Maruca Vitrata Research Articles

Genetic Character and Insecticide Susceptibility on a Korean Population of a Subtropical Species, Maruca vitrata

Genetic Character and Insecticide Susceptibility on a Korean Population of a Subtropical Species, Maruca vitrata

Farmers' knowledge and perception of grain legume pests and their management in the Eastern province of Kenya

Grain legumes play an important role in community livelihood and in the national economy in Kenya. Unfortunately, in many African countries, production doesn't satisfy the demand in grains due to various constrains. Understanding farmers practices and behavior in the management of grain legume pests is a crucial step in the development of sustainable management strategies. A total of 216 farmers were surveyed in eight districts of eastern Kenya to evaluate farmers' knowledge and perceptions of grain legume pests; to examine current pest management practices, and to identify other production constraints. Grain legumes are grown by a wide age-group of farmers, with both genders equally represented. Chemical control remains the main pest management strategy, and, to ensure pesticide effectiveness, farmers also use increased application rates, chemical alternation, frequent application and mixtures of chemicals. While farmers used other control measures, they showed only limited interest in biological control. The majority of the farmers had experience in grain legume farming and were able to identify the major pests, which were the legume flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch and the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius. Our survey revealed that education and proximity to extension services contributed significantly to farmers' knowledge of grain legume pests, suggesting the need to provide continuous training and capacity building on integrated pest management in grain legume farming. The study also suggests integration of other pest management strategies such as the use of early maturing varieties, biopesticides and biofertilizer to reduce the use of chemical for sustainable pest management.

Survey on Management of Spotted Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata Fabricius) on Yardlong Bean in Chitwan, Nepal

A household survey was conducted during January 2012 in Gunjanagar, Dibyanagar and Sukranagar Village Development Committee of Chitwan district to know the socioeconomic status, status of spotted pod borer and its management practice. The survey included purposive random sampling methods in 35 yardlong bean growers. Most of commercial farmers have been growing since 3-7 years. Nearly three fourth of the farmers considered spotted pod borer as a major pest of yarldlong bean in Chitwan. Most of them considered more than 60% loss caused by spotted pod borer if no management practice is applied. Almost all sprayed chemical pesticides for management of spotted pod borer and nearly three fourth of them used more than one chemical pesticides alternately for management of spotted pod borer.One third farmers (31.43%) applied chemical pesticides in 4-7 days interval and one third of them (31.43%) applied chemical pesticides in 7-10 days interval after beginning of flowering for management of spotted pod borer. Almost all farmers (94.29%) knew adverse effect of pesticides on human, environment, natural enemies and other animal. Majority (94.29%) of farmers harvested pods after 1-3 day of spray of chemical pesticides and very few (14.29%) of commercial grower of this area get training in insect pest management.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 39-43

Incidence, bionomics and management of spotted pod borer [<italic>Maruca vitrata</italic> (Geyer)] in major pulse crops in India-A review

Spotted pod borer is one of the major biotic constraint for pulses production which can cause damage to the economic plant parts such as flower buds, flowers and pods. The larvae feeds on 39 host species of legume crops. The seasonal incidence of spotted pod borer differed from crop to crop and season to season. However, the peak incidence of larvae was observed at flowering and pod development stage in different pulse crops. Female moths lays flat scaly eggs on floral buds, flowers, leaves, leaf axils, terminal shoots and tender pods. Larvae are translucent with dark brown spots on each segment and larval period lasted from 11 to 21 days and the duration of total life cycle varied from 27 to 36 days on different hosts. The efficacy of chemical insecticides belonging to different groups against spotted pod borer was well established on different pulse crops. Neem products such as neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) or neem oil and biocides like <italic>Bacillus thuringiensis</italic> (Bt) showed different levels of efficacy on different crops.

