Masculine Ones Research Articles

GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE EMOTIONAL SPHERE OF STUDENTS

The article sheds light on the problem of gender segregation of the emotional sphere of students. The concepts of masculinity, femininity, androgyny are analyzed.There are outlined the functional peculiarities of the manifestation of gender differences in the cognitive and emotional sphere of a person, namely: emotional memory and emotional intellect, expressiveness and a tendency to experience positive and negative basic emotions. Dependence of gender differences from age is noted: the older the age group, the more distinct the gender differences are.Results of the empirical study of the students of the National Aviation University by S. Bem's method "Masculinity-femininity" and the method of diagnostics of emotionality V.М. Rusalova showed that the manifestation of student emotions is mainly determined by their gender identity. Among the respondents the androgynuos students who successfully combine both femininity and masculinity prevail. Thanks to this combination of feminine and male characteristic, adaptability and sustainability in social contacts increase. Students' emotionality was also studied and it was found that the majority of respondents have low psychomotor emotional indexes, that is, they exhibit low sensitivity (indifference), a sense of tranquility, self-confidence in the performance of physical work, lack of anxiety in case of non-fulfillment or poor implementation. The resulting average of intellectual and communicative emotions indicates a slight emotional experience and anxiety about the discrepancy between the expected and realistic result of mental stress and communication failures. With the help of established correlation relationships, it has been experimentally proved that feminine students have average indicators of general emotionality, while masculine ones are low. This is evidence of the important influence of the psychological sex of people on their manifestations of emotions in the process of life.

Introduction to Special Issue on Gender and Leadership and a Future Research Agenda

Despite the feminisation of universities in terms of their student intake [1,2], formal positions of academic leadership in higher education remain concentrated in male hands[…]

Independent Thinking and Hard Working, or Caring and Well Behaved? Short- and Long-Term Impacts of Gender Identity Norms

Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we explore the causal effect of gender-identity norms on female teenagers' engagement in risky behaviors relative to boys in the US. To do so, we exploit idiosyncratic variation across adjacent grades within schools in the proportion of high-school peers' mothers who think that important skills for both boys and girls to possess are traditionally masculine ones, such as to think for him or herself or work hard, as opposed to traditionally feminine ones, namely to be well-behaved, popular or help others. We find that a higher proportion of mothers who believe that independent thinking and working hard matter for either gender reduces the gender gap in risky behaviors, traditionally more prevalent among males, both in the short and medium run. We also find evidence of convergence in the labor market in early adulthood. Short- and medium-run results are driven by a reduction in males' engagement in risky behaviors; long-run results are driven by females' higher annual earnings and lower welfare dependency.

大学生性别角色与主观幸福感的关系研究

为了探讨大学生主观幸福感现状与性别角色的关系，我们采用《大学生性别角色量表》和《幸福感指数》量表对1141名大学生进行测试。调查结果表明：1) 大一年级男、女生中不同性别角色类型分布均无显著差异。随着年级的升高，女生中女性化性别角色的比例显著增加，男性化性别角色的比例显著减少；而男生的性别角色比例在不同年级之间没有显著差异。2) 男、女大学生总体上在主观幸福感上没有差异，大一年级的学生相对大二、大三年级学生有更高的主观幸福感；3) 双性化大学生的主观幸福感显著高于男性化大学生的主观幸福感，且两者均显著高于女性化和未分化个体大学生的主观幸福感。结论是：双性化和男性化性别角色类型的大学生的主观幸福感更好，且不受性别本身影响。 To explore the relationship between subjective well-being and Gender role of college students, Index of Well-Being Scale and Sex Role Scales for Chinese College Student were conducted to 1141 college students. Results showed that: 1) There was no significant difference among the percentage of the four Gender role types in fresh students with each gender. With the growth of the grades, the female undergraduates whose Gender role is feminine are significant more than those of other three types. 2) There is no significant difference between male and female college students, and the freshmen have higher subjective well-being than other undergraduates; 3) The subjective well-being of androgynous ones and masculine ones were significantly higher than those of other two types in both male and female students. In conclusion, there are significant differences among college students with different Gender role types on the subjective well-being no matter the fact of being male or female.

