Martial Arts Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TECHNIQUE OF KICKING WITH THE LEFT FOOT TO THE SIDE FROM THE LEFT-HANDED STANCE OF HIGHLY SKILLED ATHLETES SPECIALISING IN HAND-TO-HAND COMBAT

The relevance of the research topic. A wide arsenal of technical actions and a wide range of potential conflict situations that regularly occur in the course of martial arts determine the peculiarities of operations, actions and mechanisms for their improvement. The aim of the research was to analyse the indicators of the spatial-temporal structure of the technique of a kick with the left foot to the side from the left- handed stand performed by highly skilled sportsmen. Research methods: analysis of literature sources, video recording and biomechanical video computer analysis using the optoelectronic system "Qualisys", methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The movement of the biolinks of the athletes' body during the phase of preparing for the impact is from 0.03 m to 0.25 m. During the kicking phase, the values of the average velocities of the right ankle and right knee joints are 4.23 m·s-1 and 2.26 m·s -1 respectively. Conclusions. The execution of a blow is effective from the point of view of biomechanical analysis, and the indicators of the kinematic structure of movements during the execution of this blow can be used both as a reference sample of sports technique and for the development of model characteristics of movements based on them. The values of the average velocities of the shoulder, elbow, and carpal joints of the right hand during the walking phase are 0.50 m·s-1, 1.10 m·s-1, and 0.95 m·s-1, respectively. The average speed of the shoulder joint of the left hand is 0.69 m·s-1, the left elbow joint - 0.97 m·s-1, and the left carpal joint - 2.03 m·s-1. Such high indicators of the average speeds of the hand joints during the walking phase indicate swinging movements to increase the force of the impact due to the use of inertial forces. The movement of the biolinks of the athletes' body during the walking phase ranges from 0.08 m to 0.63 m. The values of the indicators of the joints of the upper limbs during the two support phases when performing a left leg kick to the side from the left stance are: right shoulder joint - 0.65 m·s-1, left shoulder joint -0.52 m·s-1, right elbow joint – 2.73 m·s-1, left elbow joint – 1.71 m·s-1, right and left carpal joints – 1.84 m·s-1. In the two-support phase, the movement of the studied body points of the athletes is in the range from 0.08 m to 0.56 m. The values of the average velocities of the studied body points of the athletes during the contact phase when performing a left leg kick to the side from the left stance range from 0.23 m s- 1 to 2.53 m·s-1, and the displacement of the same points during this phase is from 0.02 m to 0.20 m

Exploring the 3-dimensional variability of websites' user-stories using triadic concept analysis

Configurable software systems and families of similar software systems are increasingly being considered by industry to provide software tailored to each customer's needs. Their development requires managing software variability, i.e. commonalities, differences and constraints. A primary step is properly analyzing the variability of software, which can be done at various levels, from specification to deployment. In this paper, we focus on the software variability expressed through user-stories, viz. short formatted sentences indicating which user role can perform which action at the specification level. At this level, variability is usually analyzed in a two dimension view, i.e. software described by features, and considering the roles apart. The novelty of this work is to model the three dimensions of the variability (i.e. software, roles, features) and explore it using Triadic Concept Analysis (TCA), an extension of Formal Concept Analysis. The variability exploration is based on the extraction of 3-dimensional implication rules. The adopted methodology is applied to a case study made of 65 commercial web sites in four domains, i.e. manga, martial arts sports equipment, board games including trading cards, and video-games. This work highlights the diversity of information provided by such methodology to draw directions for the development of a new product or for building software variability models.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ПОЯСНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ОЦІНКИ РІВНЯ КВАЛІФІКАЦІЇ СПОРТСМЕНІВ У РІЗНИХ ВИДАХ СПОРТИВНИХ ЄДИНОБОРСТВ

