Mass Extrusion Research Articles

A Review on Fast Dissolving Tablet

Drug delivery systems play a crucial role in the effective administration of medications. Solid dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules, are widely accepted due to their ease of administration, accurate dosage, and patient compliance. However, the challenge lies in developing an ideal drug delivery system that ensures the right rate and concentration of drug delivery to achieve maximum therapeutic effect and minimal adverse effects. Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) have emerged as an alternative to conventional dosage forms, especially for paediatric, geriatric, and uncooperative patients, as well as for situations where water is unavailable. The study aims to comprehensive review of the literature to analyse the advantages and disadvantages, patented technologies, formulation techniques, and properties of ideal FDTs. The review also examines the various formulation techniques, including freeze drying, tablet moulding, spray drying, sublimation, direct compression, and mass extrusion

Review on Orodispersible Tablet

Systems for orodispersible drug delivery are widely used to increase patient compliance and bioavailability. Because of their enhanced solubility, stability profiles, and higher patient compliance compared to traditional tablets and capsules, orodispersible tablets (ODTs) have drawn a lot of attention in the last thirty years. The review of possible developments in ODT technology for drug delivery applications is the article's main goal. ODTs are prepared using a variety of methods, such as mass extrusion, tablet moulding, sublimation, freeze drying, and direct compression. ODTs may be the better option, particularly for GI-sensitive medications and for patients who fall into the paediatric, geriatric, bedridden, postoperative, or other categories and may have trouble swallowing traditional tablets and capsules. When placed on the tongue, ODTs-solid dosage forms containing medication-disintegrate quickly, often within a few seconds. ODTs have higher acceptability because of their increased bioavailability and stability, as well as patient compliance. This article examines current developments in ODT development, including new technologies, drug candidate suitability, and ODT characterization.

Taste Masking of Bitter Drugs in Pharmaceutical Suspension: A Review

One of the most vital factors in the formulation of medications for children, the elderly, immobile patients, and uncooperative patients is taste, which is mainly controlled by taste buds in the tongue. The biggest challenge for the compounding scientists is to mask the unpleasant and bitter tastes of the pharmaceuticals, which prevent patients from obtaining the full therapeutic benefit of their prescription. In order to increase patient compliance, which ultimately determines the product's economic success, it may be possible to mask the bitter taste of medications. Inclusion complexation, the use of ion exchange resin, mass extrusion, solid dispersions, coating granulation, spray drying, microencapsulation, liposomes, emulsions, and gel formation effervescence are current methods of flavour masking. Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) taste masking is an area that is constantly developing because of unusual excipients and a variety of techniques.

On Overview of Fast dissolving tablet

Fast dissolving tablets emerge as one of the popular and widely accepted dosage forms, especially for paediatric patients because of incomplete development of the muscular and nervous system and a case of geriatric patients suffering from Parkinson’s disorder or hand tremors. Few solid dosage forms like capsules and tablets are present days facing the problems like difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), resulting in many incidences of non-compliance and making the therapy ineffective. Oral dosage form and oral route is the most preferred route of administration for various drugs have limitations like first-pass metabolism, psychiatric patients, bedridden and uncooperative patients. FDTs are disintegrating or dissolve quickly in the saliva without a need of water. Fast dissolving tablets are designed to dissolve in saliva remarkably faster, within a few seconds (less than 60 seconds), and those are real fast-dissolving tablets. The convenience of administration and improved patient compliance are important in the design of oral drug delivery system which remains the preferred route of drug delivery in spite of various disadvantages. There are several technologies that are conventional or patented based on spray drying, cotton candy process, sublimation, melt granulation, direct compression freezes drying/lyophilization, phase transition process, mass extrusion, etc. have been developed for manufacturing of FDTs

Fast Dissolving Tablets: A Review

In the pharmaceutical Industry oral route is considered as the safest and convenient route. Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) are solid dosage forms containing drugs that disintegrate in the oral cavity within less than 1 minute leaving an easy to swallow residue. These dosage forms include superdisintegrants which impart quick disintegration with existence of saliva and can be swallowed without difficulty. Fast dissolving tablets are the very good preference for the paediatric as well as geriatric patients. To improve the bioavailability of many drugs, fast dissolving drug delivery systems are used widely. Sophisticated technologies used for manufacturing fast dissolving tablets are by direct compression method, freeze drying method, sublimation method, mass extrusion and cotton candy process. Taste is the vital factor since these tablets disintegrate directly in the mouth. FDTs are evaluated by various parameters such as hardness test, friability test, water absorption ratio, wetting time, disintegration test and dissolution test. These tablets are also well-known as mouth dissolving tablets and orodispersible tablets. This review article will emphasize on ideal properties, challenges, advantages, disadvantages, conventional techniques, patented technologies and evaluation of orodispersible tablets.

FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLETS - A NEW ERA IN NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Among all dosage forms, fast-Disintegrating tablets are one of the most commonly used dosage forms, especially in children, because their nervous system and muscular system are not well developed compared to them in adults. and in adult patients with Parkinsons disease or hand tremors. Some fixed dosage forms, such as capsules and tablets, now have difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), which results in many cases of non-compliance and renders therapy ineffective. The most preferred routes of administration for various drugs are oral dosage forms and the oral route with specific limitations such as first-pass metabolism by the liver, psychiatric patients, at-risk patients, and non-cooperators. FDTs dissolve easily in saliva without the need for water. Fast- Disintegrating tablets dissolve in saliva in a minimum of less than 60 seconds., And these are really fast-digesting tablets. FDT formulations contain super disintegrants to increase the rate of tablet degradation in the buccal cavity. FDTs have advantages because they are easy to manufacture, have the right dosage, good chemical and physical strength, and are an ideal alternative for children and adult patients. FDTs have a faster rate of degradation, faster absorption, so that in vitro drug release time increases and this property of the drug (dosage form) increases bioavailability. FDT formulations have specific advantages in both conventional tablet and liquid dosage forms. There are many technologies for spray drying, cotton candy process, sublimation, melt granulation, direct freeze pressing / lyophilization, phase transition process, mass extrusion, etc. This overview provides brief information on FDT, including the definition, benefits, needs or requirements of FDT, key characteristics FDT, limitations, various challenges in the development of FDT, marketed tablet formulations that cause rapid digestion and so on.

Formulation and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablet containing taste masked mirtazapine

Objective: This study aims to prepare the taste-masked granules of Mirtazapine by mass extrusion technique and formulate it into an oral dispersible tablet using different super disintegrates. Methods: Taste masked granules of mirtazapine were prepared by mass extrusion technique using Eudragit EPO in different ratios. The drug-polymer ratio was optimized based on the percent drug release in SSF and SGF. Taste masking efficacy of drug-polymer complex was determined by developing the bitterness threshold value of Mirtazapine. The selected drug-polymer complex was formulated into an oro-dispersible tablet by direct compression method. A randomized design was used to investigate individual effect of three different super disintegrates each in different concentrations. Ten formulations were developed including a controlled formulation without the addition of superdisintegrants. A comparative study was done based on various pre-compression and post-compression parameters. Results: Eudragit EPO was able to mask the bitter taste of Mirtazapine effectively in 1:2 ratio by mass extrusion method. The minimum disintegration time and wetting time was found to be 13.6±2.7 and 18.13±0.24 seconds with the formulation containing crospovidone 5% (F9). It was found that the wetting time and disintegration time followed the order SSG>CCS>CPV. The selected best formulation was subjected to an incompatibility study design. The IR spectrum showed that all the excipients were chemically compatible. Conclusion: Thus, in this study unpalatable taste of Mirtazapine was masked using Eudragit EPO polymer by mass extrusion technique, and superdisintegrants were added to prepare orally disintegrating tablets of Mirtazapine. This research work suggests a rapid, simple and cost effective method for formulating Mirtazapine ODT.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF LAMOTRIGINEUSING DISCRETE SUPER DISINTEGRANTS AND COPROCESSED EXCIPIENTS

Objective: The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate the orodispersible tablets of lamotrigine after enhancing its solubility.
 Methods: Lamotrigine was made into an inclusion complex with eudragit E 100 my kneading and mass extrusion method and later this mixture is compressed into orodispersible tablet using various super disintegrants and co-processed excipients to reduce the disintegration time for providing prompt action through rapid drug release.
 Results: Lamotrigine ODTs containing F-melt (F1-3%, F2-5%) dispersed in lesser time of (9±0.11) and (21±0.58) compared to formulations with polyplasdone XL-10 and primellose as super disintegrants respectively with F1 showing short wetting time. The water absorption was also was found to be more for formulation with 3% F-Melt.
 Conclusion: Lamotrigine orodispersible tablets were prepared by direct compression technique by using 3% and 5% of three super disintegrants (f-melt, primellose and polyplasdone XL-10). Disintegration time of F1 (3% f-melt) formulation was found to be least (7 sec).