The processing of gender assignment in Spanish

This paper reports on an experiment investigating the processing of accurate gender assignment in canonical and non-canonical inanimate nouns in Spanish by native speakers of Basque with nativelike proficiency in Spanish. 33 Basque/Spanish bilinguals and 32 native speakers of Spanish completed an online and an offline gender assignment task. Participants assigned gender to inanimate nouns with canonical (-o; -a) and non-canonical word endings (-e; consonants). The results revealed that the Basque/Spanish bilingual group obtained high accuracy scores in both tasks, similar to the Spanish native speaker group. Interestingly, unlike the Spanish group, the Basque speakers showed faster reaction times with feminine nouns than masculine ones. Canonicity seems to be a strong cue for both groups, since all participants were more accurate and faster with canonical word endings. Even though quantitatively Basque/Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals’ gender assignment accuracy rates do not differ, qualitatively, the Basque/Spanish bilinguals’ assignment patterns seem to differ somewhat from those of the native Spanish speakers.

Gender and Bullying: Application of a Three-Factor Model of Gender Stereotyping

The Three-Factor Model (Choi, Fuqua & Newman, 2008, 2009), which consists of a feminine factor and two masculine ones, seems especially appropriate for explaining the influence of gender-stereotypic traits on bullying, since it specifically differentiates between “social masculinity”, the first masculine factor, dealing with behaviors toward others, and “personal masculinity”, the second masculine factor, tapping the personal dimension. Our study aims at examining the relation between social masculinity and bullying, the prediction being that bullying will be more strongly related to social masculinity traits of power and social dominance. The Personality Traits Questionnaire (Lopez-Saez, Morales & Lisbona, 2008) was administered, together with the Instrument to assess the Incidence of Involvement in Bullying/Victim Interactions at School (CAME, Rigby & Bagshaw, 2003), to 2560 native Spanish High School students from Castilla-La Mancha and Castilla-Leon. The appropriateness of the Three-Factor Model for the explanation of bullying was tested via regression computed separately for the boys and the girls to see which factors most predict bullying. It was found that bullies, boys as well as girls, were higher in social masculinity traits. No differences appeared in femininity between students involved in bullying and those not involved. Regarding the Three-Factor Model, the social masculinity factor did explain aggression both for boys and girls, while femininity was significant only for girls. In the final discussion some implications for educational practice are suggested.

What is a Masculine Negotiator? What is a Feminine Negotiator? Depends on Who You Ask and When

Universal gender-related social categories such as warmth and competence have previously been used to explain gender differences in negotiation behaviors and outcomes. By conducting a qualitative study and a quantitative study, we demonstrate that people's understanding of gender in negotiations is contingent on cultural and contextual factors, such as for American people, masculinity is about maximizing economic capital and femininity is about maximizing relational capital and this category have the same manifestations across negotiation contexts, whereas for Chinese people, masculinity is about maximizing relational capital and femininity is about avoiding so and this category have different manifestations across negotiation contexts. The results revealed that while Americans categorized aggressive negotiation motives and behaviors as masculine and non-aggressive ones as feminine across all negotiation contexts, Chinese people had a different pattern that depended on the negotiation context. In business...

The Effects of Transformed Gender Facial Features on Face Preference of College Students: Based on the Test of Computer Graphics and Eye Movement Tracks

Perceived facial attractiveness can influence people’s social interactions with one another, including mate selection, intimate relationship, hiring decision, and voting behavior. People evaluate faces using multiple trait dimensions such as attractiveness and trustworthiness both of which are affected by facial masculinity or femininity cues. However, studies manipulating the computer graphics of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness have yielded inconsistent results. Some found that feminine facial features in male faces were more attractive than masculine ones. Some others found that women prefer masculine male faces. And still others found that women preferred femininity in male faces. The current study used the computer graphics and the eye tracker to assess the effect of the dimorphic cues on the perception of facial attractiveness among Chinese college students through two experiments. Experiment 1 assessed women’s perceptions of attractiveness and trustworthiness of men’s faces under the condition of either perceived masculinity vs. femininity or the sexual dimorphism. Results showed that, when non-face cues (e.g., hairstyle) were masked, women perceived femininity in men’s faces as more attractive and trustworthy than the masculinity. However, in the sexual dimorphism condition in which the non-face cues were not masked, women found masculinity in men’s faces more attractive and trustworthy. Experiment 2 used the eye tracker to assess the effects of the dimorphic cues on the evaluation of facial attractiveness. Results showed that the subjects preferred the masculine male faces obtained by the sexual dimorphism and feminized female face. Eye movement tracking showed that average pupil dilation and average fixation count on a male face were significantly higher than on a female face. The first fixation time was significantly greater for the masculine faces than for the feminine ones, but the first fixation time was significantly shorter for the male faces than the female ones. The first fixation time and first fixation duration for masculine faces were both significantly longer than for feminine ones. These indicators of eye movement provide some evidence for the effect of the sexual dimorphism on the facial attractiveness.

