Dry Matter Mass Research Articles

Períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura do girassol

Objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar os períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura do girassol. Foram realizados dois experimentos com o girassol híbrido Helio 250, sendo um conduzido no verão e o outro, no inverno. Para ambos, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, e cada unidade experimental foi constituída de cinco linhas de plantas com 6,0 m de comprimento, espaçadas por 0,7 m. No experimento de verão foram avaliados oito períodos de convivência e controle de plantas daninhas: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 e 88 dias após a emergência (dae). No experimento de inverno, os períodos foram: 7, 14, 21, 28, 38, 48, 58 e 82 dae. Avaliaram-se a massa da matéria seca e a área foliar das plantas de girassol, produtividade, massa de mil aquênios e massa da matéria seca de plantas daninhas. Estimaram-se os períodos anteriores à interferência (PAI), períodos críticos de prevenção à interferência (PCPI) e períodos totais de prevenção à interferência (PTPI). Considerando-se a produtividade de aquênios no verão, o PAI foi de 16 dae da cultura, o PTPI, de 39 dae e o PCPI abrangeu 23 dias do ciclo da cultura. No inverno, o PAI foi de 12 dae, o PTPI estendeu-se até os 34 dae, resultando em um PCPI de 22 dias.

Biometria de frutos e sementes e tratamentos pré-germinativos em Cassia grandis L. f. (Fabaceae)

The species Cassia grandis L. f. (Fabaceae), has environmental and economic importance to justify studies to its best use. The objective of this study is to evaluate the morphology of fruits and seeds of Cassia grandis L. f. and the effect of pre-germination treatments. The fruits biometry was determined in a sample of 100 units, taken at random from the batch collected at the Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, to determination of length, width, fresh weight and number of seeds per fruit. From the seeds took in a sample of 100 units were determined length, width, diameter and fresh weight of the seedlings. To overcome dormancy using 100 seeds per treatment divided into four replicates, employed the following techniques: seeds without scarification; scarified on the opposite side of the hilum and two side-cut 25% and 50% opposite the hilum, all of which are made with and without soaking in distilled water for 24 hours. It was evaluated the first count, emergency, emergency speed index, length and mass of dry matter of shoot and root. The biometric data were analyzed by frequency classes and the pre-germination treatments by analysis of variance and Tukey’s test. The fruits have an average of 34.77 cm in length, width 39.96 mm, 174.32 g of fresh weight and 23.63 seeds, which have an average of 15.83 mm, 11.34 mm, 6, 0.867 g and 39 mm in length, width and fresh weight, respectively. Scarification increased germination and negatively affects the dry matter accumulation in shoots. The soaking did not affect germination, but increases the initial growth of the seedling shoot. The cut in the seed of 50% in the area opposite the hilum affect the emergence and seedling growth of Cassia grandis.

Índices fisiológicos de soja hortaliça em duas épocas de semeadura no Recôncavo Sul Baiano

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the performance of four vegetable soybean genotypes and one vegetable soybean cultivar in two sowing periods (April / 2009 and August / 2009) under South Reconcavo Baiano Region environmental conditions. The experiments were installed in the field at the Federal University in the county of Cruz das Almas – BA. The experimental design was in random blocks, with five treatments (genotypes: JLM 17, JLM 18, JLM 19, BR 94 and the BRS 155 cultivar) and five replicates. The experimental plots were made up by eight rows of 5.0 m in length: spacing of 50 cm between rows and 12 seeds per meter, with three side borders, three for yield data and two for growth analysis. Samplings of five plants per plot taken at random were carried out every fifteen days from 21 days after emergence (DAE) until physiological plant maturity in order to quantify dry matter mass (g plant -1 ) and plant leaf area (dm²). These characteristics were used to determine the following physiological indices: crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilatory rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR). NAR and LAR were the most efficient physiological indices to indicate the performance and growth of the materials evaluated. However, vegetative and yield performance of the plant should be measured by the combined response of the physiological indices since they are interconnected, leading to compensation effects between them.

Índices fisiológicos de soja hortaliça em duas épocas de semeadura no Recôncavo Sul Baiano

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the performance of four vegetable soybean genotypes and one vegetable soybean cultivar in two sowing periods (April / 2009 and August / 2009) under South Reconcavo Baiano Region environmental conditions. The experiments were installed in the field at the Federal University in the county of Cruz das Almas – BA. The experimental design was in random blocks, with five treatments (genotypes: JLM 17, JLM 18, JLM 19, BR 94 and the BRS 155 cultivar) and five replicates. The experimental plots were made up by eight rows of 5.0 m in length: spacing of 50 cm between rows and 12 seeds per meter, with three side borders, three for yield data and two for growth analysis. Samplings of five plants per plot taken at random were carried out every fifteen days from 21 days after emergence (DAE) until physiological plant maturity in order to quantify dry matter mass (g plant -1 ) and plant leaf area (dm²). These characteristics were used to determine the following physiological indices: crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilatory rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR). NAR and LAR were the most efficient physiological indices to indicate the performance and growth of the materials evaluated. However, vegetative and yield performance of the plant should be measured by the combined response of the physiological indices since they are interconnected, leading to compensation effects between them.

