Masculine Ones Research Articles

Unusual morphological features in a presumably Neolithic individual from Riparo della Rossa, Serra San Quirico (Ancona, Italy)

The present study describes human skeletal remains from Riparo della Rossa, a rock shelter in the Marche region (Central Italy). The remains consist of a cranial vault and a few non-articulated postcranial bones, possibly belonging to the same adult individual. As the cranial vault showed some morphological features that are unusual for a modern human (marked prominence of the supraorbital region, very prominent nasal bones and rather high thickness of the vault), an accurate anthropological analysis and quantification of the antiquity of the bones were required. The remains were dated with two different absolute dating methods, AMS 14C and 235U– 231Pa non-destructive gamma-ray spectrometry (NDGRS), which produced discordant results: the uncalibrated 14C dating produced 5690±80 BP for the cranial vault and 6110±80 BP for the clavicle; the NDGRS dating produced 10,000±3000 BP for the cranial vault. The sex discriminant morphological characters on the skull are not unequivocal, though the masculine ones appear more evident. The aims of the present paper are: to provide a morphological and metric description of the remains; to interpret their unusual morphological features; to attempt to attribute them to male or female sex and to one of the possible prehistoric cultural groups, according to dating results (Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic or Neolithic). The attribution was obtained by a Bayesian procedure taking into account the reliability of the combined information of morphological/metric features and absolute dating results. The results suggest that the Riparo della Rossa remains are best attributed to a male individual of the Neolithic age.

RELATION BETWEEN VIRAL LOAD AND CD4 VERSUS CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. IN FECES OF CHILDREN WITH AIDS

Introduction: Cryptosporidium spp. (C. spp.) cause morbi-mortality in children with AIDS. Objective: To identify the association between viral load, CD4 levels and C. spp., presence in feces of children with AIDS. Methods: Observacional study in children of the Hospital Universitario del Valle of Cali. Data like age, gender, origin, consanguinity, treatment, stage, maternal survival and weight, were taken. Feces were analyzed by the technique of Ziehl-Neelsen modified. Viral load and CD4 levels were measured. Statistic included stratified analysis, models of logistic regression, and tests, Student t, χ2, and Fisher exact, being significant P < 0.05. Results: Were analyzed 72 children between 0 and 15 years, 52.7% masculine ones, 50% consanguinity and with alive mother, 54.2% of the urban area, 69.1% institutionalized ones, 36.1% severity degree C, 73.6% with analog nucleoside with protease inhibitor, 55% with >100,000 copies of viral load and >100,000 cells CD4. The prevalence of C. spp. was 51.4%, being more affected between 5 to 10 years; with a greater proportion of positive children for C. spp. with severe degree for AIDS (P = 0.03). With interval of confidence of 95%, >2 years had a greater risk 8 times to be positive in feces for C spp. (1.6-40.1); for age, gender and rural origin, 7.7 (1.5-38.9); alive mother and to be institutionalized, 6.1 (1.1-32.7), and for severity of the disease and weight, 5.7 (1-32.3). Conclusions: The prevalence for C. spp. was 51.4%, with risk factors age >2 years and degree of severity C, without significant differences in weight, viral load and CD4 levels.

Características cefalométricas dos indivíduos Padrão I

As características cefalométricas de uma amostra de 30 pacientes brasileiros, adultos, leucodermas, Padrão I, selecionados a partir da avaliação morfológica de fotografias do perfil, foram estudadas em telerradiografias laterais com o objetivo de definir um padrão de referência, considerando-se as médias e, principalmente, os desvios padrões para estudos comparativos com amostras portadoras de discrepâncias esqueléticas. Na avaliação do padrão de crescimento facial obteve-se 9,4°± 3,2° para o ângulo do plano palatino e 121,4°± 5,3° para o ângulo goníaco, ambos apresentando dimorfismo sexual. O ângulo do plano mandibular apresentou média de 29,2°± 4,2°, sem diferença entre os gêneros. Os valores obtidos para as alturas faciais total, inferior, média e posterior foram, respectivamente, 123,0mm± 8,3mm; 68,8mm± 6,6mm; 55,9mm± 3,5mm e 62,6mm± 4,7mm. Todas essas variáveis foram significativamente maiores no gênero masculino. Os valores das medidas que definiram a relação maxilo-mandibular corroboraram o equilíbrio esquelético da amostra, pois observou-se 82,2° ± 2,9° para o SNA; 79,8° ± 2,5° para o SNB e 2,4° ± 1,4° para o ANB, sem dimorfismo sexual. Os valores obtidos para os comprimentos efetivos da maxila e da mandíbula foram 95,2mm ± 5,7mm e 124,2mm ± 8,2mm, respectivamente, sendo as variáveis do gênero feminino significativamente menores que as do masculino. Os incisivos superiores e inferiores apresentaram-se mais inclinados que as médias da literatura, ou seja, 115,2° ± 5,5° para o 1.PP e 93,9° ± 5,7° para o IMPA.

