Maruca Vitrata Research Articles

Comparative efficacy, non-target toxicity and economics of seven novel pre-mixed formulations against Maruca testulalis G. and Aphis craccivora K. infesting cowpea

Comparative efficacy, non-target toxicity and economics of seven novel pre-mixed formulations against Maruca testulalis G. and Aphis craccivora K. infesting cowpea

콩명나방의 세포성 면역과 이를 억제하여 Bacillus thuringiensis 병원력을 향상시키는 비티플러스

콩명나방의 세포성 면역과 이를 억제하여 Bacillus thuringiensis 병원력을 향상시키는 비티플러스

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PACKAGES FOR POD BORER (MARUCA VITRATA) IN COUNTRY BEAN

A field experiment was conducted in the research field of the Entomology Division of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Jessore, Bangladesh during the winter cropping season in 2013-14 to evaluate several management packages against legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) of country bean to increase yield with a minimum cost of production. Results indicated that management package comprising of Sanitation (hand picking of infested flowers, pods and larvae) plus weekly release of Bracon hebetor and Trichogramma chilonis including spraying of Spinosad at 0.4 ml 45 SC product per litre of water (4 sprays at 15 days intervals starting from first initiation of pest attack) appeared as the best package. This management package provided 77.5 per cent and 88.89 per cent reduction of flower and pod infestation by borer complex respectively over control. It showed highest yield performance (19.06 t/ha) which was 88.14 per cent increased yield over control and also highest (7.12) marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR). This package was recommended among six management packages. Keywords: 1PM, pod borer and country bean.

Floral Volatiles from Vigna unguiculata Are Olfactory and Gustatory Stimulants for Oviposition by the Bean Pod Borer Moth Maruca vitrata.

We investigated the role of floral odors from cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), in mediating oviposition of the bean pod borer moth, Maruca vitrata, a serious pest of grain legumes that flies to host plants at the flowering stage and oviposits onto flowers and buds. The flower of the host plant V. unguiculata was a stimulus for egg-laying by M. vitrata in an oviposition bioassay. Commercial longifolene, β-caryophyllene, linalool, geraniol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were used as stimulus. Each one elicited dose-dependent electroantennogram responses in female M. vitrata, and all but longifolene stimulated oviposition, when presented singly. Beta-caryophyllene was the most active stimulant, similar to that of the flower of V. unguiculata, and eliciting a dose-dependent oviposition response. Either olfaction or gustation was sufficient to mediate an oviposition response to V. unguiculata floral volatiles: intact M. vitrata responded to β-caryophyllene whether or not they could contact the source of the volatiles, and females with amputated antennae responded if allowed to contact the source. We believe this is the first demonstration in a moth where β-caryophyllene from the host plant was able to mediate an oviposition response. As β-caryophyllene is widely expressed by non-host plants, we suggest that its role in stimulating oviposition could be exploited as part of a push–pull strategy for pest management in which β-caryophyllene-expressing non-host plants provide a population sink for M. vitrata.

Comparison of Sensory Structures Present on Larval Antennae and Mouthparts of Lepidopteran Crop Pests

Lepidopteran crop pests like Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and Maruca vitrata (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) are the major constraints for crop production and productivity. They are polyphagous and feed on tobacco, millets, cruciferous crops, and leguminous crops, respectively. Sensory structures and sensory genes are the key players responsible for their preference for particular crop species. Sensory genes code for the chemoreceptors present in the dendritic membrane of the neuron, which interpret the signal perceived by the insect nervous system that is responsible for insect behavior. In this study, we examined the distribution and morphology of sensory structures present on larval antennae and mouthparts of 4 lepidopteran crop pest species using scanning electron microscopy. We found that the mouthparts of lepidopteran larvae all possess sensory structures and organs such as sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, and sensilla styloconica involved in gustatory and olfactory functions. The only difference between species lies in the external appearance, position, distribution, and number of sensory organs. Sensilla chaetica alone were observed on the labrum and mandibles, whereas sensilla styloconica and sensilla chaetica were present on the labium. All 3 types of sensilla were observed on the maxilla of S. litura, C. partellus, P. xylostella, and M. vitrata with varied numbers and morphology. Mainly, sensilla basiconica were present on antennae and apical maxillary palps, which are involved in olfactory and gustatory functions, respectively. In addition, we compared the sensory gene odorant receptor co-receptor (Or83b), which is pivotal in olfactory reception, among the 4 lepidopteran species and found that Or83b is conserved, showing the ancestral relationship among the 4 species.