Descriptive study of transexuality in Navarre

Transexuality has been recognized in Navarre as a clinical entity that must be attended to in a multidisciplinary form in the Navarre Health Service. An analysis was made of the epidemiological data of 35 subjects who have attended the Navarre Transexual and Intersex Unit (UNATI - Unidad Navarra de Transexuales e Intersexos) since April 2011. The variables related to socio-demographic parameters, transexuality and treatment were collected. The average age was 37.3 years. Sixty-five point seven percent of the subjects were born in Spain. Seventy-one point four percent of the users are feminine transsexuals. At present 62.9% of the subjects are receiving hormonal treatment. Amongst the feminine transexuals 20% have had a mamoplasty, 4% have had a vaginoplasty and 20% have had both operations. Ten percent of the masculine transsexuals have had a mastectomy, 10% have had a hysterectomy with double anexectomy and 10% have had both operations. The majority of the transsexuals in Navarre are being evaluated in the UNATI. More feminine transsexuals have attended than masculine ones. The feminine transsexuals more frequently have reassignation surgery, while the masculine ones have extirpative surgery.

Kathoey “In Trend”: Emergent Genderscapes, National Anxieties and the Re-Signification of Male-Bodied Effeminacy in Thailand 1

In Thailand, genderscapes, or the terrain of gender and sexuality, continue to evolve quickly, with male-to-female transgenderisms and effeminate gay identities proliferating alongside masculine ones. The previous coding of kathoey in popular discourse as being traditional is shifting to one that identifies “kathoeyness”, or male effeminacy, with modernity. Recent incidents point to a discursive shift based on a purified nostalgia for Thai “tradition”, which excises kathoey presence. In this article, I consider how social evaluation and moral legitimacy underscore the contemporary terrain of gender/sexuality and contradictory attitudes towards kathoeyness. I describe how the increasing visibility of male effeminacy provokes national anxiety, becomes associated with degeneracy, and is used to excise non-normative gender from recent reconstructions of Thainess.

Women's Sport in Portugal from 1974 (the ‘Carnation Revolution’) to 2000

The transition from the ‘New State’ regime in Portugal (which lasted approximately 40 years) to the democratic period brought important changes to women's lives. Women began to enter university courses traditionally considered masculine ones, entered the labour market in greater numbers, entered professional careers that once had been closed to them, became more involved in women's groups fighting for changes in their situation and began to be more involved in the political life of the country. The legal and social changes that occurred in relation to women, as well as the sports policies that were followed after the revolution, contributed to a faster increase in the numbers of women taking part in sport generally, and also in traditionally male-appropriate sports. However, this does not mean that women did not face any resistance. This paper seeks to examine women's participation in sport and the resistance they faced in relation to their participation in certain sports.

Dismantling the Modernist Myth: Samuel Beckett and Virginia Woolf in the Literary Marketplace

As part of the trend to bridge the gap between high modernism and mass culture, both Samuel Beckett in the Literary Marketplace , by Stephen John Dilks, and Virginia Woolf and the Literary Marketplace , edited by Jeanne Dubino, argue that, in spite of any popular image of these authors as artists in an ivory tower, immune from the material conditions of publishing, both were intensely involved in the marketing and commercialization of their works. While Dilks claims that Beckett sought to mediate his engagement with the literary marketplace through friends and colleagues in order to maintain a persona of disinterest, the collection of essays on Woolf indicates that she wrote explicitly about her multifaceted participation in publishing and struggled to carve out a niche between high and middle brow spheres, between popular feminine markets and more “serious” masculine ones. Part biography, part literary criticism, both volumes offer fresh insight into canonical modernist figures, forcing readers to rethink preconceived notions of the relationship between art and commerce.

UMA FESTA SPARKIANA: UMA OBSERVAÇÃO DE PERSONAGENS FEMININAS E MASCULINAS NO CONTO DAISY OVEREND, DE MURIEL SPARK

Gender studies have currently a keen interest in seeing how masculinities and femininities are socially expressed. In literary terms, there is a perennial concern with the study of characters which presents new formulations of gender relations as a means of showing social and ideological changes occurring in contemporary society and also how they begin to reconfigure the relationship between individuals. Upon a contact with the fictional world and with the individuals who inhabit it, it is possible to have the opportunity to identify the individual’s peculiar vision that gave an enlightening materiality to fictional elements of a society marked by changes but also by the maintenance of some traditions. Thinking on that fact, the proposed reading of the short story Daisy Overend, by Muriel Spark, offers to readers interested in the feminine figure the opportunity to notice that the characters are depicted as social individuals who desire to have power and autonomy and, in a similar and complementary way, those characters give a privileged vision of conflicts between genders which can highlight in what extent the achievements and changes accomplished by the women’s movement had an effective positive effect for them. Through the conflict between the two feminine characters (the narrator and Daisy) an their relationship with the masculine ones, Muriel Spark shows us to what degree the changes gained ground, as well tradition have been kept represented in contemporary society.