Simulation of Die-swell Flow for Wet Powder Mass Extrusion in Pharmaceutical Process

Simulation of Die-swell Flow for Wet Powder Mass Extrusion in Pharmaceutical Process

Orodispersible Tablets: A Review

In the pharmaceutical industry oral route is considered as the safest and convenient route. Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) are solid dosage forms containing drugs that disintegrate in the oral cavity within less than 1 minute leaving an easy to swallow residue. These dosage form contains superdisintegrants which imparts quick disintegration with presence of saliva and can be swallowed easily. ODTs are the very good choice for the pediatric and geriatric patients. To improve the bioavailability of many drugs, orodispersible drug delivery systems are used extensively. Advanced technologies used for manufacturing orodispersible tablets are by direct compression method, freeze drying method, sublimation method, mass extrusion and cotton candy process. Taste is the important factor because these tablets disintegrate directly in the mouth. ODTs are evaluated by following parameters like hardness test, friability test, disintegration test and dissolution test. Many technologies are introduced for producing controlled release orodispersible tablets which broadens the applications of this dosage form. These tablets are also known as mouth dissolving tablets and fast dissolving tablets. In this review article we can focus on ideal properties, challenges, advantages, disadvantages, conventional techniques, patented technologies and evaluation of orodispersible tablets.

Evaluation of preparation methods for orally disintegrating tablets

Oral disintegrating tablets (ODT) are orally administered solid dosage forms commonly used in pediatric and geriatric patients with difficulty in swallowing. The lack of need for water during the use of ODTs is another advantage that increases patient compliance. Many methods are used for the production of ODTs such as direct compression (DC), freeze-drying (FD), spray drying, 3-D printing, melt granulation, phase transition process, molding, sublimation, mass extrusion, cotton candy process. Since the ODTs produced are aimed to disintegrate and dissolve rapidly, and consequently act quickly, the production method parameters need to be optimized in line with the critical product parameters. In this study, the most widely used manufacturing methods (especially DC and FD) for ODT and in vitro quality control tests of ODT are evaluated.

Coil mass extrusion from an embolized blownout carotid

Coil mass extrusion from an embolized blownout carotid

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-based fast dissolving carbamazepine printlets prepared by semisolid extrusion 3D printing

This work aimed to explore for the first time the use of cyclodextrins to prepare printlets of poorly soluble drugs, such as carbamazepine, which require fine dose adjustment and rapid release. Orodispersible (flash) and immediate release formulations were 3D printed via semisolid extrusion of wet masses of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and cellulose ethers and regulating tablet porosity. Rheology of the wet masses allowed identifying printable compositions. Printing robustness was assessed evaluating weight, dimensions, hardness, drug content, and microstructure. Drug crystallinity, printlet disintegration and dissolution profiles were also characterized. The results highlight the feasibility of using HPβCD as excipient in printlets of poorly soluble drugs, and the possibilities of tuning drug release profiles through small changes in cellulose ethers nature and ratio. Semisolid extrusion-based 3D printing is revealed as a feasible approach to in situ form carbamazepine-HPβCD complexes and to produce printlets with suitable physical and drug release properties for oral delivery.

Review on Mouth Dissolving Tablet

Mouth dissolving tablets are solid dosage forms which break down in the oral cavity less than one minute without using of water. These dosage forms are placed in the mouth, allowable to diffuse or melt in the saliva. The purpose of this article is to review potential advancements of Oro Dispersible Tablet technology in drug delivery applications. Different techniques employed to prepare Oro Dispersible Tablets include direct compression method, freeze drying, spray drying, tablet moulding, sublimation and mass extrusion. The current research formulation is intended to disintegrate fast in the mouth to provide dispersion before being swallowed. The research work is still going on more products need to be commercialized to use this technology properly. Thus Oro Dispersible Tablet may be designed for most of the available drugs in future.

