Masculinity Index Research Articles

Women Empowerment through Self -Help Groups in India – A Comprehensive Literature Review

India is a developing country with high ratio of Rural Population and high Masculinity index. If we look into the History, it has been founded that Male have more authority and power compare to the Woman and this practice is still continue in some areas of the Country. Government is continuously focusing on the Development by promoting several schemes for it. SHG is the Scheme launched by National Rural Livelihood Mission which emphasise on the Development of Rural poor through the Empowerment of Women. In this Review Paper we have tried to study different results related to women Empowerment through Self-Help Group in India. Additionally, it has been tried to understand different definitions of SHG and its importance also. The Literature says that Self-help Group is a group which is working for betterment of its members in terms of Economic, Social, Educational and Political level. SHG bank Linkage Programme is important to include the rural and excluded people into the financial system. It can contribute to the total Savings of the country which ultimately increase the Lending rate and funds can be utilised for development purpose. So, the development of the country can be improved by reducing the unemployment and poverty in the Country.

Collaborative Structures in WikiProjects. Wikipedia Users' Activity Case Study

The research presented in the article concerns the development of organizational and cooperation structures from interpersonal interactions in virtual communities sharing knowledge. It is assumed that the activity of communities functioning on the Internet reflects the organization of human communities in the offline space. The main aim of the research was to characterize the structures of cooperation groups that are formed around WikiProjects. The research question was: what is the structure of activity of Wikipedians in WikiProjects in chosen language versions of Wikipedia? The method used in the research is the content analysis method. The author calculated data thanks to the Wikipedia xTools. The numbers of participants involved in WikiProjects were analysed by referring to the Dunbar number concept and the cultural determinants of cooperation, thus referring to the masculinity index (MAS) according to Hofstede. Research has shown that WikiProject members show similarities to the layered community formation proposed by Dunbar. The sizes of groups of active editors are closer to these values. As the WikiProjects group grows, the ratio of declared participants to active participants decreases. The production of value in virtual communities, the ability to work together as a team in physical isolation, is becoming increasingly important. The results of the research may be significant to the knowledge management specialists and virtual communities practitioners.

The role of national culture in renewable energy consumption: Global evidence

This study examines the relationship between Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions and renewable energy consumption, considering global evidence from 99 countries using a panel data framework for the period covering 1991–2018. Employing a pooled ordinary least square model and Lewbel two-stage least squares technique, we find that the power distance index, uncertainty avoidance index, masculinity index, and long-term orientation index negatively influence renewable energy consumption. In contrast, the indulgence index has a positive impact on renewable energy consumption. Moreover, we find that the impact of the individualism index on renewable energy consumption is mixed. A battery of alternative econometric techniques, including the Driscoll–Kraay estimator, ensures the robustness of the results. Finally, the empirical evidence suggests policy reforms and global initiatives to integrate cultural traits into national strategies for renewable energy consumption, in order to achieve the sustainable development goals.

Spatio-temporal multidisciplinary analysis of socio-environmental conditions to explore the COVID-19 early evolution in urban sites in South America

This study aimed to analyse how socio-environmental conditions affected the early evolution of COVID-19 in 14 urban sites in South America based on a spatio-temporal multidisciplinary approach. The daily incidence rate of new COVID-19 cases with symptoms as the dependent variable and meteorological-climatic data (mean, maximum, and minimum temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) as the independent variables were analysed. The study period was from March to November of 2020. We inquired associations of these variables with COVID-19 data using Spearman's non-parametric correlation test, and a principal component analysis considering socio economic and demographic variables, new cases, and rates of COVID-19 new cases. Finally, an analysis using non-metric multidimensional scale ordering by the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of meteorological data, socio economic and demographic variables, and COVID-19 was performed. Our findings revealed that the average, maximum, and minimum temperatures and relative humidity were significantly associated with rates of COVID-19 new cases in most of the sites, while precipitation was significantly associated only in four sites. Additionally, demographic variables such as the number of inhabitants, the percentage of the population aged 60 years and above, the masculinity index, and the GINI index showed a significant correlation with COVID-19 cases. Due to the rapid evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, these findings provide strong evidence that biomedical, social, and physical sciences should join forces in truly multidisciplinary research that is critically needed in the current state of our region.