Role of morphological factors of pigeonpea in imparting resistance to spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Morphological characters of eleven test genotypes of pigeonpea, such as growth habit, pubescence of pods and leaves, pod angle and pod wall thickness were studied in order to work out the relationship of these traits vis-à-vis resistance/susceptibility to Maruca vitrata. It was observed that genotype AL 1747 possessed significantlyhighest trichome density on leaves and pods (177.33 and 43.33 trichomes/4.6cm2, respectively), whereas MN 1 possessed lowest trichome density (47.33 and 7.66 trichomes/4.6cm2, respectively). Trichome length on leaves and pods was significantly highest in AL 1747 (66.26 and 180.83?m, respectively) and lowest in MN 1 (33.53 and 43.25?m, respectively). Genotype AL 1747 recorded significantly highest pod angle (65o), whereas MN 1 recorded lowest pod angle (18.66o). There was significant negative correlation between trichome density on leaves and pods with larval weight gain (r = -0.71 and -0.69, respectively) as well as with per cent pod damage ( r = -0.75 and -0.75, respectively) and between trichome length on leaves and pods with larval weight gain (r = -0.81 and -0.81, respectively) as well as with per cent pod damage (r = -0.87 and -0.87, respectively). Pod angle was found to be significantly negatively correlated with both larval weight gain and per cent pod damage. Thus, early maturing pigeonpea genotypes with indeterminate growth habit, higher leaf and pod pubescence with wider pod angles should be preferred for breeding M. vitrata tolerant lines.

Population dynamics of major insect pest of blackgram[Vigna Mungo(L.) Hepper] in relation to weather parameters

The experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2014. Population dynamics of major insect pests of blackgram highly affected by weather parameters like; temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (maximum and minimum), rainfall, and sunshine hours. The result revealed that the highest population of whiteflies 8.07 adult/cage/plant and jassids 1.43 nymph and adult/cage/plant was recorded during 37th standard week. The population of whitefly and jassid showed non significant negatively correlation with maximum and minimum temperature and sunshine hours while significant positively correlation with maximum humidity whereas non significant positively correlation showed with total rainfall and minimum humidity. The highest population of spotted pod borer 2.13 larvae/plant was record during 38th standard week and flower thrips 3.47 nymph and adult/10 flowers was record during 37th standard week and spotted pod borer population showed significant positively correlation with sunshine hours while flower thrips and spotted pod borer population showed non significant positively correlation with maximum and minimum relative humidity and non significant negatively correlation with maximum and minimum temperature whereas population of spotted pod borer showed non significant negatively correlation with total rainfall, while population of thrips showed non significant positively correlation with total rainfall while sunshine hours showed non significant negatively correlation.

The Toxicity, Persistence and Mode of Actions of Selected Botanical Pesticides in Africa against Insect Pests in Common Beans, <i>P. vulgaris</i>: A Review

Common beans are affected by many insect pests such as bean leaf beetle, aphids, legume pod borer and bean beetles. Traditional and cultural practices such as site selection, crop rotation, intercropping and seed selection, sowing date are used to reduce the infestation of insect pests of common beans in the field and in storage rooms. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens can control the insect pests. Synthetic pesticides such as cypermethion, carbaryl, and lambda-cyhalothrin have reported to be effective, but are toxic to people, destroy natural enemies and contaminate the environment. Botanical pesticides are the promising alternatives. This review paper explains toxicity, persistence and mode of actions of active ingredients of botanical pesticides. Rotenone from T. vogelii has the oral lethal dose (LD50) of 132 - 1500 mg/kg to mammals. It delays the electron transport chain in mitochondria of the insects and limits the cellular energy production. Azadirachtin is antifeedant and growth disruptor of insects. It has low toxicity to mammals. The oral LD50 in mammals is greater than 3540 mg/kg. Azadirachtin displays strong effects on chemoreceptors of the insects. Pyrethrins are axonic poisons and have repellent effects to insects. It is less toxic to mammals with the LD50 of about 1500 mg/Kg. It attacks the nervous systems of insects. Sesquiterpene lactones from T. diversifolia, Pentacyclic triterpenoids from Lantana camara, Vernodalin, Vernodalol and Epivernodalol from V. amygdalina have repellent and feeding deterrents chemicals which discourage the insects from feeding the crop. Most active ingredients of botanical pesticides have short life span in the environment.