Validation of integrated pest management module against insect pests of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan in Tarai region of Uttarakhand

Experiments on validation of integrated pest management (IPM) module against insect pest of pigeonpea in comparison with the Non-IPM (farmer’s practices) were conducted at N.E.B. Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar during Kharif 2014 and 2015. Adopted IPM module contained Seed treatment with Trichoderma spp. @10g/kg of seed, Sole crop, Bird perches @ 50/ha, need based insecticides spray (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 30 g a. i./ha; Neem soap@10g/lit; Acetamiprid 20SP @ 20 g a. i./ha). The results indicated that minimum population of pod borers (Helicoverpa armigera,Maruca vitrata and podfly) and sucking insects (aphids, jassids, pod bug) was reported in IPM plots and maximum population of insects was observed in Non-IPM plots. Percent insect control over non-IPM was 50.98 % for H. armigera, 44.69 % for M. vitrata and 19.17 % for Maruca webbing were recorded. While, for sucking pest complex, insect control over non-IPM was 51.59 %, 40.36 % and 36.17 % against jassids, aphids and tur pod bug, respectively. Similarly, minimum pod borer damage (6.48 and 7.71 %) was recorded in IPM plots as compared to maximum pod borer damage (8.37 and 8.22 %) in non-IPM plots, respectively during 2014 and 2015. Whereas, pooled grain yield for IPM plots was 1286.5 kg/ha for both seasons as against 888 kg/ha in non-IPM plots with 1:2.89 benefit cost ratio. Hence, It is apparent that studied IPM module was able to increase the yield of pigeonepea with lower cost of production as against non-IPM thus it would be benefiting the farmers.

Field evaluation of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) germplasm for resistance against pod borer complex

Field evaluation of 44 mungbean Vigna radiata (L.) germplasm was carried out during kharif and rabi 2012 for screening against resistance to pod borer complex. The population of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) larva was assessed at flowering stage. The damage in the pods were estimated in the harvested pods for different borer pests viz., M. vitrata, gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.), blue butterfly Lampides boeticus L., pod bug Riptortus sp. Based on cumulative pod damage, Pest Score Index (PSI) was worked out for all the germplasm. The results revealed that population of legume pod borer larva were more during kharif (0.33- 3.75/plant) than rabi (0.13-1.50/plant) season. The damage based scoring, PSI indicated that none of the mungbean germplasm was recorded as resistant. However, five entries were moderately resistant with PSI 3 during kharif. In rabi season two entries were recorded as moderately resistant. Four germplasm viz., KM 2-B, NPM 3-1, VGG 90, VGG 04-016 grouped as moderately resistant in both seasons with consistency in their level of resistance against pod borer complex.

Structural characterization and applications of ITS2 from rice leaffolders Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia patnalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia patnalis are important rice insect pests in Asia and have similar morphologic features and same feeding patterns. Understanding the molecular difference of the two leaffolders is helpful to their identification and clarification of their phylogenetic class in the Pyraloidea. In this study, we determined and analyzed the nucleotide sequences of nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) in the two rice leaffolders from 9 populations (six C. medinalis populations collected from China, Philippine, Thailand, and Vietnam, and three M. patnalis populations from Philippine, Thailand, and Vietnam) and compared interspecies variation of IST2 among different geographic populations and intraspecies variation of ITS2 from Pyraloidea. Phylogenetic trees were constructed on the two leaffolders and other Pyraloidea species using Maximum Parsimony method. Results showed that the ITS2 sequences differed in the two leaffolders. Compared to C. medinalis, ITS2 of M. patnalis had small deletion at the sites of 41, 72, 81, 304 and an insertion at the site of 337. Interspecies variation results showed that three C. medinalis populations from Southeast Asia (VN, PH, and TH) are with small divergence compared to NJ and HZ, and small divergence was observed among three M. patnalis populations (VN, PH, and TH). Intraspecies variation results showed that two leaffolders were with close relationship compared to the other Pyraloidea. Phylogenetic trees showed that two leaffolders were grouped together with Maruca vitrata. These results indicated that the ITS2 sequences differed in the two leaffolders could potentially be used in the distinguishing of the two rice leaffolders and the determination on the phylogeny of species.