Use of extrusion aids for successful production of Kollidon® CL-SF pellets by extrusion–spheronization

Objective: Fine particle ethylcellulose (FPEC) or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) addition to a Kollidon CL-SF was investigated to address low yield and poor sphericity in extruded-spheronized pellets.Significance: The success of crospovidone as a diluent in extrusion–spheronization was dependent on a small particle size of the polymer. FPEC aided production of rugged and spherical pellets using a large particle size grade, Polyplasdone® XL. PEO acted as an extrusion–spheronization aid when ethylcellulose was the diluent. These extrusion–spheronization aids could serve in this role when Kollidon® CL-SF (K CL-SF) is the diluent.Methods: The influence of formulation and process variables on pellet properties was investigated using design of experiments. A planetary mixer was used to prepare powder blends and the wetted mass after addition of water. An EXD 60 extruder produced extrudate that was spheronized in a Q230 marumerizer. Wet pellets were dried in a forced-air oven.Results: FPEC improved rounding up but reduced pellet yield. Poly(ethylene oxide) imparted desired characteristics to the wetted mass, the extrudate, and the spheronized pellets. Pellet average diameter, yield, sphericity, aspect ratio, friability, and dissolution profile were assessed. Equations for pellet characteristics facilitated discussion of the influences of factors and their interactions. Optimization was performed on pellets that included PEO.Conclusions: PEO proved to be an exceptional extrusion–spheronization aid in the preparation of pellets using K CL-SF. It facilitated wetted mass extrusion with minimal mass loss to the extruder, and markedly improved the sphericity of the pellets produced by marumerization. Immediate release pellets were obtained.

Lateral extrusion of a thermally weakened pluton overburden (Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany)

The ascent and emplacement of magmas in the upper crust modify the local pre-existing thermal and rheological settings. Such changes have important effects in producing anomalous structures, mass extrusion, rock fracturing, and in some conditions, hydrothermal mineralizations. In the Campiglia Marittima area, detailed field mapping led to the reconstruction of a local deformation history that overlaps, chronologically and spatially, with regional extension. This local deformation was triggered at the Miocene–Pliocene boundary by the intrusion of a monzogranitic pluton beneath a carbonate sedimentary sequence. The emplacement of the pluton produced a perturbation in the rheological behaviour of the carbonate host rocks, producing transient ductile conditions in the very shallow crust. The carbonate rocks were thermally weakened and flowed laterally, accumulating downslope of the pluton roof, mainly toward the east. As the thermal anomaly was decaying, the brittle–ductile boundary moved progressively back towards the pluton, and large tension gash-shaped volumes of fractured marble were generated. These fractured volumes were exploited by rising hydrothermal fluids generating sigmoidal skarn bodies and ore shoots. This work presents the Campiglia Marittima case study as a prime example of structural interference between regional extensional structures and local, lateral mass extrusion in a transient ductile rheological regime triggered by pluton emplacement.

FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS: A REVIEW

Fast dissolving tablets emerge as one of the popular and widely accepted dosage forms, especially for pediatric patients because of incomplete development of the muscular and nervous system and a case of geriatric patients suffering from Parkinson’s disorder or hand tremors. Few solid dosage forms like capsules and tablets are present days facing the problems like difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), resulting in many incidences of non-compliance and making the therapy ineffective. Oral dosage form and oral route are the most preferred route of administration for various drugs have limitations like first-pass metabolism, psychiatric patients, bedridden and uncooperative patients. FDTs are disintegrating or dissolve quickly in the saliva without a need of water. Fast dissolving tablets are designed to dissolve in saliva remarkably faster, within a few seconds (less than 60 seconds), and those are real fast-dissolving tablets. FDTs formulations contain super disintegrants to enhance the disintegration rate of a tablet in the buccal cavity. FDTs have advantages such as easy portability and manufacturing, accurate dosing, good chemical and physical stability and an ideal alternative for geriatric and pediatric patients. FDTs have disintegrated quickly, absorb faster so, in vitro drug release time improve and this property of drugs (dosage form) enhanced bioavailability. FDT formulations have the advantage of both conventional tablet formulation and liquid dosage form. There are several technologies that are conventional or patented based on spray drying, cotton candy process, sublimation, melt granulation, direct compression freezes drying/lyophilization, phase transition process, mass extrusion, etc. have been developed for manufacturing of FDTs. In this review contain brief information about FDTs including definition, advantages, needs or requirements of FDTs, salient features of FDTs, limitations, challenges to developing FDT, marketed formulations of fast dissolving tablets, etc.