Management of Legume Podborer, <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> with Host Plant Resistance

Helicoverpa armigera is the most important insect pest on wide variety of food, fibre, oilseed, fodder and horticultural crops commonly called as legume pod borer. Enormous amount of loss has been reported in deferent crops worldwide. Apart from being highly polyphagus, H. armigera is widely adapted to feeding on various plant parts. However, damage to the reproductive parts particularly to flowers and developing seeds results in direct loss. Hence, the level of Helicoverpa infestation during the flowering and fruiting phase is widely used as the basis for assessment of loss, and to quantify the genotypic resistance to this insect. Varieties of chickpea showing varying degrees of resistance to H. armigera have been developed at ICRISAT in India and some of these varieties have been used successfully by the farmers. Screening of more than 14800 germplasm accessions under natural infestations at ICRISAT has resulted in the identification of 21 donor showing antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance mechanism of resistance, and these sources can be used in breeding programs. A high per cent of crude fibre and non reducing sugars and low per cent of starch have been found to be related with low incidence. Recent reports on significant variation in Helicoverpa gut proteinase inhibitors among chickpea genotypes escape insect attack or suffer less damage as compared to other genotypes because of phonological asynchrony. Deployment of Helicoverpa-resistant cultivars should be aimed at conservation of the natural enemies and minimizing the number of pesticide applications. Host plant resistance is compatible with other methods of insect control, exercises a constant and cumulative effect on insect populations over time and space, as no adverse effects on the environment, reduces the need to use pesticides, and involves no extra cost to the farmers.

Efficacy of different newer insecticides against legume pod borer,Maruca vitrata(Geyer) on pigeonpea

Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is a major limitation in pigeonpea production. Keeping this point in view, the field experiments were undertaken on “Web-forming Lepidopteran, M. virtata (Geyer): An emerging and destructive pest in pigeonpea”. The experiment was conducted at Pulse Research Station, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar during kharif 2013–14 and 2014–15 in randomized block design having three replications and seven treatments. Spays were given at 50% flowering stage and then at 15 days interval. The results showed that both in individual years as well as in pooled data, two sprays of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.15 ml/l of water gave maximum control of pod borers (3.33%) with maximum grain yield (1817 kg/ha) but was at par with indoxacarb 15.8 EC @ 0.5 ml/l pod borers damage (3.83%) with a grain yield (1758 kg/ha).

Bioefficacy of certain new insecticide molecules against spotted pod borer,Maruca vitrata(lepidoptera: crambidae) of cowpea

Studies on the management of resistant populations of Maruca vitrata (F.) revealed that 100% mortality was recorded in the population treated with spinosad 75 g a.i. ha−1, emamectin benzoate 10 g a.i. ha−1 and indoxacarb + acetamiprid 100 g a.i. ha−1 after 12 h of treatment under laboratory trial. No significant difference was observed in the mortality when treated with chemicals like chlorantraniliprole 30 g a.i. ha−1, indoxacarb 60 g a.i. ha−1, flubendiamide 100 g a.i. ha−1 and acephate + imidacloprid 518 g a.i. ha−1 which showed a per cent mortality of 93.33 per cent each and less mortality was recorded in population sprayed with chlorpyriphos 600 g a.i.ha−1 (20%) and novaluron 100 g a.i. ha−1 (33.33%) after 24 h of treatment under laboratory trial.

Evaluation of liquid formulations of Bt against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) in pigeonpea

Virulence of native entomopathogenic nematodes against major lepidopteran insect species of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)Neelam Thakur, Preety Tomar, Simranjeet Kaur, Poonam Kumari

Population dynamics and parasitoids activities of spotted pod borer(Maruca vitrata)in pigeonpea(Cajanus cajan)