GAMBARAN BUDAYA GENERASI MILENIAL DI KOTA SURABAYA DITINJAU DARI ENAM DIMENSI BUDAYA HOFSTEDE

This study aims to determine how the cultural picture of the millennial generation in the city of Surabaya is viewed from the six dimensions of Hofstede's culture. This research is a quantitative research that uses the "VSM 08" questionnaire to collect the desired data. The sample of this study amounted to 100 subjects who were taken using accidental sampling technique. The data that has been collected is then analyzed using the formula that has been formulated by Hofstede. The results of the study detail that the millennial generation in the city of Surabaya which is reviewed through Hofstede's cultural dimensions has: (1) the Power Distance Index (PDI) has a high index with a result of 65.5 or believes there is a distance between power holders and those under them. (2) The Individualism Index (IDV) shows a low index score with a result of 13.5, which may indicate strong collectivism. (3) Masculinity Index (MAS) with a result of 64 or millennials in Surabaya City tend to like the pattern of competition. (4) The Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) has a high index score of 79, meaning that millennials do not like things that are uncertain. (5) Long Term Orientation Index (LTO) has a result of 72.5 or happy future-oriented. (6) Indulgence Index (IVR) with a result of 46 or tend not to indulge in lust.

교역국의 문화적 특성이 식품무역에 미치는 영향 분석

The previous studies have suggested that the cultural characteristics of a country could affect consumer preference attitude toward innovation and international trade. To examine this effect, Hofstede’s multidimensional index of national culture has been popularly used. This paper focuses on the question of how the Hofstede individual cultural indices affect the international food trade using a gravity equation. The results show that the individual cultural characteristics have different effects on the food trade. An increase in the power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity index is negatively related to food exports, while an increase in the individualism and indulgence index is positively correlated with food exports. On the other hand, the power distance, and masculinity index have been positively related to the food imports, whereas individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence index have been negatively related to the food imports. Considering the magnitude of the effects in each index, we find that high uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation, and masculinity index restrain the food trade, while the high power distance index tends to increase food imports. Finally, individualism and indulgence index have a greater effect on food exports than imports.

Need for public health policies in the elderly population: indicators of aging in a Social Security Institute in Mexico.

An integral diagnosis of population contemplates within its components the population demographic analysis that is indispensable in the formulation of public policies. Population policy has a clearly transversal nature, since all actions in the economic, social, political, cultural, geographical, and obviously, demographic fields, have direct or indirect repercussions on it. To determine the population dynamics and the global growth of the older adult population (OAP) of 60 years and more. Cross-sectional, retrospective study. The information was obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the institute of security and social services of state workers, Mexico (1999-2015). Several demographic ageing indicators were analyzed. There was a constant increase in percentage points in the proportion of OAP, index of ageing, demographic dependency ratio of old age, global index of dependence, index of dependence of old people, and index of the active population structure (6, 19.2, 15.5, 8.5, 8.2 and 31.2%, respectively). The indicator global index of dependence and masculinity showed a decrease (0.6 and 3.1%, respectively). Our data provide evidence that suggests modifying and generating public policies according to OAP.

Determination of the Degree of Manifestation of Inversion of Sexual Dimorphism of Female Athletes of Pair and Group Types of Acrobatics

Aim: The article is devoted to the study and determination of the degree of manifestation of the inversion of sexual dimorphism according to the masculinity index and J.Tanner's method in female acrobats (sub-elite and elite athletes) and non-athletes. Materials and Methods: athletes specializing in pair and group sports acrobatics (n=74). Acrobatic girls were divided into 2 groups taking into account the functional duties (roles) in the group and the pair (Х±SD): 1) the roles above (on top) (n=32), puberty age (13.96±1.02), 2) roles in the middle and below (n=42), youth age (19.36±2.86). Sports qualifications of female athletes: sub-elite and elite athletes. Results: The average values (Х±SD) of the masculinity index in female acrobats of the top (above) roles are 1.45±0.003, in those in the middle and below – 1.34±0.08, and in non-sports persons – 1, 30±0.04. Somatotyping according to J.Tanner in acrobats of both roles revealed changes in sexual constitution. In acrobats aged 12-15 years (n=32): mesomorphic somatotype was found in 31.25% of female athletes (77.28±3.21), gynecomorphic in 68.75% (95.55±0.41) at p<0.05. In female acrobats of roles in the middle and below (age 16-23 years, n=42), mesomorphic somatotype was found in 80.95% of cases (61.64±2.17), andromorphic in 19.05% of female athletes (98, 21±0.55) at p<0.05. Conclusions: In female acrobat roles in the middle and below are dominated by athletes with mesomorphic somatotype and with a significant percentage of andromorphic somatotype. Female athletes in the roles above (of the top roles) have preserved the female (gynomorphic) somatotype according to J.Tanner's methodology.