The point of view of nursing’ students about the male and female condoms

Descriptive and exploratory study, of quantitative boarding, whose objective was to identify opinions of Nursing Course students of the University Federal of Pernambuco about male and female condoms. 427 students of both genders constituted the population, by means of intentional not probabilistic sample of 88 students from the first to seventh degree, that answered the questionnaire with ten assertives of multiple choices, after the research project to have been approved for the Committee of Ethics in Research of the Health Sciences Center. The data had been organized, analyzed and presented in frequencies relative and absolute, proceeding to the quarrel with pertinent literature. The results had evidenced that predominated the students of the feminine sex (92,0%) in detriment of the masculine ones (08,0%); in both, 45,4% of them were between 17 and 20 years old, 88,6% were single and 11,4% married; 22,7% were in the first period of Course and 13,6% in the seventh ones . Regarding to the opinion on the condoms, from the 48 answers, 31,2% of the male students and 30,8% of the female students agreed in favor of the male condom diminishing the sexual pleasure; 06,1% of the male students answered that by security both condoms should be used at the same time whereas none of the female students thought; 78,7% of the students and 76,5% of the female students had thought against, that the condoms did not need to be used with who loves. By means of these results, urges the necessity so that educative workshops are implanted in order to supply the necessities of education in the sexuality exercise of these youngs in systematic way of considering a proposal pedagogical interactive , that the prevention and the promotion of health with changes of sexual behaviors lead them, attitudes regarding to the condoms and adhesion to practical the sexual insurances are elaborated. Keywords : Nursing; Opinions; Students; Condoms; Sexuality

The point of view of nursing’ students about the male and female condoms

Descriptive and exploratory study, of quantitative boarding, whose objective was to identify opinions of Nursing Course students of the University Federal of Pernambuco about male and female condoms. 427 students of both genders constituted the population, by means of intentional not probabilistic sample of 88 students from the first to seventh degree, that answered the questionnaire with ten assertives of multiple choices, after the research project to have been approved for the Committee of Ethics in Research of the Health Sciences Center. The data had been organized, analyzed and presented in frequencies relative and absolute, proceeding to the quarrel with pertinent literature. The results had evidenced that predominated the students of the feminine sex (92,0%) in detriment of the masculine ones (08,0%); in both, 45,4% of them were between 17 and 20 years old, 88,6% were single and 11,4% married; 22,7% were in the first period of Course and 13,6% in the seventh ones . Regarding to the opinion on the condoms, from the 48 answers, 31,2% of the male students and 30,8% of the female students agreed in favor of the male condom diminishing the sexual pleasure; 06,1% of the male students answered that by security both condoms should be used at the same time whereas none of the female students thought; 78,7% of the students and 76,5% of the female students had thought against, that the condoms did not need to be used with who loves. By means of these results, urges the necessity so that educative workshops are implanted in order to supply the necessities of education in the sexuality exercise of these youngs in systematic way of considering a proposal pedagogical interactive , that the prevention and the promotion of health with changes of sexual behaviors lead them, attitudes regarding to the condoms and adhesion to practical the sexual insurances are elaborated. Keywords : Nursing; Opinions; Students; Condoms; Sexuality

Identity as a ‘patchwork’: aspects of identity among low-income Brazilian travestis

This paper is based on findings from a qualitative study that took place within the context of a four-year healthcare programme directed towards low-income travestis in the central area of São Paulo, Brazil. Throughout the study the formation of social identity among travestis was investigated through a focus on four axes: gender, body, work and violence. This paper subjects the identity of the travestis to a critical analysis and proposes a view of their sense of self as a ‘patchwork’ assembled through the assimilation of various fragments of identity common in Brazilian society. The primary identities assimilated by the travestis under study were, in the area of femininity, the submissive woman, the puta [‘whore’] and the super-seductive woman and, in the area of masculinity, the viado [‘queer’], the malandro [‘rascal’] and the bandido [‘bandit’]. The resulting travesti identity exhibited not only gender ambiguity, but also contradictions among the feminine identities described, as well as among the masculine ones.

