sustainability assessment of feedstock powder reuse for Directed Laser Deposition

In this paper, the results of a sustainability assessment for the study of the reuse of un-melted feedstock powder in Directed Laser Deposition are reported. Ti6Al4V ELI powder was employed as material for the study and the un-melted powder was collected and reused as raw material for subsequent cycles of deposition. A total of three deposition cycles were completed and data for a Life Cycle Assessment were compiled. From the experimental work results, the un-melted powder suffered minimal changes that did not affect the critical characteristics analysed. The Life Cycle Assessment showed that reusing the powder, and consequently reducing the total mass of raw material consumed, resulted in significant environmental benefits. All the categories considered saw approximately a 15%–25% environmental impact reduction when reusing the powder as compared to a scenario when only virgin material is used. Most of the environmental footprint was seen in the production of the powder as compared to the transportation and manufacturing stages. The production phase, when reusing and when using only virgin powder, accounted for 89% and 95% of the total environmental impact respectively. This meant the environmental benefits due to the lower mass of powder used far outweighed the increase in water and energy required for the powder reuse process in the manufacturing stage. Thus, feedstock powder reuse in Directed Laser Deposition process is seen to have a significant environmental benefit as compared to the usage of virgin powder alone.

The study of physicochemical and technological properties of boiled sausage recommended for the older adults

A recipe for cooked sausages of the herodietic direction using protein hydrolysate in the amount of 3%, 5%, and 7% of the mass of raw materials is proposed. The recipe is based on "Beef Sausage". Organoleptic evaluation of the prototypes showed that when protein hydrolysate was added in an amount of 7%, a specific taste characteristic of by-products was present in the prototype. Based on the sensory evaluation results, it was decided to continue the study of samples with the addition of 3% and 5% protein hydrolysate. The results of the study of the physicochemical parameters of the prototypes with the addition of protein hydrolysate 3% and 5%, showed the values of the mass fraction of protein 16.65% and 19.29%, fat 9.85% and 12.25%, carbohydrates 2.85% and 3.07% respectively, indicating an increase in the amount of protein and a decrease in the proportion of fat compared to the control sample. A significant increase in the content of such essential amino acids as lysine and valine and interchangeable amino acids as arginine, glycine, and serine in the test samples confirms that the protein hydrolysate introduced into the prototype is rich and well-balanced in amino acid composition. To study the effect of protein hydrolysate on the quality of meat products, the moisture binding capacity was determined, which was 3% and 5% in the experimental samples with the addition of protein hydrolysate – 75.62% and 79.13%, which is 3.4% and 8.2% higher than that of the control sample, respectively. The sample with the addition of 5% hydrolysate (80.01) has the greatest moisture-retaining ability, which is 9% higher than that of the sample with 3% hydrolysate and 15.8% higher than the control indicator. The study results of the fat-holding capacity in the samples also showed positive dynamics.

Elemental composition of microstrobili and sprouts of <i>Pinus sylvestris, Pinus sibirica</i> and <i>Pinus pumila</i>

In recent years, the popularity of dietary supplements based on pine pollen has significantly increased due to over a thousand years of its use in Chinese traditional medicine and diverse biological activity. Microstrobili are harvested prior to flowering in order to obtain pine pollen, and, following its separation, waste comprising empty microstrobili in the amount of 90–95% of the mass of raw material is formed. In this work, the elemental composition of Pinus sylvestris, P. sibirica and P. pumila microstrobili obtained following the separation of pollen (empty microstrobili (EM) was determined and compared with pharmacopoeial raw material, i.e., P. sylvestris sprouts. The elemental composition was analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy with preliminary acid mineralisation in a microwave system. A comparative analysis of the elemental composition showed that EM contains a significant amount of K (8710–10187 mg/kg), Mg (627–1079 mg/kg), Mn (129–179 mg/kg), as well as Zn (37–67 mg/kg) and Cu (7.4–10.3 mg/kg). The series of accumulation of chemical elements was identical for microstrobili and sprouts of the studied pine species (K>Mg>Ca>Mn>Fe~Zn>Na>Cu>Ni~Cr>Co>Pb>Cd>Hg). EM can be used to enrich the diet with macroand microelements such as K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu. The content of toxic Cd, Pb and Hg was below the maximum permissible standards for medicinal plant raw materials and dietary supplements thereof. Obtained for the first time, data on the elemental composition of EM of P. sylvestris, P. sibirica, P. pumila and sprouts of P. sibirica and P. pumila can be used for further sanitary measurements of a new type of raw material.

