Martin-Siggia-Rose Research Articles

Phase-space path integral approach to the kinetics of black hole phase transition in massive gravity

The dynamics of the state-switching process of black holes in dRGT massive gravity theory is presented using free energy landscape and stochastic Langevin equations. The free energy landscape is constructed using the Gibbons-Hawking path integral method. The black hole phases are characterized by taking its horizon radius as the order parameter. The free energy landscape provides three black hole phases: small, intermediate, and large. The small and large black holes are thermodynamically stable whereas the intermediate one is unstable. The Martin–Siggia–Rose–Janssen–de Dominicis (MSRJD) functional describes the stochastic dynamics of black hole phase transition. The Hamiltonian flow lines are obtained from the MSRJD functional and are used to analyze the stability and the phase transition properties. The dominant kinetic path between different phases is discussed for various configurations of the free energy landscape. We discuss the effect of black hole charge and the graviton mass on the critical behavior of black hole phase transition.

Long-time correlations in a binary mixture: analysis of the nonlinearities of fluctuating-hydrodynamic equations

The equations of fluctuating nonlinear hydrodynamics (FNH) following the proper conservation laws are considered for a binary mixture. We focus on the density (ρ) correlations’ renormalization due to the FNH equations’ nonlinearities. The consequence of density nonlinearities treated in simplest approximations gives rise to the well-studied form of the mode coupling theory (MCT) for a two-component system. The MCT predicts a sharp ergodicity–nonergodicity transition similar to the one-component fluid in this idealized form. In the first part of the present paper, we compare the predictions of the idealized MCT model with the computer simulation results for a hard sphere mixture. We show that there is clear disagreement in long-time dynamic behaviour. Next, we consider the full set of nonlinearities in the FNH equations using a Martin–Siggia–Rose field theory. From the time reversal properties of the correlation and response function of the associated field theory, a set of fluctuation–dissipation relations (FDR) are obtained. These FDRs impose constraints on the long-time behaviour of the correlation functions. Our non-perturbative analysis considers the viability of freezing the time correlations for the two-component fluid over the longest time scale. Due to the FDR constraints arising from the nonlinearity in the FNH equations, a sharp ergodicity–nonergodicity transition for the binary mixture is not supported. If the are replaced as in terms of the average density ρ 0, ad hoc, while the density-nonlinearities in the pressure term of the corresponding FNH equations are kept, the ideal transition model of the simplified MCT is recovered.

Path integral description and direct interaction approximation for elastic plate turbulence

In this work, we apply the Martin–Siggia–Rose path integral formalism to the equations of a thin elastic plate. Using a diagrammatic technique, we obtain the direct interaction approximation (DIA) equations to describe the evolutions of the correlation function and the response function of the fields. Consistent with previous results, we show that DIA equations for elastic plates can be derived from a non-markovian stochastic process and that in the weakly nonlinear limit, the DIA equations lead to the kinetic equation of wave turbulence theory. We expect that this approach will allow a better understanding of the statistical properties of wave turbulence and that DIA equations can open new avenues for understanding the breakdown of weakly nonlinear turbulence for elastic plates.

The two-particle irreducible effective action for classical stochastic processes

By combining the two-particle-irreducible (2PI) effective action common in non-equilibrium quantum field theory with the classical Martin–Siggia–Rose formalism, self-consistent equations of motion for the first and second cumulants of non-linear classical stochastic processes are constructed. Such dynamical equations for correlation and response functions are important in describing non-equilibrium systems, where equilibrium fluctuation–dissipation relations are unavailable. The method allows to evolve stochastic systems from arbitrary Gaussian initial conditions. In the non-linear case, it is found that the resulting integro-differential equations can be solved with considerably reduced computational effort compared to state-of-the-art stochastic Runge–Kutta methods. The details of the method are illustrated by several physical examples.

Nonlinear fluctuations in relativistic causal fluids

In the Second Order Theories (SOT) of real relativistic fluids, the non-ideal properties of the flows are described by a new set of dynamical tensor variables. In this work we explore the non-linear dynamics of those variables in a conformal fluid. Among all possible SOTs, we choose to work with the Divergence Type Theories (DTT) formalism, which ensures that the second law of thermodynamics is fulfilled non-perturbatively. The tensor modes include two divergence-free modes which have no analog in theories based on covariant generalizations of the Navier-Stokes equation, and that are particularly relevant because they couple linearly to a gravitational field. To study the dynamics of this irreducible tensor sector, we observe that in causal theories such as DTTs, thermal fluctuations induce a stochastic stirring force, which excites the tensor modes while preserving energy momentum conservation. From fluctuation-dissipation considerations it follows that the random force is Gaussian with a white spectrum. The irreducible tensor modes in turn excite vector modes, which back-react on the tensor sector, thus producing a consistent non-linear, second order description of the divergence-free tensor dynamics. Using the Martin-Siggia-Rose (MSR) formalism plus the Two-Particle Irreducible Effective Action (2PIEA) formalism, we obtain the one-loop corrected equations for the relevant two-point correlation functions of the model: the retarded propagator and the Hadamard function. The overall result of the self-consistent dynamics of the irreducible tensor modes at this order is a depletion of the spectrum in the UV sector, which suggests that tensor modes could sustain an inverse entropy cascade.