Taste Masking: A Unique Approach for Bitter Drugs

Taste is the maximum valuable factor within the ca Taste is the maximum valuable factor within the case of orally drugs administering. Flavor covering is a prerequisite for bitter tablets to better the patient compliance, particularly in the paediatrics and geriatric population. The hassle of the sour taste of drug in pediatric formulations is a completely huge task to the formulators on this gift time. Overlaying is an effective device for the development of the sour taste of medication of patient compliance which sooner or later comes to a decision the commercial achievement of the product. In recent times, two maximum usually software are utilized to conquer the horrific flavor of the drug. The primary software consists of reduction of drug solubility within the saliva and second to modify the potential of the drug to interact with taste receptor. At present various methods are available in the market to masks the unwanted taste of the drugs. Some of them are the mass extrusion strategies and ion trade resins, molecular complexes of drugs with other chemical substances, coating of drug debris, melting method, micro encapsulation by using a formation of inclusion complexes, stable dispersions, prodrugs. USe of orally drugs administering: Flavor covering is a prerequisite for bitter tablets to better the patient compliance, particularly in the paediatrics and geriatric population. The hassle of the sour taste of drug in pediatric formulations is a completely huge task to the formulators on this gift time. Overlaying is an effective device for the development of the sour taste of medication of patient compliance which sooner or later comes to a decision the commercial achievement of the product. In recent times, two maximum usually software are utilized to conquer the horrific flavour of the drug. The primary software consists of reduction of drug solubility within the saliva and second to modify the potential of the drug to interact with taste receptor. At present various methods are available in the market to masks the unwanted taste of the drugs. Some of them are the mass extrusion strategies and ion trade resins, molecular complexes of drugs with other chemical substances, coating of drug debris, melting method, micro-encapsulation by using a formation of inclusion complexes, stable dispersions, prodrugs

Review: ODT’s drug containing Spironolactone

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) have emerged as one of the popular and widely accepted dosage forms, especially for the pediatric and geriatric patients. To obviate the problem of dysphagia and to improve patient compliance, ODTs have gained considerable attention as preferred alternatives to conventional tablet and capsule formulations In the present study, an attempt has been made to prepare orally disintegrating tablet of the drug Spironolactone using superdisintegrants crosspovidone, crosscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate by direct compression technique. Various scientific techniques including freeze drying, moulding, spray drying, sublimation, direct compression, cotton candy process, mass extrusion, melt granulation etc. have been employed for the development of ODTs. The prepared tablets were evaluated for pre and post compression parameters i.e. angle of repose, car’s index, hausner’s ratio, hardness, friability, wetting time, weight variation, in vitro disintegration and in vitro dissolution study.

ORODISPERSIBLE TABLET: A Patient Friendly Dosage Form (a Review)

Background: The most common and preferred route of drug administration is through the oral route. Orodispersible tablets are gaining importance among novel oral drug delivery system as they have improved patient compliance and have some additional advantages compared to other formulation. They are also solid unit dosage forms, which disintegrate in the mouth within a minute in the presence of saliva due to superdisintegrants in the formulation. Thus this type of drug delivery helps a proper per oral administration in pediatric and geriatric population where swallowing is a matter of trouble. Various scientists have prepared orodispersible tablets by following various methods. However, the most common method is the direct compression method. Other special methods are Freeze Drying,Tablet Molding, Sublimation, Spray Drying, Mass extrusion, Phase transition process, etc. Since these tablets dissolve directly in the mouth, so, their taste is also an important factor. Various approaches have been taken in order to mask the bitter taste of the drug. A number of scientists have explored several drugs in this field. Like all other solid dosage forms, they are also evaluated in the field of hardness, friability, wetting time, moisture uptake, disintegration test and dissolution test.