Revisiting Hofstede's dimensions of national culture and environmental sustainability

This study investigates the impact of Hofstede's dimensions of national culture on environmental sustainability across 57 countries. Hofstede's national culture construct reflects and gauges the extent of the inclination of a particular national person toward either economic development or environmental preservation. Climate change and pollution have continuously devastated the environment in recent decades. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals aim to achieve a more sustainable future and prevent further environmental destruction. This study aims to explore whether national culture significantly influences national environmental sustainability. We use national environmental performance as the proxy for national environmental sustainability and adopt the ordinary least squares regression model to explore the possible relationship with two datasets of international indices; one is proposed by Hofstede, and the other is proposed by Germanwatch. Our results show that the power distance index has a strong negative impact on the climate change performance index (CCPI), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, renewable energy, and energy use. Further, the masculinity index is negatively related to CCPI and GHG emissions. The individual index is also negatively related to renewable energy. Furthermore, indulgence is positively associated with climate policy. These findings support the notion that nations should consider their cultural characteristics to improve environmental sustainability. Thus, conducting a national environmental policy that aligns with national culture is suggested to achieve environmental sustainability.

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in the gravity model using mixed-effect model

According to the gravity model, the closer the distance between two countries, the trade activity between those countries will be greater. This research aims to know whether the gravity model works on Indonesian export value in 2002-2019. Besides the distance, this research also study the effects of population, per capita PPP GDP and Hofstede cultural dimensions. The research was done using a mixed-effect model. The results of this study show that together, population, per capita PPP GDP, distance and Hofstede cultural dimensions have significant effects on Indonesian export value. The gravity model is proven in this study because distance has a negative effect on export value. Individually, population, per capita PPP GDP and long-term orientation index have a positive significant effect while masculinity index has a negative significant effect on export value. Indonesian export values tend to be elastic toward per capita PPP GDP, population and the distance. This research also found that the effect of per capita PPP GDP has a random effect or its effect is difference among Indonesia’s main trade partners.

Barriers and Facilitators to Colorectal Cancer Screening in African-American Men.

African-Americans rank last among all racial groups for age-adjusted colorectal cancer mortality, 5-year survival rates, and rates of screening. Access to care does not fully explain racial disparities in rates of CRC and mortality. Sociocultural attitudes can predict probabilities of CRC screening. The objective of this study is to identify factors that influence colorectal cancer screening behavior in African-American men. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among 32 African-American men. Transcripts were analyzed using MAXQDA software. We then conducted a cross-sectional survey of 103 African-American men, using previously validated scales related to colorectal cancer screening and determinants. Data were analyzed with SPSS. In the interview phase, beliefs relating to masculinity emerged as factors that hindered participation in screening. Overwhelmingly, participants felt that having an in-depth discussion about colorectal cancer with their provider was critical to enabling them to get screened. The survey phase demonstrated that most participants had poor colorectal cancer knowledge, as only 16% passed the knowledge test. Forty-eight percentage agreed that their provider did not recommend getting screened. Those who had been previously screened for colorectal cancer scored higher in total and on all subsets of the masculinity index than those who had not (p < .01). The most persuasive messages were those related to themes of masculinity. This study provides a novel sociocultural perspective about colorectal cancer screening in African-American men. Our findings highlight the importance of family, masculinity, and community when promoting colorectal cancer screening to this population.