OPTIMIZATION OF RAWHIDE COLLAGEN DEFIBRILLIZATION PROCESS

The paper features the rawhide collagen defibrillization process in the elastic leather materials manufacturing. Optimal colloid-chemical properties of semi-processed products were defined by way of using mathematical optimization of rowhide liming process. It was found that during the alkaline treatment of raw material (in the operating temperature range) the degree of defibrillation of raw material raises (in proportion to the derm collagen swelling) with increase in the ratio of process solution to the mass of raw material, and the extremum of hydrothermal stability and leather yield can be estimated. It was also shown that the degree of swelling decreases with a decreasing ratio of sodium sulphide and sodium hydrosulphide, and the leather area yield reaches the maximum value at the equal proportion of these reagents. Multicriteria optimization of rawhide liming process using the Harrington’s desirability function was carried out. The developed technology of soaking and liming was tested under production conditions. The above-mentioned low-waste technology provides elastic leather materials with a yield increase by 3.5%, which meet the industry standards requirements.

Study of the work of the grinder in different types of meat cropping

In the work, analytical studies were performed to determine the working time of the grinder on different types of meat grinding, depending on the design parameters of the grinding mechanism. The production of sausage products, despite the high level of competition, is attractive for producers. The opening of such a production is a profitable investment for starting a business, which gives a relatively quick financial return due to a quick change in the range of products made according to original recipes. One of the main technological operations for the preparation of sausage products is the grinding of meat, which accounts for 70% of the time for their production. The main mechanism for grinding meat raw materials is grinder. Selection of grinding equipment with appropriate parameters will prevent its underloading and downtime, as well as forced interruptions in the operation of devices for mixing minced meat and forming sausage products. Regulating the operation modes of the equipment for grinding meat will ensure the uniformity and rhythm of the operation of the rest of the equipment and will affect the output time of finished products, namely, sausage products. The methodology for determining the necessary duration of meat grinding, taking into account the need for raw materials for the stable operation of the sausage production shop, has been developed. The method is based on the influence of the parameters of the grinding mechanism of the lobules on the grinding time and makes it possible to take into account their change. Research results make it possible to improve the process of production of sausage products, simplify the selection of equipment and increase the productivity of the technological line for the production of products in small and medium production. Based on the obtained results, recommendations are given for determining the parameters of the grating-knife grinding mechanism, which would ensure the work of the grinder in the same time frame, regardless of the type of grinding and slight fluctuations in the technological mass of raw materials for the production of sausage products in the amount of 100 to 1000 kg per day of finished products.

Study on the synthesis and properties of an environmentally friendly water treatment agent

An environment-friendly and effective polymer IA/SMAS was synthesized via a green method, the IA/SMAS as an effective scale inhibitor. In addition, explained its possible scale inhibition mechanism. The long-term application of phosphorus-containing or nitrogen-containing water treatment agents can easily lead to the eutrophication of water bodies. Here, a random copolymer IA/SMAS was synthesized by itaconic acid (IA) and sodium methacrylate sulfonate (SMAS) monomer by the aqueous polymerization method. The optimal synthesis conditions were as follows: a raw material mass ratio (IA:SMAS) of 2:1, a temperature of 95 °C and a reaction time of 6 h. In addition, ammonium persulfate and isopropanol were both added at 5 % of the total raw material mass. The copolymer IA/SMAS was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and EDS. Its molecular weight and distribution were analyzed by gel chromatography (GPC). Static methods were used to evaluate copolymers and their performance in synergy with electrostatic fields. The scale inhibition mechanism of the copolymer and its synergistic effect with electrostatic field were also studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the copolymer had excellent scale inhibition performance for calcium carbonate and good dispersion effect on iron oxide. The addition of the electrostatic field improved the scale inhibition performance of IA/SMAS copolymer by 16 %. Thus, the copolymer is a phosphorus-free and nitrogen-free water treatment agent that achieves excellent performance and can significantly disrupt the surface morphology and crystalline structures of crystals.