Morphological and bio-chemical factors associated with resistance toMaruca vitrata (testulalis) (Geyer) in cowpea

Legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is one of the major constraints in increasing the production and productivity of grain legumes in the tropics. Keeping in view of the importance of this pest, present studies were carried out with the association of different morpho-chemical traits with resistance/susceptibility to M. vitrata at the Pulses Research Station, SDAU, S.K. Nagar. Some of the characters like flower colour, pod angle, protein, flavonoid, tannin and phenols were found to be associated with M. vitrata attack on cowpea genotypes. The pod damage by M. vitrata on different cowpea genotypes in the field ranged from 10.22 to 19.98%. High phenol content in pods (428.63mg/100g) and (326.33mg/100g) found responsible for the resistance of GC 5 and GC 0815, respectively and high flavonoid concentration in pods (484.08mg/100g) and (458.81mg/100g) in GC 5 and GC 0815 respectively were responsible for resistance. Based on these results, GC 5 and GC 0815 were categorized as moderately resistant. This paper discusses the physico-chemical traits associated with resistance to M. vitrata in cowpea variety/genotypes.

Efficacy of cyantraniliprole 10 SE in insect pests management on Pigeon pea

New Suspo Emulsion (SE) formulation of anthranilic diamide insecticide, cyantraniliprole 10 SE was evaluated during rabi season of 2013–14. Four doses of cyantraniliprole 10 SE along with thiamethoxam 25 WG and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC as standard checks against insect pests of pigeon pea were evaluated for bioefficacy as well as its influence on natural enemies and crop health. Nymphal and adult population of aphids, Aphis craccivora; thrips, Megalothrips usitatus; larval population of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera; Legume pod borer, Maruca testulalis; pod fly, Melanogromyza obtusa was effectively controlled at 60 and 70 g a.i/ha doses of cyantraniliprole 10 SE. Whereas, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 25 g a.i/ha found effective for the control of nymphal and adult population of thrips. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30 g a.i/ha significantly controlled the larval population of pod borer; legume pod borer; pod fly. Cyantraniliprole 10 SE @ 40–70 g a.i/ha found safe to natural enemies as these treatment doses did not reduce the natural enemies population in the field during the course of investigation.

Đánh giá phản ứng của chín dòng đậu nành đối với sâu đục trái (Etiella zinckenella) tại Cần Thơ ở vụ Xuân Hè 2015

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is the most important crop in rotation farming with rice due to its ability to fix nitrogen and improve soil structure. However, many pests can cause significant yield loss in soybean production. One of the most important pests of soybean in the Mekong Delta is the legume pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) because of reducing soybean yield and quality. The objective of this study is to determine the responses of nine soybean lines to the damage level caused by E. zinckenella. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Spring-Summer 2015 at Can Tho University’s experimental station. The results showed that nine soybean lines were infected by pod borer. However, MTĐ 860-1 is the most tolerant line and is rated as moderately resistant (MR) while the other four varieties MTĐ 860-3, MTĐ 861-1, MTĐ 865-3, MTĐ 885-1 are classified as relative resistance (RR) to E. zinckenella. The infestation percentage in pods and grains of MTĐ 860-1 were 3.66% and 3.43%, respectively. In contrast, percentage of pod damage and yield loss was highest on ĐH4 by 9.96% and 8.60% respectively. However, significant difference in yield was not detected among the nine soybean lines.

An Insight in the Reproductive Biology of Therophilus javanus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, and Agathidinae), a Potential Biological Control Agent against the Legume Pod Borer (Lepidoptera, Crambidae).