Biologia da polinização de Jacaratia spinosa (AUBL) ADC. (CARICACEAE) em mata residual do sudeste brasileiro

A biologia da polinização de Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl) ADC. (Caricaceae) foi estudada na Mata de Santa Genebra, Campinas (20º54'S; 47º05'W), estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram obtidos dados de antese floral, volume e concentração de açúcar no néctar, viabilidade do pólen, receptividade do estigma, localização de glândulas de odor, sistemas de reprodução e principais visitantes/potenciais polinizadores. A espécie é dióica e as plantas masculinas florescem por um período maior (52 dias) que as femininas (22 dias). A maioria das flores tem antese noturna, durando as masculinas cerca de 24 horas e as femininas, 48 horas. As masculinas produzem, em média, 112,5 ml de néctar e concentração de açúcar de 13,9%. As femininas não produzem néctar, tendo sido identificado mimetismo das masculinas pelas femininas. A viabilidade do pólen não variou ao longo do dia (média 97,20%). Houve produção de frutos por agamospermia e por fecundação cruzada. Os principais polinizadores observados foram mariposas, o que corrobora com suas características de síndrome de falenofilia, havendo, entretanto, outros insetos, como borboletas, que podem contribuir para sua reprodução.

Sex Differences in Distress: Real or Artifact?

Women report greater distress than men, but do women genuinely experience greater distress, suggesting a heavier burden of hardship and constraint? Or do they merely report the feelings in standard indexes more frequently? Perhaps women discuss their emotions more freely. Or perhaps the indexes tap feminine emotions such as depression rather than masculine ones such as anger. This study analyzes data from a 1990 U.S. sample of 1,282 women and 749 men. Results show that men keep emotions to themselves more than women, and that women express emotions more freely than men. However, these factors do not explain the effect of sex on reported levels of distressan effect that remains significant with adjustment for these factors. Our results also contradict the idea that the sex difference in distress would diminish if the indexes of distress contained more items that tap anger Adjusting for emotional reserve and expressiveness, women experience anger more often than men, as they do sadness, anxiety, malaise, and aches. In fact, being female has twice the effect on the frequency of anger that it has on the frequency of sadness. Women report feeling happy as often as men, but adjusting for emotional expressiveness reveals a negative effect of being female on happiness. Overall, women experience distress about 30 percent more often than men. We discuss the possibility that drug abuse and heavy drinking mask male distress, but find little evidence that those behaviors ameliorate distress. We conclude that women genuinely suffer more distress than men.

Recall of related and unrelated gender-typed item pairs by young children

Aspects of 40 young children's (22 boys, 18 girls; mean age = 51.00 months) recall of related and unrelated item pairs were assessed. Children were primarily white and middle SES. Consistent with previous recall research, boys recalled significantly more pairs, and individual items from pairs, of related gender-typed items than pairs containing unrelated items. Girls recalled significantly more pairs, and individual items from pairs, of related animal items than any other types of related or unrelated pairings. Congruent with the component model of gender role knowledge development, girls showed significantly greater recall of pairs, and individual items from pairs, of same-sex feminine item pairs than other-sex masculine ones. Consistent with previous memory research examining young children's pair recall, boys demonstrated significantly better recall of pairs, and individual items from pairs, containing related same-sex masculine items than pairs with two unrelated items. These data suggest young children conceptualize gender roles as social categories to organize processing of social information.

Priming Effects in Lexical Decisions on Sex-Stereotypical Adjectives

Abstract To investigate the semantic memory organization of gender concepts, we used gender words to prime lexical decisions on stereotypically feminine and masculine adjectives (e.g., emotional and aggressive, respectively) in two experiments. Under certain conditions, gender primes facilitated performance on both stereotypically appropriate and inappropriate adjectives. Female subjects were facilitated when either the word woman or man primed stereotypically feminine adjectives. Male subjects were facilitated when the word male primed either stereotypically masculine or feminine adjectives (and they were inhibited when woman primed these adjectives, especially the masculine ones). These results suggest overlap in the memory representations of traits associated with the two genders.

Relationships of Sex-Role Characteristics and Psychological Adjustment in New Mothers

A randomly selected group of 195 new mothers completed the Bem Sex-role Inventory, the SCL-90, and a demographic questionnaire. A two-way analysis of variance tested the main effects of masculinity and femininity as well as the interaction effect of masculine and feminine sex roles and psychological adjustment. Most analyses showed significant main effects for masculinity only, indicating that it is the functional sex-role variable distinguishing levels of psychological adjustment in new mothers. However, a nearly significant interaction between masculinity and femininity-with no significant main effects-on the adjustment dimension of hostility gives tentative support for the notion that androgynous new mothers are less hostile than masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated ones.

The effect of boys' or girls' toys on sex-typed play in preadolescents

The selection and use of sex-typed toys influences the masculine or feminine characteristics of children's play. When fourth- through sixth-grade children chose freely among a variety of sex-typed and neutral toys, only girls showed significant toy preferences. However, for both sexes, feminine play constructions and descriptive stories occurred with girls' toys, and masculine ones with boys' toys. In a second study, when boys and girls were limited to either boys' toys (vehicles) or girls' toys (dolls and doll furniture) and blocks, play constructions and stories reflected the gender association of the toys provided, rather than the child's sex.

Ecclesiastical Reform of Nunneries in New Spain in the Eighteenth Century

During the second half of the seventeenth century and the early years of the eighteenth century relaxation of the morals of religious orders, especially the masculine ones, and of the priesthood was notable in Spain and her American dominions. That this situation also existed in New Spain was reported in detail by several contemporary Viceroys in theInstruccionesto their successors. This relaxation also extended to feminine orders, though in their case it did not lead to a similar moral looseness, but to a lack of proper observance of their Rules and Constitutions. Among the main charges against nunneries were: the possession of large numbers of servants; the constant demands made upon the families of nuns for money to be spent on the needs of convents; quarrels, both among members of communities and with their Superiors, leading to appeals to civil authorities and frequent contacts with the outer world, which deteriorated the spiritual character of these institutions.