Growth of champa fruit under agroecological conditions of Miraflores, Boyacá, Colombia

The objective of this work was to analyze the growth of champa fruit (Campomanesia lineatifolia) as a function of growing-degree days (GDD) in the municipality of Miraflores, in Boyacá, Colombia. Thirty trees were selected at random, and 100 flowers in full bloom were marked in each tree. From the 26th day after flowering until harvest, 10 samples were taken every 15 days to determine the fruit parameters and growth rate. Temperature was recorded to calculate the GDD. From flowering until harvest, 1,489.1 GDD were accumulated over 145 days. Dry and fresh matter mass of pulp, seed, and total fruit were fitted to a logistic growth model, and three growth stages (S1, S2 and S3) were defined. In the S1, growth was slow, and the relative growth remained nearly stable, whereas the absolute growth rate (AGR) increased slowly. In the S2, maximum growth was observed. In the S3, which corresponds to maturation, dry mass increased gradually, and the AGR decreased, while the fresh pulp and total mass did not cease to increase. The polar and equatorial diameters increased linearly, while the volume followed an exponential model. Champa fruit show a simple sigmoid growth curve.

Characterization of the effects of macronutrient deficiencies in mangabeira seedlings

Knowledge of the mineral nutrition requirements of mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is relatively scarce and rudimentary because there is a lack of consistent data concerning its nutritional demands at different developmental stages. The aim of this research was to characterize the visual symptoms of macronutrient deficiencies and to evaluate the effects of these deficiencies on the growth, the production of dry matter, and the leaf content of mangabeira. To achieve this goal, a greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Goiano Federal Institute (Instituto Federal Goiano) in Rio Verde - GO, from January to June 2011 in which mangabeira plants were arranged in a random block design and grown in nutrient solutions. This experiment was replicated four times. The plants were treated with either a complete nutrient solution or a nutrient solution from which the individual macronutrient of interest (nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), or sulfur (S) had been omitted. The omission of a macronutrient from the nutrient solution resulted in morphological alterations that were characteristic symptoms of the particular nutritional deficiency and caused decreases in growth and dry matter mass production. The accumulation of macronutrients displayed the following order in mangabeira leaves: N>K>Ca>P>S>Mg.

Phytomass and flavonoid production in different organs and phenological stages of Passiflora alata Dryander

The present study evaluated the dry matter mass production in different Passiflora alataDryander organs and phenological stages, as well as their correlation with phytochemical quality in relation to the flavonoids vitexin, isoquercetin, quercetin and rutin. Two experiments were carried out: Experiment 1, effect of different organs (flower, leaves, fruits and branches), and Experiment 2, effect of phenological stages (pre-flowering, flowering, fruiting and post-fruiting). Both experimental designs were in randomized blocks with five and six replicates, respectively. The highest flavonoid concentration and production were detected in leaves. On the other hand, branches and fruits did not have significant rutin and isoquercetin content. The largest leaf dry matter mass and flavonoid production was observed in the post-fruiting stage, that is, at 300 days after transplanting (DAT). Flower formation was a strong deleterious competitor to leaf and branch dry matter mass production, as well as to biosynthesis and accumulation of the evaluated flavonoids. In addition to obtain P. alata - based drugs of high pharmaceutical quality, further studies on flowering management, as well as agronomical research, are needed. Key words: Sweet passion fruit, phytochemical quality, medicinal plant, management.

A differential Response of Physic Nut Genotypes Regarding Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization is Evidenced by a Comprehensive Nutrition Efficiency Analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional efficiency of phosphorus in physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) genotypes, under controlled conditions. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 10 x 2, using ten physic nut genotypes, two levels of phosphorus available in the soil (10 and 60 mg dm-3), and four replications. Cultivation consisted of a period of 100 days, with vegetative growth being evaluated in each experimental plot, with the dry matter mass values, phosphorus contents in the vegetative parts, nutritional efficiency indices, and alpha parameter also being obtained. The results show that the physic nut genotypes present greater vegetative growth, dry matter mass accumulation, P content, absorption efficiency and translocation at the high level of phosphorus available in the soil. Genotype CNPAE-C2 is the most efficient and responsive to phosphoric fertilization.