Therophilus javanus is a koinobiont, solitary larval endoparasitoid currently being considered as a biological control agent against the pod borer Maruca vitrata, a devastating cowpea pest causing 20–80% crop losses in West Africa. We investigated ovary morphology and anatomy, oogenesis, potential fecundity, and egg load in T. javanus, as well as the effect of factors such as age of the female and parasitoid/host size at oviposition on egg load. The number of ovarioles was found to be variable and significantly influenced by the age/size of the M. vitrata caterpillar when parasitized. Egg load also was strongly influenced by both the instar of M. vitrata caterpillar at the moment of parasitism and wasp age. The practical implications of these findings for improving mass rearing of the parasitoid toward successful biological control of M. vitrata are discussed.

Bioefficacy of Certain Insecticides and Biopesticides against Spotted Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata Infesting Greengram

Bioefficacy of Certain Insecticides and Biopesticides against Spotted Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata Infesting Greengram

Can Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Over-winter in Suwon Area?

Can Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Over-winter in Suwon Area?

Putative pheromone biosynthesis pathway in Maruca vitrata by transcriptomic analysis

Pheromone biosynthesis in the pheromone gland is stimulated by pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) produced in the suboesophageal ganglion. PBAN binds its receptor and transduces biological signal into the molecules for the pheromone biosynthesis. To understand pheromone biosynthesis pathway in legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, total RNA from the pheromone gland was isolated and transcriptome of the pheromone gland was obtained. Total read bases from the transcriptome were 12.03billionbp and 62,604 contigs were identified. A total of 191 contigs involved in the pheromone biosynthesis such as PBAN receptor, PBAN, fatty acid transport proteins, fatty acid synthases, fatty acid desaturases (FADs), fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs), alcohol oxidase/dehydrogenases (AOXs) and β-oxidation enzymes, were identified. Putative pheromone biosynthetic pathways for sex pheromone components in M. vitrata were proposed through transcriptomic analysis. Biosynthesis pathway for E10,E12-16:Ald and E10,E12-16:OH may initiate from C16:CoA with FAD2-like enzyme found in Manduca sexta, which converts the substrate into E10,E12-16:CoA. This intermediate is subsequently reduced by pheromone gland-specific FAR (pgFAR) which modifies end moiety with alcohol or by AOX which convert end moiety into aldehyde. The production of E10-16:Ald can be initiated from C16:CoA by ∆10 desaturase or from C18:CoA by ∆12 desaturase followed by with β-oxidation, and the intermediate can be reduced by pgFAR.

Temporal Variation in the Incidence of Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Cowpea and Lablab and its relationship with abiotic factors

Temporal Variation in the Incidence of Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Cowpea and Lablab and its relationship with abiotic factors) Cowpea and lablab are the two inevitable crops and contribute to significant share in the vegetable production, infested by different insect pests and among them the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata is a prime menace. The incidence of M. vitrata was recorded on both cowpea (CO 7) and lablab (Rohini) was observed at Department of Pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore during Kharif and Rabi seasons of 2011-12.In cowpea, the mean incidence of 1.09 to 4.54 webbings/ plant was recorded during 34th (IV week of August) and 38th (III week of September) SMWs respectively and lablab suffered with a maximum damage of 3.90 webbings in 42nd SMW (III week of October) while 0.57 webbings during 50th SMW (II week of December). In cowpea, the larval incidence showed a significant positive correlation with minimum RH and rainfall and in lablab, there was a positive correlation recorded with rainfall. About 62.6 and 89.1 per cent variation in larval damage was influenced by weather parameters on cowpea and lablab respectively.. .