Relevance of the research topic. Millions of people around the world engage in martial arts, and interest in this type of activity continues to grow. As you know, the goal of building any educational and training process in many types of sports is to achieve the maximum possible result in competitive activities. The existing system of knowledge regarding traditional approaches to building the training process in martial arts proves that in many types of duels there are two possible ways to achieve the desired result. One is the acquisition of championship titles by winning competitions, the other is the acquisition of qualification belts for the performance of certain complex technical actions: kata or tuli (certain connections from stances, movements, striking and defensive actions, as well as the technique of performing motor actions inherent in the respective species duels). First of all, the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of the belt system in various types of martial arts will significantly expand the range of knowledge, the possibilities of using the most effective means and methods for the construction of a modern system of martial arts training. The purpose of the study is to investigate the features of the functioning of the belt system for assessing the level of qualification of athletes in various types of martial arts. Methods. In accordance with the topic of the study, an analysis and generalization of the scientific and methodological literature of Ukrainian and foreign specialists was carried out, normative program documents of the most popular types of martial arts in the world (judo, karate, jiu-jitsu, taekwon-do) were studied. Research results. The belt system for assessing the level of qualification of athletes is inherent in many types of martial arts and is an effective alternative to competitive activities in the direction of obtaining the desired result. A large number of apprentice and master qualification degrees, gentle load regimes, the absence of extreme conditions, and the focus on perfect mastery of technical skills make it possible to practice martial arts for many years. Conclusions. According to modern ideas about the construction of a training system in various types of martial arts, for further effective existence as a tool for the development of mass sports, the belt system for evaluating the level of qualification of athletes needs immediate changes, the introduction of new modern technologies taking into account scientific achievements in the field of sports science.

The Effect of Total Body Resistance Exercise Variations on the Speed of Youth Pencak Silat Scythe Kicks

The magnitude of the sickle strike directly influences the number of match points that can be achieved in the martial art of Pencak Silat. The aim of this study is to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the impact of different types of Total Body Resistance Exercise training on the speed of Pencak silat sickle kicks performed by teenagers. This research methodology utilises a hypothetical inquiry that consists of two distinct groups: an experimental group and a control group. The subjects of this study were combatants who had engaged in the practice of Pencak silat at State Vocational High School (SMK) Negeri 1 Stabat. There were a total of 52 participants who met the requirements for this inquiry. The sample was gathered using purposive sampling, which followed the specified criteria. To participate, one must have attended Pencak silat training sessions at SMK N 1 Stabat, have a high level of skill in the fundamental methods of the sickle kick, be between the ages of 17 and 19, and be willing to serve as a study sample. The confirmation of eligibility for a group of 33 individuals, consisting of 17 girls and 16 males, resulted from the assessment of these specific criteria. This research apparatus is utilised to assess the speed of Pencak silat kicks and estimate the impact of sickle blows. Consequently, Total Body Resistance Exercise training affects the speed of sickle kicks. However, there is no noticeable statistically significant variation in sickle kick speed among adolescent Pencak Silat practitioners.

The Educational Value and Practical Strategies of Ideological and Political Education in Martial Arts Courses in Universities

With the continuous deepening of education reform, strengthening the construction of ideological and political courses and implementing moral education has become the focus of many universities. The martial arts courses in universities contain rich elements of ideological and political education, and by carrying out corresponding teaching activities, students can ensure their physical and mental health development. Therefore, in the new era, universities and martial arts curriculum teachers should adapt to the development of the world, focus on improving students’ comprehensive abilities, carry out effective teaching activities around ideological and political courses, and effectively deepen the reform of martial arts teaching in universities. This article studies the educational value and practical strategies of ideological and political education in martial arts courses in universities and puts forward corresponding opinions on this.

Identification of sports categorization

Sports play a significant role in improving human health and financial status, particularly in competitive sports. It is also closely related to the prestige of a region or country. To achieve maximum results, appropriate guidance is required, which can be provided by relevant parties. Policy makers require a specific coaching system based on the characteristics of different sports, which should be carried out continuously with systematically arranged stages. With numerous sports available, it can be challenging to monitor the progress and evaluation of each sport. Therefore, it is necessary to categorize sports based on their characteristics. This research aims to form categories of sports that are adapted to the various characteristics of each sport. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The sports that are used as references are those that are competed in the Olympics, as well as those that are competed in Indonesia, especially in National Sports Week (PON). The sample includes 39 sports. After analyzing the characteristics of sports, the following categorizations have been produced: accuracy sports, martial arts, extreme sports, assessment sports, games sports, racquet sports, and measurable sports. Keywords: Category, Identification, Sport, Olympics.

