Mass Of Different Types Research Articles

The chemical composition of the vegetative mass of different types of miscanthus in different phases of plant growth and development

The chemical composition of the vegetative mass of different types of miscanthus in different phases of plant growth and development

PRIMARY ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF TORREFACTION OF BIOMASS AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Biomass energy is an important component in the overall structure of renewable energy and has the greatest potential for increasing volumes. However, the peculiarities of the properties of agro-industrial residues are a significant disadvantage of their widespread use. The process of torrefaction allows to bring the characteristics of biofuel as close as possible to thermal coal. Different degree of heat treatment of biomass leads to a product with different heating value. Therefore, it is important to know the optimal mode of torrefaction, which will provide the best energy parameters of biofuels.Researches of torrefaction were carried out on the basis of educational and scientific laboratory "DAK GPS" of the State Agrarian and Engineering University in Podilia. The kinetics of the relative mass of different types of biomass at different processing temperatures was considered. The dependence of the degree of torrefaction on the heat treatment temperature is revealed. As shown by studies for most biomaterials of plant origin, we can distinguish the beginning of intensive transformation and its end, after which there is a sharp slowdown in weight loss, and, accordingly, and the energy density of the samples.

High-Resolution Maps of Material Stocks in Buildings and Infrastructures in Austria and Germany.

The dynamics of societal material stocks such as buildings and infrastructures and their spatial patterns drive surging resource use and emissions. Two main types of data are currently used to map stocks, night-time lights (NTL) from Earth-observing (EO) satellites and cadastral information. We present an alternative approach for broad-scale material stock mapping based on freely available high-resolution EO imagery and OpenStreetMap data. Maps of built-up surface area, building height, and building types were derived from optical Sentinel-2 and radar Sentinel-1 satellite data to map patterns of material stocks for Austria and Germany. Using material intensity factors, we calculated the mass of different types of buildings and infrastructures, distinguishing eight types of materials, at 10 m spatial resolution. The total mass of buildings and infrastructures in 2018 amounted to ∼5 Gt in Austria and ∼38 Gt in Germany (AT: ∼540 t/cap, DE: ∼450 t/cap). Cross-checks with independent data sources at various scales suggested that the method may yield more complete results than other data sources but could not rule out possible overestimations. The method yields thematic differentiations not possible with NTL, avoids the use of costly cadastral data, and is suitable for mapping larger areas and tracing trends over time.

Industrial applications of big data in disruptive innovations supporting environmental reporting

Abstract Disruptive innovations are usually identified as ideas that are created ‘outside the box’. They are expected to fundamentally change existing business models and processes founded on technological applications. Disruptive innovations can be challenging to define. Information technology (IT) solutions focus on collecting, processing, and reporting different types of data. Commonly, is the solutions are expected (in cybernetics or self-regulating processes) to provide feedback to original processes and to steer them based on the data. To achieve continuous improvement with regard to environmental responsibility and profitability, new thinking and, in particular, accurate and reliable data are needed for decision-making. Very large data storages, known as big data, contain an increasing mass of different types of homogenous and non-homogenous information, as well as extensive time-series. New, innovative algorithms are required to reveal relevant information and opportunities hidden in these data storages. Global environmental challenges and zero-emission responsible production issues can only be solved using relevant and reliable continuous data as the basis. The final goal should be the creation of scalable environmental solutions based on disruptive innovations and accurate data. The aim of this paper is to determine the explicit steps for replacing silo-based reporting with company-wide, refined information, which enables decision-makers in all industries the chance to make responsible choices.

Study of the composition of air masses of different types

Study of the composition of air masses of different types

Retrieving radius, concentration, optical depth, and mass of different types of aerosols from high-resolution infrared nadir spectra

We present a sophisticated radiative transfer code for modeling outgoing IR radiation from planetary atmospheres and, conversely, for retrieving atmospheric properties from high-resolution nadir-observed spectra. The forward model is built around a doubling-adding routine and calculates, in a spherical refractive geometry, the outgoing radiation emitted by the Earth and the atmosphere containing one layer of aerosol. The inverse model uses an optimal estimation approach and can simultaneously retrieve atmospheric trace gases, aerosol effective radius, and concentration. It is different from existing codes, as most forward codes dealing with multiple scattering assume a plane-parallel atmosphere, and as for the retrieval, it does not rely on precalculated spectra, the use of microwindows, or two-step retrievals. The simultaneous retrieval on a broad spectral range exploits the full potential of current state-of-the-art hyperspectral IR sounders, such as AIRS and IASI, and should be particularly useful in studying major pollution events. We present five example retrievals of IASI spectra observed in the range from 800 to 1200 cm(-1) above dust, volcanic ash, sulfuric acid, ice particles, and biomass burning aerosols.

Asymmetric two-component Fermi gas in two dimensions

We analytically investigate superfluid phase in two dimension at zero temperature for asymmetric Fermi gas. Analytic expressions for both gap and chemical potentials at mean-field level are obtained as a function of binding energy and population imbalance when mass of different types of fermions is equal. We identify regions corresponding to normal, Sarma phase for different polarization, or mass ratio and discuss topological phase diagram in the BCS-BEC crossover and find that energy gap and chemical potential behave differently in these topological quantum phase. We also obtain the low-frequency and long-wavelength collective excitation spectrum and find sound velocity has a maximum when two types of mass are equal.