Evaluation of Two Sprays Application of Synthetic Pyrethroid in the Management of Maruca vitrata on Early and Late Sown Cowpea in Sudan Savanna of Nigeria

Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano (11058″ N; 8026″ E, 460 m above sea level) to determine the effect of a synthetic insecticide, Lambda Cyhalothrin [(Laraforce 2.5% E.C.] sprays application on the management of the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fab.) on early and late season planted elite cowpea variety. Two crops cowpea were grown in a succession during the 2011 cropping season. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with each of the three treatments replicated four times. The treatments consisted of no spray (control), one spray and two spray regimes of the insecticide. Results showed that Laraforce 2.5EC sprays significantly (P<0.05) lowered population and damage of the Maruca larvae in both the early and late season planted crop compared with the untreated controls. The two-spray regime plots, however, had the lowest number of larval population and damage compared with those of the one-spray regime. The highest grain yield in the early (1400.01 kg ha-l) and late (768.05 kg ha-l) planted cowpea were recorded under two sprays regime treatments, followed by the one-spray regime and lastly the untreated control. Two sprays of Lara force effectively managed the population and damage of M. vitrata with resultant increase in yield of both the early and the late season planted cowpea in the study area.

Sex pheromone recognition and characterization of three pheromone-binding proteins in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are essential for the filtering, binding and transporting of sex pheromones across sensillum lymph to membrane-associated pheromone receptors of moths. In this study, three novel PBP genes were expressed in Escherichia coli to examine their involvement in the sex pheromone perception of Maruca vitrata. Fluorescence binding experiments indicated that MvitPBP1-3 had strong binding affinities with four sex pheromones. Moreover, molecular docking results demonstrated that six amino acid residues of three MvitPBPs were involved in the binding of the sex pheromones. These results suggested that MvitPBP1-3 might play critical roles in the perception of female sex pheromones. Additionally, the binding capacity of MvitPBP3 with the host-plant floral volatiles was high and was similar to that of MvitGOBP2. Furthermore, sequence alignment and docking analysis showed that both MvitGOBP2 and MvitPBP3 possessed an identical key binding site (arginine, R130/R140) and a similar protein pocket structure around the binding cavity. Therefore, we hypothesized that MvitPBP3 and MvitGOBP2 might have synergistic roles in binding different volatile ligands. In combination, the use of synthetic sex pheromones and floral volatiles from host-plant may be used in the exploration for more efficient monitoring and integrated management strategies for the legume pod borer in the field.

Influence of meteorological factors on population build-up of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer in yam bean under agro-climatic zone I of North Bihar

Population build-up studies of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer, on yam bean in relation to meteorological parameters viz; average ambient temperature, relative humidity and rainfall revealed that the pest was active between the second week of October to last week of December, while web formation abruptly stopped after third week of November. It attained and maintained its peak activity during November in both seasons recording a mean larval population ranging 9.51 to 17.51 and 11.31 to 19.31 per flower shoot while number of webs ranged from 1.59 to 3.00 and 1.73 to 3.68 webs per flower shoot during 2009-10 and 2010-11, respectively. Pest population build-up was favoured by a decline in average maximum and minimum temperature (from 30.15 to 26.550C and 16.25 to 12.100C, respectively) and in relative humidity at 7 am and 2 pm (96.30 to 94.70 per cent and 50.90 to 54.40 per cent respectively). No significant correlation existed between the larval and webs population with the factors, except the relative humidity at 2 pm which indicated negative but significant effect on larval and webs population.

Seasonal abundance of predatory bugs, Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff.) and Rhynocoris fuscipes (F.) and its olfactory responses towards plant andpest mediated semiochemical cues in Pigeonpea ecosystem

Studies on seasonal abundance of the predatory bugs, Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff.) and Rhynocoris fuscipes (F.) on short duration pigeonpea variety Manak during 2012-14 revealed that the incidence of both the heteropteran bugs commenced from the 36th meteorological standard week and persisted up to 47th meteorological standard week of both the years. These bugs were found predating on larvae of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer), one of the major insect pests of pigeonpea. Correlation studies with different weather variables indicated that the populations build up of these bugs exhibited a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity and rainfall. In order to identify the semiochemical cues mediating the host seeking behavior of these predatory bugs towards M. vitrata, a laboratory experiment was conducted using four-arm olfactometer. The predatory bugs displayed a much higher preference for volatiles produced by M. vitrata infested pigeonpea flowers and early instar larvae of M. vitrata.