Potencial de fitoextração de Pb por mamoneiras em solo contaminado

The present work was developed with the objective to evaluate the accumulation of Pb in plant tissue of castor bean ( Ricinus communis L.) in contaminated soil and investigate the potential for soil remediation. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences/UNOESTE – Presidente Prudente/SP. Plants were grown in pots with a capacity of 9 dm3 of soil. The treatments were in addition to the vessels of 18.8 mg kg-1, 37.5 mg kg-1, 75 mg kg-1, 150 mg kg-1, 300 mg kg-1, 600 mg kg-1 and 1200 mg kg-1 in the form of Pb (Pb(NO3)2). Treatments were arranged according to completely randomized design with three replications. Samples of soil and plant tissue were collected ninety days after sowing for the quantification of mass of dry matter of shoots and roots, and for determining the accumulation of lead in tissues of both species. The parameters were subjected to analysis of variance evaluating the effect of treatments by the Tukey test at 5% level of probability. The results presented by significant F-test were submitted to polynomial regression. The castor beans had a higher accumulation of Pb in roots, there was a decrease in plant growth due to a reduction of mass of dry matter of shoots and roots with the gradual increase of the concentration of Pb in soil and the addition of 1200 mg kg-1 Pb in soil was more effective in reducing the growth of castor bean.

Potasssium chloride as a nutrient seed primer to enhance salt‑tolerance in maize

The objective of this work was to determine if KCl could be a useful nutrient primer for safe seed germination in maize crop under salt stress conditions. Seed priming was done using 50 mmol L‑1 of muriate of potash, and germination and seedling growth were evaluated after salt stress with NaCl up to 50 mmol L‑1. Another set of seeds was tested under the same salt stress conditions without priming. Under salinity stress, germination percentage, germination rate index, germination coefficient, and seedling vigor indexes were higher in primed seeds. In unprimed seeds, mean germination time increased, while the germination rate index and the fresh and dry matter mass decreased more sharply with salinity stress. The Na/K ratio was higher in unprimed seeds.

Efeitos gênicos de caracteres associados à eficiência no uso de nitrogênio em milho

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o controle genético da eficiência no uso do nitrogênio (EUN), identificar a importância das eficiências na absorção (EAN) e na utilização (EUtN) na sua composição, e quantificar relação entre produção de matéria seca da parte aérea (MPS) e do sistema radicular com a EUN e com seus componentes. Foram avaliadas 41 combinações híbridas em duas disponibilidades de N: baixa (BN) e alta (AN). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com duas repetições, em arranjo fatorial simples (combinação híbrida x disponibilidade de N). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio das equações de modelos mistos. Correlações de elevada magnitude foram detectadas entre EAN e EUN, bem como entre essas eficiências e a MPS, tanto em BN como em AN. Em ambas as disponibilidades de N, efeitos genéticos aditivos apresentaram maior importância para os caracteres associados à EUN. Dessa forma, a seleção baseada no desempenho individual de linhagens quanto à MPS pode possibilitar a obtenção de genótipos com alta EUN. Independentemente da disponibilidade de N, a EAN é o componente mais importante da EUN.

Influência da nutrição mineral foliar sobre doenças da parte aérea da cultura do trigo

A utilização de fungicida para o controle de doenças foliares na cultura do trigo é prática comum entre os triticultores. Contudo, devido ao impacto ambiental provocado pelo seu uso generalizado, buscam-se alternativas para controle dos fitopatógenos. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da nutrição mineral foliar sobre as doenças foliares do trigo, bem como seu efeito sobre o desenvolvimento da planta. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e quatro tratamentos: 1- testemunha; 2- adubação foliar aos 30 dias após a emergência (DAE) e aos 75 DAE; 3- fungicida aos 30 e 75 DAE; e 4- adubação foliar aos 30 DAE e adubação foliar mais fungicida aos 75 DAE. Foram realizadas nove avaliações da incidência e da severidade do oídio, cujos dados foram utilizados para o cálculo das áreas abaixo das curvas de progresso da doença; três avaliações da severidade da ferrugem e da mancha da gluma; e duas avaliações da mancha amarela. Foram determinadas a massa de matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular e a produtividade da cultura. Foi observada redução da incidência e da severidade de oídio em função da adubação foliar, apenas na primeira avaliação de incidência e nas segunda e quinta avaliações de severidade da doença. O efeito complementar dos nutrientes com o fungicida para redução das doenças foi observado apenas para a mancha amarela, com redução de aproximadamente 11,16 % da severidade. Os maiores valores de produtividade foram observados para os tratamentos apenas com fungicida e, com fungicida mais nutrientes. A adubação foliar proporcionou aumento da massa fresca de raízes e massa seca de raízes. Apesar disso, não houve aumento da massa fresca da parte aérea em função da adubação foliar.