Studies were carried out on population dynamics and parasitoids activities of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) in unprotected pigeonpea crop during kharifseasons of 2013–14 and 2014–15 at Agricultural Research Station, Chitapur (Karnataka), India. The observations revealed that the infestation of pest started with the onset of flower bud and flowers on crop (in 2nd fort night of September) and thereafter incidence was increased and thus attained peak during II fortnight of October to first fortnight of November (14.33 to 22.00 larvae per 10 plants) in both the locations. Afterwards it declined to moderate level (9.00 to 14.66 larvae per 10 plants) during II fortnight of November. However, again 2nd peak incidence of 15.00 to 19.33 larvae per 10 plants noticed during II fortnight of December in both the locations. Again the pest incidence drastically decreased after II fortnight of December. Per cent larval and pupal parasitization of M. vitrata collected from field and observed in laboratory recorded thathighest 8.33±2.88 and 6.00±2.64% parasitization of larval and pupal stage by Goniozus spp was observed, respectively. Whereas, parasitization by Bassus relativus was 4.66 ±1.52 and 3.66 ±1.52% at larval and pupal stage of pest, respectively.

Pheromone Blend Analysis and Cross-Attraction among Populations of Maruca vitrata from Asia and West Africa.

The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, is a pantropical pest on leguminous crops. (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol, and (E)-10-hexadecenal were described previously as sex pheromone components for this nocturnal moth. A blend of these components in a ratio of 100:5:5 attracted males in field trapping experiments in Benin, but not in Taiwan, Thailand, or Vietnam. This finding suggests geographic variation in the pheromone blend between Asian and West African populations of M. vitrata. We, therefore, determined the pheromone compositions of single pheromone glands of females from the three Asian regions and from Benin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additionally, we compared the responses of males from Taiwan and Benin to calling females and to gland extracts of females from both regions in laboratory no-choice and two-choice assays. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol, as well as the absence of (E)-10-hexadecenal in all four populations. The relative amounts of the detected compounds did not vary significantly among the insect populations. The behavioral bioassays showed that Taiwanese and Beninese males were similarly attracted to females from both regions, as well as to their gland extracts. As a result, we did not find geographic variation in the sexual communication system of M. vitrata between West African and Asian insect populations.

Distribution pattern and sequential sampling plan for spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan L

Spatial distribution of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Pusa 992 pigeon pea cultivar during kharif (rainy season) 2011 and 2012 was analyzed through Taylor's power law (TPL) and Iwao's mean crowding (IMC) regression. M. vitrata exhibited an aggregated distribution pattern on the crop. The pooled data for the two years fitted well to the TPL (a = 1.05, b = 1.19, R2 = 0.967) and the IMC (α = −0.17, β = 1.124, R2 = 0.99). The optimal sample sizes with the TPL parameters increased with an increased precision level. Based on the TPL parameters, the decision lines of sequential sampling for M. vitrata were determined to be d = 3n ± 2.5√n. The sequential sampling plan would economize decision-making for an effective management of M. vitrata.

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Identification of Host-Plant Volatiles and Characterization of Two Novel General Odorant-Binding Proteins from the Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

Chemoreception is a key feature in selection of host plant by phytophagous insects, and odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are involved in chemical communication of both insects and vertebrates. The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the key pest species of cowpea and widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions, causing up to 80% of yield loss. In this study, we investigated the electrophysiological responses of female M. vitrata to floral volatiles from V. unguiculata. Seventeen electroantennogram-active compounds were identified from floral volatiles of V. unguiculata by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then, we cloned two novel full-length GOBP genes (MvitGOBP1 and MvitGOBP2) from the antennae of M. vitrata using reverse transcription PCR. Protein sequence analysis indicated that they shared high sequence similarity with other Pyralididae insect GOBPs and had the typical six-cysteine signature. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that MvitGOBP1-2 mRNA was highly expressed in the antennae of female adult with several thousands-fold difference compare to other tissue. Next, the recombinant MvitGOBP1-2 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using Ni ion affinity chromatography. Fluorescence binding assays demonstrated that MvitGOBP1-2 had different binding affinities with 17 volatile odorant molecules including butanoic acid butyl ester, limonene, 4-ethylpropiophenone, 1H-indol-4-ol, butanoic acid octyl ester and 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanal. In the field trapping experiment, these six floral volatiles could effectively attract female moths and showed significant difference compared with the blank lure. These results suggested that MvitGOBPs and the seventeen floral volatiles are likely to function in the olfactory behavior response of female moths, which may have played crucial roles in the selection of oviposition sites. The six compounds that we have identified from the volatiles of V. unguiculata may provide useful information for exploring efficiency monitoring and integrated pest management strategies of this legume pod borer in the field.