Stochastic thermodynamics of all-to-all interacting many-body systems

We provide a stochastic thermodynamic description across scales for N identical units with all-to-all interactions that are driven away from equilibrium by different reservoirs and external forces. We start at the microscopic level with Poisson rates describing transitions between many-body states. We then identify an exact coarse graining leading to a mesoscopic description in terms of Poisson transitions between system occupations. We proceed studying macroscopic fluctuations using the Martin–Siggia–Rose formalism and large deviation theory. In the macroscopic limit (N → ∞), we derive the exact nonlinear (mean-field) rate equation describing the deterministic dynamics of the most likely occupations. We identify the scaling of the energetics and kinetics ensuring thermodynamic consistency (including the detailed fluctuation theorem) across microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. The conceptually different nature of the ‘Shannon entropy’ (and of the ensuing stochastic thermodynamics) at different scales is also outlined. Macroscopic fluctuations are calculated semi-analytically in an out-of-equilibrium Ising model. Our work provides a powerful framework to study thermodynamics of nonequilibrium phase transitions.

Thermodynamic entropy as a Noether invariant in a Langevin equation

We study the thermodynamic entropy as a Noether invariant in a stochastic process. Following the Onsager theory, we consider the Langevin equation for a thermodynamic variable in a thermally isolated system. By analyzing the Martin–Siggia–Rose–Janssen–de Dominicis action of the Langevin equation, we find that this action possesses a continuous symmetry in quasi-static processes, which leads to the thermodynamic entropy as the Noether invariant for the symmetry.

Instantons and fluctuations in a Lagrangian model of turbulence

We perform a detailed analytical study of the Recent Fluid Deformation (RFD) model for the onset of Lagrangian intermittency, within the context of the Martin–Siggia–Rose–Janssen–de Dominicis (MSRJD) path integral formalism. The model is based, as a key point, upon local closures for the pressure Hessian and the viscous dissipation terms in the stochastic dynamical equations for the velocity gradient tensor. We carry out a power counting hierarchical classification of the several perturbative contributions associated to fluctuations around the instanton-evaluated MSRJD action, along the lines of the cumulant expansion. The most relevant Feynman diagrams are then integrated out into the renormalized effective action, for the computation of velocity gradient probability distribution functions (vgPDFs). While the subleading perturbative corrections do not affect the global shape of the vgPDFs in an appreciable qualitative way, it turns out that they have a significant role in the accurate description of their non-Gaussian cores.

Classical and quantum spin dynamics of the honeycomb Γ model

Quantum to classical crossover is a fundamental question in dynamics of quantum many-body systems. In frustrated magnets, for example, it is highly non-trivial to describe the crossover from the classical spin liquid with a macroscopically-degenerate ground-state manifold, to the quantum spin liquid phase with fractionalized excitations. This is an important issue as we often encounter the demand for a sharp distinction between the classical and quantum spin liquid behaviors in real materials. Here we take the example of the classical spin liquid in a frustrated magnet with novel bond-dependent interactions to investigate the classical dynamics, and critically compare it with quantum dynamics in the same system. In particular, we focus on signatures in the dynamical spin structure factor. Combining Landau-Lifshitz dynamics simulations and the analytical Martin-Siggia-Rose (MSR) approach, we show that the low energy spectra are described by relaxational dynamics and highly constrained by the zero mode structure of the underlying degenerate classical manifold. Further, the higher energy spectra can be explained by precessional dynamics. Surprisingly, many of these features can also be seen in the dynamical structure factor in the quantum model studied by finite-temperature exact diagonalization. We discuss the implications of these results, and their connection to recent experiments on frustrated magnets with strong spin-orbit coupling.

A functional renormalization method for wave propagation in random media

We develop the exact renormalization group approach as a way to evaluate the effective speed of the propagation of a scalar wave in a medium with random inhomogeneities. We use the Martin–Siggia–Rose formalism to translate the problem into a non equilibrium field theory one, and then consider a sequence of models with a progressively lower infrared cutoff; in the limit where the cutoff is removed we recover the problem of interest. As a test of the formalism, we compute the effective dielectric constant of an homogeneous medium interspersed with randomly located, interpenetrating bubbles. A simple approximation to the renormalization group equations turns out to be equivalent to a self-consistent two-loops evaluation of the effective dielectric constant.