Beyond Czech and Slovak differences in Hofstede´s Masculinity index: An investigation of cross-cultural differences using Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s framework

Beyond Czech and Slovak differences in Hofstede´s Masculinity index: An investigation of cross-cultural differences using Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s framework

Necesidad de políticas de salud pública en población adulta mayor: indicadores de envejecimiento en un Instituto de Seguridad Social en México

An integral diagnosis of population contemplates within its components the population demographic analysis that is indispensable in the formulation of public policies. Population policy has a clearly transversal nature, since all actions in the economic, social, political, cultural, geographical, and obviously, demographic fields, have direct or indirect repercussions on it. To determine the population dynamics and the global growth of the older adult population (OAP) of 60 years and more. Cross-sectional, retrospective study. The information was obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the institute of security and social services of state workers, Mexico (1999-2015). Several demographic ageing indicators were analyzed. There was a constant increase in percentage points in the proportion of OAP, index of ageing, demographic dependency ratio of old age, global index of dependence, index of dependence of old people, and index of the active population structure (6, 19.2, 15.5, 8.5, 8.2 and 31.2%, respectively). The indicator global index of dependence and masculinity showed a decrease (0.6 and 3.1%, respectively). Our data provide evidence that suggests modifying and generating public policies according to OAP.

Further Evidence that Facial Width-to-Height Ratio and Global Facial Masculinity Are Not Positively Associated with Testosterone Levels

Facial masculinity, as for example measured by the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) or the global facial masculinity index, has been associated with a vast range of behavioural traits, including dominance and aggression. Further, facial masculinity is thought to be influenced by testosterone (T) levels as an underlying mechanism. However, a recent meta-analysis on fWHR and T levels provided non-significant associations in men, which we wanted to examine further in men and additionally in women. We examined whether fWHR and global facial masculinity are positively associated with salivary baseline T and T reactivity in 140 men (age 18–34 years), as well as with salivary baseline T and hair T concentrations in 151 women (age 18–35 years). No associations of salivary baseline T, T reactivity or hair T levels with fWHR or global facial masculinity were observed. Additional analyses revealed sex differences in sexual dimorphism in fWHR and global facial masculinity: men had generally higher global facial masculinity compared to women, but unexpectedly a lower fWHR. Overall, our results provide further evidence that neither fWHR nor global facial masculinity are related to T levels and question earlier findings on male-biased sexual dimorphism in fWHR.

Implications for the energy policy derived from the relation between the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's model and the consumption of renewable energies

This paper aims to determine the relation between national culture and the consumption of renewable energies in several European countries. According to the Renewable Energy Directive of the European Commission, there have been set common goals for the share of consumption of renewable energies in the European Union, but each country is responsible for the action plan to achieve these targets. These targets have been set based on the initial values of the renewable energies and on the natural resources of each country. Cultural aspects and energy consumption patterns have not been taken in consideration for the analysis of the willingness and motivation of consumers to switch towards renewable energies. In this paper a panel data analysis has been carried out in order to measure the relation between Hofstede's cultural dimensions and the share of renewable energies in final consumption. The results show a highly significant relation between the masculinity index and the share of renewable energies and an acceptable relation for the long term orientation index. The energy policy of the European Union and of its countries should consider the cultural characteristics in the development of the national action plans for the implementation of renewable energies.

How do each dimension of Hofstede’s national culture separately influence M&A success in cross-border M&As?

Many existing studies have used the composite culture index to examine how the national cultural differences influence Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) success rather than to examine how each of national cultural dimensions separately influences the success of M&As. This study presented a research model to examine how each of Hofstede’s four dimensions − PDI (power distance index) differences, IDV (individualism vs. collectivism index) differences, UAI (uncertainty avoidance index) differences and MAS (masculinity vs. femininity index) differences − separately influence M&A success in cross-border M&As. The study includes three main dimensions of M&A success, namely integration success, synergy success and profitability success. The results show that PDI differences and MAS differences influence M&A success, while IDV differences and UAI differences have no influence. The study also reveals that high MAS differences lead to integration success and synergy success. However, high PDI differences lead to a mixed effect. When the high PDI differences lead to synergy success, it negatively influences the profitability of M&As.