Japanese martial arts (JMA) practice is an effective wellbeing strategy in post-COVID: a qualitative appraisal

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the experiences of Japanese martial arts (JMA) practitioners during the COVID-19 to understand how JMA impacted on their mental wellbeing. Using online semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis, we explored the first-hand experiences of JMA practitioners in COVID-19 regarding their mental wellbeing. 12 practitioners were recruited through the researchers’ network. Two research questions were established, exploring the impact of COVID-19 on their wellbeing (RQ1), and how JMA helped their mental wellbeing (RQ2). Four themes were identified. Theme 1 “Little impact on JMA practitioners’ wellbeing (responding to RQ1)”; Theme 2 “JMA training as a coping mechanism (RQ2)”; Theme 3 “Self-mastery and self-development (RQ2)”, and Theme 4 “Self-reflection (RQ2)”. Our findings suggest JMA practitioners maintained good mental wellbeing during the stressful pandemic time. Mental wellbeing benefits of JMA may be summarised as “self-care”, as self-mastery, self-development, and self-reflection were reported by the participants. These benefits may lead to better coping. Longitudinal and mixed-method research is needed to better understand their experiences.

MASS-12: Evidence-based Martial Arts Striking Sports Injury Prevention Programme

Despite a focus on contact injuries in martial arts, many injuries are non-contact, from ligament tears to ankle sprains, and could be prevented with appropriate prehabilitation. With an emphasis on tradition, recreational martial arts clubs have not yet widely adopted modern prehabilitation exercises. We reviewed the literature to identify injury prevalence and mechanism in martial arts striking sports (MASS). Given the lack of data on female martial artists, we also reviewed common injuries in female athletes. We then identified sport-specific evidence-based interventions using a combination of literature review and Physiotec and filtered this through the constraints of recreational MASS environments to develop a cohesive, useable prehabilitation programme. We propose a programme of 12 exercises for injury prevention (MASS-12). We emphasise the importance of biomechanical retraining to prevent common injuries in martial arts. Hip-knee-ankle alignment is key to injury prevention in MASS, while improved injury surveillance is needed for future intervention.

<em>Je Suis Pas Tatamisé</em>: Five Spectrums of Variation in the Narratives of 20 Aikido Experts Worldwide in 2020

This qualitative study delved into the contemporary meaning of aikido through 20 expert interviews conducted in 2020. The interviewees were purposively selected and the analysis of the interview data identified five spectrum themes. (1) The spectrum of aikido practice ranges from soft to tough training style. (2) The aikido motivation spectrum moves from self-defence to self-transformation. (3) The spectrum of aikido in society shows the different social contexts in which aikido is practised. (4) The spectrum of tangible values reveals the various material aspects of Japanese culture that experts adopt. Finally, (5) the spectrum of intangible values shows how experts perceive the immaterial significance of aikido differently. While the answers of the experts varied, the analysis revealed similarities and differences that prove aikido is a worldwide phenomenon with unique experiences. The study concludes that the five spectrums of variation add to the discourse against simplifying aikido or other martial arts.

Motivational dynamics and training experiences among female Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners

This study explored achievement goal orientations, perceptions of the motivational climate, and experiences during training among female Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) practitioners. 137 active female practitioners from 26 countries were included. Our findings revealed that female BJJ practitioners shared a similar emphasis on mastery approach goals as their male counterparts. A notable difference was observed for perceptions of the motivational climate, with female practitioners perceiving the climate as more mastery-oriented than males. We also found relationships between motivational dynamics and factors such as rank, training duration and experience, instructor status, and competition participation. Overall, female BJJ practitioners exhibit a strong emphasis on mastery goals and generally perceive the training climate as mastery-orientated, suggesting an inclination towards adaptive behavior in challenging situations. These results reaffirm the compatibility between mastery goals and competitive martial arts practice and provide a novel characterization of the motivational dynamics of active female grapplers.

The revival of Wudang Daoist martial arts

This paper writes the recent history of the revival of Wudang Taiji Boxing. In 20th-century China, first reformers, then communists stigmatized traditional martial arts. But after China's leaders, under Deng Xiaoping, initiated a new era of reform and opening up in 1978, all that changed. In 1980, a member of the Qing royal family who had spent seven months at Wudang Mountain in 1929 performed the style he had learned at Wudang at a national sports event. In so doing, he sparked a revival leading to the formation of the Wudang Taoist Martial Arts Academy and other academies and groups. The modern history of Taiji Boxing is not only the history of a martial arts form, but also of the secularization of Chinese ideology, suppression of religion, the reworking of traditional practices of self-cultivation as exercise and sport, and the commercialization and commodification of martial arts for a global audience.