EFFECT OF STRUCTURE-FORMING AGENTS AND SPONTANEOUSLY FERMENTED BUCKWHEAT SOURDOUGH ON THE QUALITY OF GLUTEN-FREE BREAD

Gluten-free bread is a product with reduced nutritional value, since the amount of starch in its recipes ranges 50–90% of the mass of loose raw materials. A topical task is to improve the nutritional value of gluten-free products by including flour of cereal crops in the recipe as part of a growth medium of baking sourdoughs. Among the entire assortment of structure-forming additives, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and xanthan gum still remain understudied as to their optimal dosage and effect on the technological process, whether separately or as a composition. Neither is there enough information on using cereal flours, structure-forming agents, and their combinations to manufacture bread with the minimum starch content. Baking tests in the laboratory have shown that in the technology of gluten-free bread with a high cereal flour content, it is advisable to use a combination of the structuring agents HPMC and xanthan gum in the amounts, respectively, 0.75% and 0.25% of the weight of the flour/starch mixture. This technological approach will allow achieving a high volume of bread, a smooth surface, and a well-developed, uniform, and thin-walled porosity of the crumb. Schemes of the dilution and production cycles of spontaneously fermented sourdough made from green buckwheat flour have been developed, and the specific features of preparation and the process parameters have been indicated. The sensory, biotechnological, and physicochemical characteristics of the quality of the finished sourdough have been investigated. Following the technological regulations developed, a high-quality semi-finished product was obtained, which could be further used in the production process. Laboratory tests in baking bread with the addition of the newly created spontaneously fermented buckwheat sourdough have shown results proving that it can be effectively used in the technology of gluten-free products. It has been established that the optimal percentage of sourdough in the recipe of buckwheat-rice gluten-free bread is 10–20% by weight of the flour/starch mixture. It has been proved that the sourdough can intensify acid accumulation processes in the dough and accelerate its maturation. The finished products had a pronounced taste and aroma as a result of the activity of lactic acid bacteria.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ФЛАВОНОИДОВ В ЛИСТЬЯХ МОРОШКИ ПРИЗЕМИСТОЙ (RUBUS CHAMAEMORUS), ПРОИЗРАСТАЮЩЕЙ В ВОЛОГОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Relevance: The Cloudberry squat (Rubus chamaemorus) is a perennial low herbaceous plant growing in the northern and Arctic regions of the European part, in Siberia and the Far East. The plant raw materials of Rubus chamaemorus are actively used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For medicinal purposes, not only fruits are used, but also other parts of the plant – leaves, rhizome and sepals. Biologically active substances defined in this medicinal plant are diverse. Among them, flavonoids and their derivatives are of considerable interest for pharmacy, since they have versatile medicinal effects: hypotensive, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effects. The purpose of the study is to establish the presence of flavonoids and their quantitative determination in the leaves of Cloudberry squat, growing in the Vologda region for the possible determination of the raw materials of this plant as medicinal. Materials and methods: the presence and quantitative content of flavonoids in the raw materials of cloudberry squat (leaves) growing on the territory of the Vologda region was determined using the spectrophotometric method of chemical analysis. Results of the study: qualitative samples (cyanidin, reaction with a solution of basic lead acetate) confirmed the presence of flavonoids in the roots of the studied plant; the content of flavonoids relative to the total dry mass of raw materials was quantified, it was 0.63 ± 0.013% (95% confidence interval = 0.6199-0.6401). The results obtained are consistent with the data of other researchers, the average relative proportion of flavonoids in relation to the total mass of the dry plant corresponds to the average scientific results. The conclusion is made about the possibility of attributing Rubus chamaemorus, which grows in the Vologda region, to medicinal plants potentially recommended for use in the pharmaceutical industry.

The use of rosae fructus powder in the production of boiled sausages

This scientific article discusses the use of vegetable raw materials for enriching and expanding the range of meat products. Rosae fructus powder was selected as a vegetable raw material. In accordance with the regulatory and technical documentation, recipes of experimental samples of boiled sausages were compiled. Rosae fructus powder was introduced into the formulation of prototypes in the amount of 0,5 %, 1 %, 1,5 %, 2 %, 2,5 % from the mass of raw materials. Physico-chemical and organoleptic research of finished products were carried out, according to the results of which the optimal content of Rosae fructus powder (1.5 %) was selected for the development of a new meat product formulation. The developed product was characterized by a high content of carbohydrates, proteins, moisture and had a low level of fat mass fraction, which indicates a positive effect of the vegetable additive on the functional and consumer properties of finished products.

The Synergistic Effect of Terminal and Pendant Fluoroalkyl Segments on Properties of Polyurethane Latex and Its Film

The hydrophobic modification effect and an appropriate cost of waterborne polyurethane are regularly pursued targets of researchers. To further enhance the hydrophobic modification effect of the terminal fluoroalkyl group and control the cost, a fluorine-containing pendant group diol (DEFA) was first synthesized by the Michael addition reaction of diethanolamine (DEOA) and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (G04). Next, a series of modified polyurethane latexes (TPFPU) by the terminal fluoroalkyl segments (perfluorohexyl ethanol, S104) and the pendant fluoroalkyl segments (DEFA) were synthesized by varying the DEFA dosage. Structure and performance properties of the resultants were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, TEM, TGA, DSC, XRD, XPS, SEM, AFM and contact angle measurements. Results confirmed that the product could be successfully prepared using the present method. With the increase in DEFA dosage, the average particle size increased gradually. Thermal stability was enhanced and small regional crystals were probably produced. XPS and AFM results demonstrated that the degree of microphase separation and film roughness were increased with the increase in DEFA amount. Hydrophobicity of the TPFPU’s film was also increased with the increase in DEFA dosage, and it could be guaranteed when the mass content of S104 and DEFA was larger than 17.0 wt% in total mass of raw materials, which demonstrates that the terminal and pendant fluoroalkyl groups have the favorable synergistic effect on the properties of polyurethane.