Determination of Diffusion Characteristics of Intact Rock Mass: A Critical Evaluation

AbstractIntact rock mass is the most suitable geological formation for disposing of hazardous wastes. Hence, for safety assessment, establishment of contaminant transport mechanism(s) in/through the rock mass becomes essential. Conventional diffusion cells have been employed by earlier researchers for establishing diffusion characteristics of the intact rock mass. However, due to extremely low porosity of the intact rock mass, the time required for obtaining the “break-through curve” runs into a few months, during which maintaining the ambient conditions becomes extremely difficult. To overcome these limitations, researchers have resorted to accelerated diffusion tests, in the recent past. Several analytical models have been developed by the earlier researchers, which can be employed for determining diffusion characteristics of the intact rock mass. This calls for a comparative study of the diffusion characteristics obtained from these models so as to establish their suitability. With this in view, diffusion characteristics of the intact rock mass of different types were established by conducting accelerated diffusion tests and employing these models. In addition, diffusion characteristics of the intact rock mass were determined based on the concept of cumulative concentration accumulation of ionic species (CCAIS) in the measuring reservoir. It has been found that the models reported in the literature over-predict the diffusion coefficients for the intact rock mass. The superiority of CCAIS model, has been demonstrated by computing the hydraulic conductivity of the intact rock mass and comparing it with the centrifuge modeling results.

Model of neutrino effective masses

It is shown that an effective (nonrenormalizable) coupling of lepton multiplets to scalar triplets in the 331 model with sterile/exotic neutrinos, can be a good way for generating neutrino masses of different types. The method is simple and avoids radiative/loop calculations which, sometimes, are long and complicated. Basing on some astrophysical arguments it is also stated that the scale of $SU(3{)}_{L}$ symmetry breaking is at TeV scale, in agreement with earlier investigations. Or equivalently, starting from this symmetry breaking scale we could have sterile/exotic neutrinos with mass of a few keV's which could be used to explain several astrophysical and cosmological puzzles, such as the dark matter, the fast motion of the observed pulsars, the re-ionization of the Universe, etc.

Semiclassical particle spectrum of double sine-Gordon model

We present new theoretical results on the spectrum of the quantum field theory of the double sine-Gordon model. This non-integrable model displays different varieties of kink excitations and bound states thereof. Their mass can be obtained by using a semiclassical expression of the matrix elements of the local fields. In certain regions of the coupling-constants space the semiclassical method provides a picture which is complementary to the one of the form factor perturbation theory, since the two techniques give information about the mass of different types of excitations. In other regions the two methods are comparable, since they describe the same kind of particles. Furthermore, the semiclassical picture is particularly suited to describe the phenomenon of false vacuum decay, and it also accounts in a natural way the presence of resonance states and the occurrence of a phase transition.

Some remarks on the problem of neutrino oscillation in vacuum and matter

The paper deals with the analysis of possible neutrino oscillation types in vacuum and matter. The conclusion is that: 1) If masses of different types of neutrions are equal, then a real oscillation of different types of neutrinos is possible by analogy with K0,\(\bar K^0 \) oscillation. 2) If masses of different types of neutrinos are different, then only a virtual neutrino oscillation is possible, and a real oscillation of neutrinos requires their participation in the interactions for transition to the appropriate to the ϱ0-meson in the vector dominance model. The enhanced oscillation probability is estimated for neutrinos of different masses in their passing through matter of different thickness, including the Sun. If it is assumed that the deficit of Sun neutrinos arises from neutrino oscillations, then using the GALLEX and SSM data we obtain that sin22г≅0.015.

High-energy collision-induced dissociation of multiply charged polypeptides produced by electrospray

The recent commercial implementation of an electrospray source on a four-sector mass spectrometer has allowed the study of high-energy collisional activation of multiply charged cations. With this configuration, higher mass-to-charge ratios can be accommodated in both precursor ion selection and fragment ion detection. Good mass accuracy facilitates analysis of fragment ions and allows more reliable mechanistic correlation of these fragments. A convenient scheme was devised to permit the use of kilovolt potentials in both MS-I and MS-II, with precursors of varying charge states. Algorithms were devised to assign masses of different types of multiply charged fragment ions. Nine polypeptides were studied in the mass range 2000-5000 Da. Through this entire mass range, fragment ions were observed to be amply formed by cleavages in both the backbone and side chains, analogous to high-energy collisional activation of singly charged ions. This stands in sharp contrast to the patterns reported with low-energy, multiple collisions. Abundances of sequence ion series are influenced by the positions of basic residues. Analysis of charge distributions in fragment ions also indictes that the charges tend to be spread out across the peptides.

The geophysical applications of gravity anomalies

The gravity anomalies are an important tool in the hands of the geodesists and geophysicists. For instance, the positive Bouguer anomalies of the oceans and the negative ones of the mountains show qualitatively that isostatic equilibrium exists in broad lines. The isostatic anomalies are even able to localize the isostatically compensating layers and in such a way to determine the thickness of the Earth's crust. Also local disturbing masses of different types are not too difficult to discover. With the rapid and accurate gravimeters beginning a new epoch in gravimetry, quite new views for detailed geophysical study of the behavior of the Earth's interior are to be presented. But the gravity anomalies must be used carefully. In some cases they too easily lead us to wrong conclusions.