Navigation of Training and Advancement in Karate and Krav Maga

The purpose of this autoethnographic narrative is twofold. First, the discussion will explore the intersection of gender and age as it is discussed through the martial art experience of a female practitioner. Second, the mind/body relationship is discussed concerning reflexive body techniques. Through twenty years and more of a martial arts career, the intersection of gender and age is examined to highlight the transformation to empowerment while navigating internal and external barriers affecting training and advancement. This process also encapsulates how the mind can message the trained body in a gendered aging body discourse. Overall, this narrative indicates that martial arts can be used as a medium for the transformation to empowerment; however, this transformation is an act of perseverance.

Autobiographical accounts of military hand-to-hand combat

The current study examines autobiographical accounts of soldiers to enhance our understanding of the demands faced, and the subsequent emotional responses experienced, during the military combat task of hand-to-hand fighting. Nine autobiographies with descriptions of military hand-to-hand fighting were sampled, and three themes were developed: unexpected, life-threatening, and killing. The findings extend the current literature by illustrating the severe psychological strain soldiers face from hand-to-hand fighting situations, such as having to apply lethal actions against an opponent, and suggesting how in situ cognitive performance degradations can result from the encountered fear-based affective components. Based on this study, recommendations are offered to enhance representativeness in training for military hand-to-hand fighting. The autobiographical analysis in this study presents an approach for enhancing existing and future interview-based research that explores affective components of martial arts that prepare for violent conflicts.

Movements that Matter: How Martial Arts Studies Can Reframe the Ethics of First-Blush Empathy

If empathy is how bodies resonate with one another, and ethics is what we are meant to do with that resonance, consideration of the ethics of empathy must begin with the split-second, non-conscious resonance between bodies: first-blush empathy. By combining the expertise of academics and practitioners of bodily knowledge, martial arts studies can distinctively consider how to cultivate the most ethical responses to others. This disciplinary argument takes physical form through a reading of a practice from Shotokan Aiki-karate-do that opposes hyper-attention to self or other with cultivated non-attention. To unpack these principles, the essay then uses philosophy of mind from to illustrate how attention provides a more compelling description of this initial bodily response to other bodies than intention. To most ethically engage others without imposing our own knowledge or self-absorption, we should cultivate deliberate habits of receptivity around first-blush empathy.

Comparison of choroidal thickness, superficial and deep retinal vascular indices, and foveal avascular zones: Martial arts athletes vs healthy non-athletes

AimThe study aims to compare choroidal thickness, deep and superficial retinal capillary plexuses, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters in elite martial arts athletes and a healthy sedentary control group. MethodsThe study included martial arts athletes (32 individuals, 64 eyes) and healthy sedentary persons (43 individuals with healthy sedentary lifestyles, 86 eyes) aged 18–35 years. In this single non-repeated observational and cross-sectional study, choroidal thickness, superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses, and FAZ measurements were measured using Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) and compared between groups. ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found (p > 0.05) in age, IOP, AL (axial length), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) parameters between groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in choroidal thickness, superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses, and FAZ parameters determined by the OCTA method (p > 0.05). ConclusionIn our study, we observed that the retinal and choroidal structures of martial art athletes and healthy sedentary individuals were similar. This observation implies that the putative microvascular effects on the choroid and retina in martial arts, especially those based on the anaerobic energy system, may reflect similar outcomes to those observed in individuals with sedentary lifestyles characterized by healthiness.

Features of the intestinal microbiome in athletes engaged in martial arts

The purpose of the study: the study of the characteristics of the intestinal microbiome in young men who are professionally engaged in sports.Materials and methods: the study involved 36 young men aged 18 to 26 years. Fecal samples were taken from the study participants and then bacterial DNA was isolated from the obtained samples.Results: comparing the intestinal microbe of athletes with the control group, it is possible to trace the positive effect of sports on the overall diversity of representatives of the intestinal microbiota. When analyzing the taxonomic composition, it is worth separately noting the increase in representatives of lactate-producing bacteria and the increased content of Akkermansia muciniphila in athletes.Conclusions: the results of the study indicate the effects of sports training on the human gut microbiota and suggest the presence of a close two-way relationship “microbiome — muscle tissue”.