Getting to the Top

Are presidential cabinets gendered institutions? This important question has been ignored for Latin America to date. In this article, the authors propose four benchmarks for evaluating whether presidential cabinets should be classified as gendered institutions. If they are we should observe (1) that there are differences in career length, continuity, and mobility between men and women; (2) that women receive feminine domain posts and men masculine ones; (3) that masculine ministries offer greater potential for upward mobility; and (4) that women must be better qualified than men to receive appointments. Using data from eighteen Latin American countries from 1980 to 2003, the authors analyze the degree to which cabinets conform to these criteria. They conclude that even though women are starting to gain appointments to high-profile and to masculine domain cabinet posts, the overall evidence supports the conclusion that there are gendered patterns to cabinet appointments.

Influence of Kinetic Cavity Preparation Devices on Dental Topography: An in vitro Study

The objectives of this study were to assess the influence of four different kinetic cavity preparation devices on cavity preparation taking into account tip angulation, internal tip diameter, and distance to the dental substrate. The dental topography itself was also evaluated after the use of these devices. Quantitative parameters using pertinent statistical tests as well as qualitative parameters were used to assess the topography in terms of the dispersion halo effect (DHE), size, and depth of the preparation. The DHE did not present differences among the groups. In relation to the preparation size, the internal diameter influenced 120 masculine point angles, whereas distance influenced the 90 masculine ones. Considering the preparation depth, the 90 degrees point angle yielded the deepest. In the qualitative analysis, both angles provided cavity preparations with rounded cavosurface angles. The 120 masculine point angles yielded inclined, shallow V-shaped preparations, whereas the 90 masculine angles presented U-shaped preparations reaching the dentin. The enamel had an irregular aspect and exposed prisms; dentin had a loose smear layer with aluminum oxide residues. The kind of device may influence the kinetic cavity design. It is the clinician that knows how to select the appropriate devices to adopt in order to achieve the desired cut, depth, and shape of cavity preparations.

Opiniões dos estudantes de enfermagem sobre os preservativos masculino e feminino

Descriptive and exploratory study, of quantitative boarding, whose objective was to identify opinions of Nursing Course students of the University Federal of Pernambuco about male and female condoms. 427 students of both genders constituted the population, by means of intentional not probabilistic sample of 88 students from the first to seventh degree, that answered the questionnaire with ten assertives of multiple choices, after the research project to have been approved for the Committee of Ethics in Research of the Health Sciences Center. The data had been organized, analyzed and presented in frequencies relative and absolute, proceeding to the quarrel with pertinent literature. The results had evidenced that predominated the students of the feminine sex (92,0%) in detriment of the masculine ones (08,0%); in both, 45,4% of them were between 17 and 20 years old, 88,6% were single and 11,4% married; 22,7% were in the first period of Course and 13,6% in the seventh ones . Regarding to the opinion on the condoms, from the 48 answers, 31,2% of the male students and 30,8% of the female students agreed in favor of the male condom diminishing the sexual pleasure; 06,1% of the male students answered that by security both condoms should be used at the same time whereas none of the female students thought; 78,7% of the students and 76,5% of the female students had thought against, that the condoms did not need to be used with who loves. By means of these results, urges the necessity so that educative workshops are implanted in order to supply the necessities of education in the sexuality exercise of these youngs in systematic way of considering a proposal pedagogical interactive , that the prevention and the promotion of health with changes of sexual behaviors lead them, attitudes regarding to the condoms and adhesion to practical the sexual insurances are elaborated. Keywords : Nursing; Opinions; Students; Condoms; Sexuality

‘All The Monarchies Of This World Are Going Down The Hill’

The monarchy longed for at the beginning of the Long Restoration period by at least some English-speaking people was not a reinstating of the human kingship, but a very different matter altogether. When Trapnel declared (in The Cry of a Stone) that ‘all the monarchies of this world are going down the hill,’ she defiantly predicted the final end not just of monarchy, but of Cromwellian rule. This essay explores the strategies developed in Trapnel's pamphlets to make it possible for the famished body of the woman prophet to bear a revolutionary message. It shows that Trapnel's divided position – between the public and the private, between associatively feminine positions and resonantly masculine ones – opens up these discursive possibilities at the beginning of the Long Restoration period. Prophets might mask the significance of their own voice, but they could make some very radical points through the person and voice of their God.