Social Networking Site Adoption in Malaysia and Indonesia

This study employed the Model of Technology Preference (MTP) to investigate the antecedents of behaviour intention to adopt Social Networking Site (SNS) for communication after considering individual’s preference factor. This study used quantitative approach where surveys were conducted in Malaysia and Indonesia. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to SNS users in big cities of both countries that lead to a total of 1037 valid responses. The data were analysed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) to measure model fit and to conduct structural modelling. The results in general support that Attribute-Based Preference (ATRP) significantly affects Attitude-Based Preference (ATTP), which also mediates that effect with Behaviour Intention (BI) of using SNS. Nonetheless, the findings from the two countries vary with regard to the attributes that affect the ATTP and the effect of ATTP on BI and Attitude (ATT) towards SNS. Malaysians tend to use SNS for communication due to the availability of options for their preferred technology. This could be explained by the higher pragmatic and masculinity index of the Malaysian culture, which they tend to exhibit in their actions. In contrary, Indonesians tend to defer using the SNS and create another level of attitude before the actual usage. Keywords: Adoption, social networking site, technology preference, social presence, perceived enjoyment.

Are We Culturally Corrupt? Revisiting the Relationship between Cultural Dimensions And Corruption Perception Index

ABSTRACTThis research aims to revisit the relationship between two cultural dimensions index (masculinity and power distance) and corruption – as indicated in the Corruption Perception Index (CPI). Two hypotheses were proposed: An increase in the masculinity index increases corruption and an increase in the power distance index increases corruption. Using the latest CPI data from 2012 to 2016 of 67 countries, this research found that the increase in masculinity does not significantly increase corruption. Meanwhile, it is noticed that the increase in power distance significantly increases corruption. Better understanding on such relationship will provide valuable input on how cultural approach is important to fine tune the design of corruption eradication strategy, particularly in Indonesia.At the end, proper strategy will contribute the improvement of Indonesia’s CPI, which will eventually improving Indonesia’s business environment for the investo

CHALLENGING THE MASCULINITY INDEX: THE END OF A CROSS-CULTURAL MYTH

This article aims to review the coherence of the definition of the Masculinity Index, one of the most cited dimensions in cross-cultural management. The study challenges the claims supporting the design, the definition and ultimately the validity of the Masculinity Index that are the basis of it applications in management theory and practice. The paper is based on the empirical analysis of the MAS index utilizing a standard quantitative approach. The authors ran cross-section regressions with control variables for the applications of the index that could be quantified: According to Hofstede, high MAS Index countries have relatively higher defence spending, a relatively lower aid spending on poor countries, less gender equality at work and have higher share of women teaching small children and a lower share of women teaching at universities.The analysis did not validate those claims and therefore the hypothesis of the Masculinity index. The authors provide empirical proof of the lack of validity of the MAS index to compare national cultures, recommend abandoning the MAS index and instead using alternative instruments of gender equalitarianism.

Life cycle and reproduction of Caliothrips phaseoli (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Fabaceae and Solanaceae (Plantae) in laboratory conditions

The objectives of this study are to know the development time of each state and stage of Caliothrips phaseoli on Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae), Cicer arietinum L. (Fabaceae), Nicotiana glauca Graham and N. tabacum L. (Solanaceae), the types of reproduction of these thrips and their index of masculinity. The study was conducted under the following ambient conditions: 25 ± 1 °C; 72 ± 6% relative humidity and 12h light/12h dark. For breeding, mature leaves of each plant were placed in dark glass bottles inside breeding cages. The development of each state and stage was inspected daily, counting also the number of individuals and the sex of emerged adults. It was found that N. glauca, P. vulgaris and N. tabacum are host plants of C. phaseoli. The pubescence density of C. arietinum limited the feeding and prevented C. phaseoli oviposition, therefore it could not represent an efficient host for these thrips. The average duration of the total cycle of C. phaseoli reached in the solanaceaes was higher in N. tabacum (20,6 days) and lower in N. glauca (16 days), while in the fabaceae (P. vulgaris) it reached an intermediate value (19 days). In N. tabacum and P. vulgaris it was the same since no significant differences were found between them. In all three plants, the state which needed more development time was the egg (6-8 days), followed by the larva II (4, 4.5 days), while the larva I and the quiescent states varied between 1.85 and 3.36 days. This species reproduces by amphigonia and parthenogenesis with exclusively male offspring in the latter case