The probability density function tail of the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation in the strongly non-linear regime

An analytical derivation of the probability density function (PDF) tail describing the strongly correlated interface growth governed by the nonlinear Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation is provided. The PDF tail exactly coincides with a Tracy–Widom distribution i.e. a PDF tail proportional to , where w2 is the the width of the interface. The PDF tail is computed by the instanton method in the strongly non-linear regime within the Martin–Siggia–Rose framework using a careful treatment of the non-linear interactions. In addition, the effect of spatial dimensions on the PDF tail scaling is discussed. This gives a novel approach to understand the rightmost PDF tail of the interface width distribution and the analysis suggests that there is no upper critical dimension.

Control of noisy quantum systems: Field-theory approach to error mitigation

We consider the quantum-control task of obtaining a target unitary operation via control fields that couple to the quantum system and are chosen to best mitigate errors resulting from time-dependent noise. We allow for two sources of noise: fluctuations in the control fields and those arising from the environment. We address the issue of error mitigation by means of a formulation rooted in the Martin-Siggia-Rose (MSR) approach to noisy, classical statistical-mechanical systems. We express the noisy control problem in terms of a path integral, and integrate out the noise to arrive at an effective, noise-free description. We characterize the degree of success in error mitigation via a fidelity, which characterizes the proximity of the sought-after evolution to ones achievable in the presence of noise. Error mitigation is then accomplished by applying the optimal control fields, i.e., those that maximize the fidelity subject to any constraints obeyed by the control fields. To make connection with MSR, we reformulate the fidelity in terms of a Schwinger-Keldysh (SK) path integral, with the added twist that the `forward' and `backward' branches of the time-contour are inequivalent with respect to the noise. The present approach naturally allows the incorporation of constraints on the control fields; a useful feature in practice, given that they feature in real experiments. We illustrate this MSR-SK approach by considering a system consisting of a single spin $s$ freedom (with $s$ arbitrary), focusing on the case of $1/f$ noise. We discover that optimal error-mitigation is accomplished via a universal control field protocol that is valid for all $s$, from the qubit (i.e., $s=1/2$) case to the classical (i.e., $s \to \infty$) limit. In principle, this MSR-SK approach provides a framework for addressing quantum control in the presence of noise for systems of arbitrary complexity.

Auxiliary field loop expansion of the effective action for a class of stochastic partial differential equations

We present an alternative to the perturbative (in coupling constant) diagrammatic approach for studying stochastic dynamics of a class of reaction diffusion systems. Our approach is based on an auxiliary field loop expansion for the path integral representation for the generating functional of the noise induced correlation functions of the fields describing these systems. The systems we consider include Langevin systems describable by the set of self interacting classical fields ϕi(x,t) in the presence of external noise ηi(x,t), namely (∂t−ν∇2)ϕ−F[ϕ]=η, as well as chemical reaction annihilation processes obtained by applying the many-body approach of Doi–Peliti to the Master Equation formulation of these problems. We consider two different effective actions, one based on the Onsager–Machlup (OM) approach, and the other due to Janssen–deGenneris based on the Martin–Siggia–Rose (MSR) response function approach. For the simple models we consider, we determine an analytic expression for the Energy landscape (effective potential) in both formalisms and show how to obtain the more physical effective potential of the Onsager–Machlup approach from the MSR effective potential in leading order in the auxiliary field loop expansion. For the KPZ equation we find that our approximation, which is non-perturbative and obeys broken symmetry Ward identities, does not lead to the appearance of a fluctuation induced symmetry breakdown. This contradicts the results of earlier studies.

Renormalized dynamics of the Dean-Kawasaki model.

We study the model of a supercooled liquid for which the equation of motion for the coarse-grained density ρ(x,t) is the nonlinear diffusion equation originally proposed by Dean and Kawasaki, respectively, for Brownian and Newtonian dynamics of fluid particles. Using a Martin-Siggia-Rose (MSR) field theory we study the renormalization of the dynamics in a self-consistent form in terms of the so-called self-energy matrix Σ. The appropriate model for the renormalized dynamics involves an extended set of field variables {ρ,θ}, linked through a nonlinear constraint. The latter incorporates, in a nonperturbative manner, the effects of an infinite number of density nonlinearities in the dynamics. We show that the contributing element of Σ which renormalizes the bare diffusion constant D(0) to D(R) is same as that proposed by Kawasaki and Miyazima [Z. Phys. B Condens. Matter 103, 423 (1997)]. D(R) sharply decreases with increasing density. We consider the likelihood of a ergodic-nonergodic (ENE) transition in the model beyond a critical point. The transition is characterized by the long-time limit of the density correlation freezing at a nonzero value. From our analysis we identify an element of Σ which arises from the above-mentioned nonlinear constraint and is key to the viability of the ENE transition. If this self-energy would be zero, then the model supports a sharp ENE transition with D(R)=0 as predicted by Kawasaki and Miyazima. With the full model having nonzero value for this self-energy, the density autocorrelation function decays to zero in the long-time limit. Hence the ENE transition is not supported in the model.