Identification and conformational analysis of putative microRNAs in Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs, evolutionarily conserved endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate their target mRNA expression by either inactivating or degrading mRNA genes; thus playing an important role in the growth and development of an organism. Maruca vitrata is an insect pest of leguminous plants like pigeon pea, cowpea and mung bean and is pantropical. In this study, we perform BLAST on all known miRNAs against the transcriptome data of M. vitrata and thirteen miRNAs were identified. These miRNAs were characterised and their target genes were identified using TargetScan and were functionally annotated using FlyBase. The importance of the structure of pre-miRNA in the Drosha activity led to study the backbone torsion angles of predicted pre-miRNAs (mvi-miR-9751, mvi-miR-649-3p, mvi-miR-4057 and mvi-miR-1271) to identify various nucleotide triplets that contribute to the variation of torsion angle values at various structural motifs of a pre-miRNA.

Efficacy of different insecticides against pod borer, (<italic>Maruca vitrata</italic> Geyer) in pigeonpea

Efficacy of different insecticides <italic>viz.</italic> Spinosad 48SC, Cypermethrin 25EC, Profenophos 50EC and Indoxacarb 15EC @ 150, 250, 1250 and 500 ml/ha, respectively against pod borer, <italic>Maruca vitrata</italic> (Geyer) in pigeonpea was tested. All tested insecticides significantly decreased the larval population of pod borer, flower incidence, pod damage and increased the grain yield as compared to untreated control. But Spinosad 48SC @ 150ml/ha was found to be most effective against test insect and it was closely followed by Indoxacarb 15EC and Cypermethrin 25EC.

Efficacy of botanicals in managing pod borers in pigeonpea [<em>Cajanus cajan</em> (L.) Millsp.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate different botanicals for the management of pod borers in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] for two years (2012-2014) at the Zonal Research Station of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. Pod damage by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in the experimental area ranged from 10.64% to 23.07%. The first spray of neem soap followed by (fb) two sprays of the insecticide indoxacarb, and indoxacarb alone sprayed thrice were effective in reducing pod damage caused by H. armigera. Incidence of Maruca vitrata (Geyer), Melanagromzya obtusa (Malloch) and Callosobruchus spp. was comparatively low during the two-year study period. Botanicals alone did not perform well in controlling the pod borers. However, one spray of these botanicals fb spraying indoxacarb twice resulted in effective control of the pests. The higher yields were recorded in indoxacarb-treated plots (1,290 kg/ha), neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) sprayed thrice (1,258 kg/ha) and one spray of NSKE fb with two sprays of indoxacarb (1,257 kg/ha).

A study on Maruca vitrata infestation of Yard-long beans (Vigna unguiculata subspecies sesquipedalis)

Globally, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is a serious yield constraint on food legumes including Yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata subspecies sesquipedalis). However, there is a dearth of information on its damage potential, distribution and population dynamics in Yard-long beans. In the present study, the level of M. vitrata larval infestation on flowers and pods of Yard-long beans in Sri Lanka was determined with respect to three consecutive cropping seasons, Yala, Off and Maha. Results indicated that larval infestation and abundance varied with developmental stage of flowers and pods, cropping season and their combined interactive effects. Flowers of Yard-long beans were more prone to M. vitrata larval attack compared to pods. Abundance and level of infestation of M. vitrata varied with plant parts, having a ranking of flower buds (highest) > open flowers > mature pods > immature pods (lowest). Peak infestation was observed six and eight weeks after planting on flowers and pods, respectively. Among the three cropping seasons, M. vitrata infestation was found to be higher during Maha and Off seasons compared to Yala. The findings of this study contribute to the identified knowledge gap regarding the field biology of an acknowledged important pest, M. vitrata, in a previously understudied crop in Sri Lanka.