Quantidades e tempos de decomposição da jitirana no desempenho agronômico do coentro

A prática da adubação verde promove benefícios aos sistemas de produção de hortaliças. Este trabalho foi conduzido na fazenda experimental Rafael Fernandes do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN, no período de junho a outubro de 2009, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agronômico do coentro da cultivar 'Verdão' sob diferentes quantidades e tempos de incorporação da jitirana ao solo. O delineamento experimental usado foi de blocos completos casualizados com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4x4, com três repetições, com 144 plantas por parcela, sendo o primeiro fator constituído pelas quantidades de jitirana (5,4; 8,8; 12,2 e 15,6Mg ha-1 em base seca), o segundo pelos tempos de sua incorporação ao solo (0, 10, 20 e 30 dias antes a semeadura - DAS). A cultivar de coentro plantado foi a 'Verdão'. As características avaliadas foram: altura e número de hastes por planta, matéria fresca e massa da matéria seca da parte aérea. Foi observada interação significativa para número de hastes por planta. O melhor desempenho agronômico do coentro foi obtido na quantidade de 15,6Mg ha-1 de jitirana incorporada ao solo, no tempo de 30 dias.

Simulation of Jatropha curcas L. Root in Response to Water Stress based on 3D Visualization

Root system Visualization is one of the key researches for virtual plant. This research aimed at studying the root space structure of Jatropha curcas L. by bringing forward one kind of three-dimensional root modeling method based on geometrical model such as morphological characteristics and growth characteristic under different watering treatments. To realize three-dimensional shape reconstruction and visualization of simulation for root structure of Jatropha curcas L., the paper takes the Lynch's SimRoot configuration model as geometry model according to the root geometric topology information of Jatropha curcas L.. Results show that compared with water stress factor which is 0.9, the root space structure of Jatropha curcas L. is better, dry matter mass and water use efficiency were significantly higher when water stress coefficient is 0.7. The results provide a reasonable basis for irrigation in the energy plants Jatropha curcas L.

Root length, root mass, and distribution of dry matter in different parts of Thompson Seedless grapevine grafted on different rootstocks in heavy soil of Maharashtra

The root distribution pattern of 3 grape rootstocks, Dog Ridge, Salt Creek, and St. George, grafted with Thompson Seedless grapevine was studied at the National Research Centre for Grapes in Pune, India. The soil is heavy black cotton soil (vertisol) with a pH of >8.0. Roots of different thicknesses (10 mm) were examined at horizontal distances of 0-30 cm, 31-60 cm, 61-90 cm, 91-120 cm, and 121-150 cm away from the trunk and also to depths of 0-30 cm, 31-60 cm, and 61-90 cm from the surface. Among the different categories of roots, Dog Ridge put forth the maximum root length in the

Saflufenacil no controle de Luffa aegyptiana, Merremia cissoides, Mucuna aterrima e Ricinus communis

The present study aimed to verify the effectiveness of saflufenacil herbicide in post-emergence weeds control. Saflufenacil herbicide was applied over Luffa aegyptia, Merremia cissoides, Mucuna aterrima and Ricinus communis weeds, when the plants contained the second pair of true leaves at 0x, 0.25x, 0.5x, 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x with the last one the commercial recommended dose (50 g a.i. ha -1 ). The evaluations of control and plants canopy dry matter mass were conducted at 28 days after treatments application. The experimental design was entirely randomized with four replications. Saflufenacil dose of 50 g a.i. ha -1 controlled satisfactorily M. cissoides, M. aterrima and R. communis . However, L. aegyptiana specie was tolerant when the herbicide was used in the recommended dose. It was possible to conclude that saflufenacil herbicide was effective in controlling M. cissoides, M. aterrima and Ricinus communis but L. aegyptiana specie was tolerant when applied 50 g a.i. ha -1 .