Velocity-gradient probability distribution functions in a lagrangian model of turbulence

The Recent Fluid Deformation Closure (RFDC) model of lagrangian turbulence is recast in path-integral language within the framework of the Martin–Siggia–Rose functional formalism. In order to derive analytical expressions for the velocity-gradient probability distribution functions (vgPDFs), we carry out noise renormalization in the low-frequency regime and find approximate extrema for the Martin–Siggia–Rose effective action. We verify, with the help of Monte Carlo simulations, that the vgPDFs so obtained yield a close description of the single-point statistical features implied by the original RFDC stochastic differential equations.

Dynamical renormalization group methods in theory of eternal inflation

Dynamics of eternal inflation on the landscape admits a description in terms of the Martin-Siggia-Rose (MSR) effective field theory, that is, in one-to-one correspondence with vacuum dynamics equations. On those sectors of the landscape, where transport properties of the probability measure for eternal inflation are important, renormalization group fixed points of the MSR effective action determine late-time behavior of the probability measure. I argue that these RG fixed points may be relevant for the solution of the gauge invariance problem for eternal inflation.

Quantum-classical correspondence principles for locally nonequilibrium driven systems

Many of the core concepts and (especially field-theoretic) tools of statistical mechanics have developed within the context of thermodynamic equilibrium, where state variables are all taken to be charges, meaning that their values are inherently preserved under reversal of the direction of time. A principle concern of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics is to understand the emergence and stability of currents, quantities whose values change sign under time reversal. Whereas the correspondence between classical charge-valued state variables and their underlying statistical or quantum ensembles is quite well understood, the study of currents away from equilibrium has been more fragmentary, with classical descriptions relying on the asymmetric auxiliary-field formalism of Martin, Siggia, and Rose (and often restricted to the Markovian assumption of Doi and Peliti), while quantum descriptions employ a symmetric two-field formalism introduced by Schwinger and further clarified by Keldysh. In this paper we demonstrate that for quantum ensembles in which superposition is not violated by very strong conditions of decoherence, there is a large natural generalization of the principles and tools of equilibrium, which not only admits but requires the introduction of current-valued state variables. For these systems, not only do Martin-Siggia-Rose (MSR) and Schwinger-Keldysh (SK) field methods both exist, in some cases they provide inequivalent classical and quantum descriptions of identical ensembles. With these systems for examples, we can both study the correspondence between classical and quantum descriptions of currents, and also clarify the nature of the mapping between the structurally homologous but interpretationally different MSR and SK formalisms.

Dynamics of disordered type-II superconductors: Peak effect and the I– V curves

We quantitatively describe the competition between the thermal fluctuations and disorder by the Ginzburg–Landau approach using both the replica method in statics and the dynamical Martin–Siggia–Rose approach which allows generalization beyond linear response. The two methods are consistent in static, while the dynamical method allows calculation of the critical current as function of magnetic field and temperature. The surface in the J–B–T space defined by this function separates between a dissipative moving vortex matter regime and vortex glass. The non-Ohmic I– V curve is obtained.

Large-order asymptotes for dynamic models

Large-order asymptotics in dynamic field theories constructed from Langevin equations with the aid of the Martin–Siggia–Rose formalism are considered. The existence of instantons in dynamic models is discussed. Specific features of the instanton approach in the dynamic models are shown in the examples of the standard dynamic 4-based models from A to H in the common classification and Kraichnan model of passive scalar advection in turbulent flow. The results obtained demonstrate that the series of the perturbation expansions for the dynamic 4-related models is—as usual—asymptotic with zero radius of convergence. Main parameters of large-order asymptotes are determined. In the Kraichnan model, however, the situation is different. Our results show that the series here has a finite radius of convergence. This radius as well as the character of the singularity of the functions investigated was determined.

Schrödinger invariance and spacetime symmetries

The free Schrödinger equation with mass M can be turned into a non-massive Klein–Gordon equation via Fourier transformation with respect to M . The kinematic symmetry algebra sch d of the free d-dimensional Schrödinger equation with M fixed appears therefore naturally as a parabolic subalgebra of the complexified conformal algebra conf d+2 in d+2 dimensions. The explicit classification of the parabolic subalgebras of conf 3 yields physically interesting dynamic symmetry algebras. This allows us to propose a new dynamic symmetry group relevant for the description of ageing far from thermal equilibrium, with a dynamical exponent z=2. The Ward identities resulting from the invariance under conf d+2 and its parabolic subalgebras are derived and the corresponding free-field energy–momentum tensor is constructed. We also derive the scaling form and the causality conditions for the two- and three-point functions and their relationship with response functions in the context of Martin–Siggia–Rose theory.