Associação entre caracteres e análise de trilha na seleção de progênies de meios-irmãos de Brachiaria ruziziensis

Associação alta entre peso de massa seca e peso de massa verde pode facilitar a seleção antecipada de genótipos superiores de B. ruziziensis. Objetivou-se neste estudo verificar as associações entre características morfo-agronômicas na seleção de genótipos de B. ruziziensis. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados com duas repetições. Foram avaliadas as características altura e vigor das plantas, peso de massa verde e porcentagem de matéria seca da planta inteira, do caule e da folha, peso de massa seca da forragem total, de caule, e de folha e, relação entre produtividade de folha e caule de massa verde. As análises consistiram da estimação das correlações simples entre os caracteres e da análise de trilha considerando o peso de massa seca total como variável básica e as demais explicativas. Correlações mais elevadas foram observadas entre peso de massa seca e peso de massa verde, peso seco de caule e peso de massa verde e, peso seco de folhas e peso de massa verde. Pelos coeficientes de trilha, verificou-se que os efeitos diretos das diferentes variáveis explicativas sobre o peso de massa seca foram, em sua maioria, baixos. Os efeitos diretos mais relevantes sobre o peso de massa seca foram verificados via peso de massa verde, peso seco de caule e peso seco de folhas, indicando que o peso de massa verde viabiliza a seleção indireta para peso de massa seca.

Combination of lettuce and rocket cultivars in two cultures intercropped with carrots

The intercropping practice is a viable technological option for the production of vegetables and the success of the association between crops will be greater the greater the complementarity between them. The present work was conducted from June to November 2006, at Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, to evaluate the productive performance of two lettuce and two rocket cultivars in two cultures in strip-intercropping systems. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with five replications and treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 + 2 factorial. The treatments consisted of the combination of two lettuce cultivars (Babá de Verão and Tainá) and two of rocket (Cultivada and Folha Larga) intercropped with carrot 'Brasília' plus two additional treatments (two lettuce cultivars or two rocket cultivars grown in sole crop). In each block a plot with carrot in sole crop was grown. The evaluated traits in lettuce were plant height and diameter, number of leaves per plant, productivity and shoot dry matter mass. In rocket were evaluated plant height, number of leaves per plant, green mass yield and shoot dry matter mass; and in carrot: plant height, total and marketable productivity, besides root classes, in long and medium roots, short roots and scrap roots. The Tainá lettuce cultivar had the best yield performance both in sole crop and intercropping system. The Cultivada and Folha Larga rocket cultivars had similar yield performance in both cropping systems. Both lettuce and rocket crops had better productive performance in the second culture. The mean production of carrot marketable roots in intercropping systems was 68.3%, being 48.6% for long and medium roots and 19.7% for short roots, while in the sole crop the mean production of marketable carrot roots was of 75.0%, being 51.7% for long and medium roots and 23.3% for short roots.

Growth promotion and induction of resistance in tomato plant against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Alternaria solani by Trichoderma spp.

In tomato crop, the induction of resistance emerges as an important alternative for achieving the reduction of chemicals in disease control. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of 28 Trichoderma isolates to promote the growth of tomato seedlings and to induce systemic resistance (ISR) against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Alternaria solani, the causal agents of bacterial spot and early blight, respectively. Twelve isolates promoted the increase of plant dry matter mass (DMM) above 100%, showing the great potential of these strains. All isolates were able to colonize the root system of tomato plants. The plant growth-promoting isolates were further evaluated for potential elicitation of ISR. Treatment of the soil with all Trichoderma isolates provided protection in tomato plants from 24.13 to 95.94% against X. euvesicatoria and 30.69 to 95.23% against A. solani. The most efficient isolates in reducing the severity of bacterial spot and early blight were the isolates IB 28/07, IB 30/07, IB 37/01 and IB 28/07, IB 30/07 and IB 42/03, respectively. The effect of different time intervals between Trichoderma application and inoculation with pathogens in inducing systemic resistance in tomato plants was evaluated for the isolate IB 28/07. IB 28/07 conferred protection against both diseases at all time intervals, confirming the ability of the isolate to reduce the severity of these diseases up to 21 days after treatment of tomato plants. In vitro assays revealed that all isolates of Trichoderma were able to degrade cellulose. Only the isolate IB 34/08 showed antagonistic activity against X. euvesicatoria and none caused reduction in the in vitro mycelial growth of A. solani. Trichoderma isolates were identified at species level by DNA sequencing.

Determinação da matéria seca e teores de macronutrientes em folhas de frutíferas usando diferentes métodos de secagem

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de secagem de folhas para três diferentes frutíferas (maracujá, pêssego e abacate), com relação à determinação da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas recém expandida de três culturas, do pomar da fazenda de ensino e pesquisa da FCAV-UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de janeiro de 2010, coletando-se para cada cultura 12 amostras com 25 folhas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por dois métodos de secagem, estufa de circulação de ar forçada regulada a uma temperatura de 70°C e o forno microondas (FMO). Avaliou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que os dois métodos de secagem testados se assemelham na determinação de matéria seca e nos teores foliares de macronutrientes para as culturas análisadas, exceto os teores de cálcio na cultura do pêssego.