Upaya Mempertahankan Eksistensi Seni Kuntulan di Desa Kabunan Kecamatan Dukuhwaru Kabupaten Tegal

As a village rich in regional arts, Kabunan often sends its art groups to be displayed to the general public. The art inherent in the Kabunan village community is kuntulan art. Kuntulan art itself is an art that combines the Javanese art of flying music and the martial art of pencak silat. The art of kuntulan in Kabunan village is very embedded with the proven achievements of kuntulan art in Kabunan village at the district level. The potential for Kuntulan art to be passed on to children and grandchildren is enormous. However, some people don't understand the art of kuntulan and many don't know that in Kabunan village there is village potential, especially legendary traditional art. This is the key to the development of kuntulan art. Thus maintaining the existential value of kuntulan art. Until now, Kuntulan art is still often performed at large events. Only accompanied by Javanese flying and silat movements which are the aesthetic value of this traditional art. Therefore, we are students from a group of 12 villages in Kabunan sub-district. Dukuhwaru introduced the art of kuntulan to the wider community through interviews with the head of the kuntulan and the members who follow him. The suggestion for our activity aims to expand knowledge about kuntulan dance and introduce kuntulan art in Kabunan village.

Time efficiency and match optimization in scheduling Pencak Silat matches: a case study of the Sleman Regency Student Pencak Silat Championship in 2023

The issue of this research is that many pencak silat matches in Indonesia still use manual calculations in several dis-tricts/regencys, then the calculation data is inputted into the system. This will take a lot of time, so the pencak silat match schedule spends a lot of time. The data used is the number of parties at the Sleman Regency Student Pencak Silat Championship in 2023. This research aims to find calculations to maximize the number of parties/matches/match numbers per day in a martial arts match. The method that can be used is the Preemptive Multiple Bounded Knapsack Problem (PMBKP). PMBKP involves distributing the quanti-ty of different types of items to a group of knapsacks with their respective priorities and capacity limits. The PMBKP results obtained in the 2023 Sleman District Pencak Silat Championship problem using the Branch and Bound algorithm are 175 parties on the first day, 133 parties on the second day, 128 parties on the third day, 127 parties on the fourth day, and 72 parties on the fifth day. These results can be said to be effective if applied to pencak silat matches that aim to nurture achievements, such as introductions and district/regency level matches. Keywords: Pencak Silat, Competition, Sports Schedule

Poster 390: Combat Sports Related Upper Extremity Injuries Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States: A NEISS Database Study

Objectives: Combat sports continue to be a popular form of recreation within the United States. With this continually increasing popularity and participation comes an increase in associated injuries as well. Despite this, there remains a paucity of studies characterizing injury patterns, types, and anatomic distributions of injuries sustained during participation in combat sports, thus necessitating further investigation. The goal of this study is to provide an updated description of injuries within combat sports, specifically to the upper extremity and presenting to US emergency departments (EDs). It is our hope that this information may be utilized by participants and trainers to help develop preventative strategies, as well as by health care professionals to diagnose patients and provide the appropriate treatment more readily and accurately. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed utilizing data from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission’s (CPSC) National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) between 2003 and 2022. Data were limited to product codes 1200 (unclassified sports or recreational activity), 1207 (boxing), 1270 (wrestling), and 3257 (martial arts). The year designation variable was added to each year’s remaining dataset, and all years were concatenated into a single compiled dataset containing 84,812 observations. Beginning in 2019, the NEISS database updated their gender designations to include sexes which were unidentified or non-binary. Designations of unidentified or nonbinary genders were removed from the dataset, reducing the sample size to 84,807 observations. Data were then filtered to include only injuries of the upper extremity, reducing sample size to 29,364. Anatomic regions of interest included shoulder, upper arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers. Narratives were reviewed to remove unclassified injuries that did not describe a combat sport of any type, injuries where the reference was to a different primary cause, or terminology overlap. For example, boxing injuries occurring from punching bag arcade games were excluded. Finally, several diagnoses were excluded, such as contusion, crushing injuries, dermatitis, puncture wounds, hematomas, hemorrhages, and other/not stated. Diagnoses of interest included dislocations, fractures, and strains/sprains. The final sample size was 12,642. Injury rates for specific injury types and upper extremity subregions were described as percentages of total injuries, both within each sport category and across all sports. Injury rates were also assessed on a year-by-year basis, and year-to-year variation within and between sports was assessed using chi-square tests. Results: Of the 12,642 upper extremity injuries for which patients presented to US EDs between the years 2003 and 2022, nearly half were sustained from wrestling (6230, 49.3%) whereas the remaining half were more evenly distributed between boxing (3318, 26.2%) and martial arts (3094, 24.5%). There was a significant effect of time on injury distributions by sport (chi-square test: X2 =80.89, P < 0.001). Even when accounting for the years during COVID-19, significant differences between sports and over time were still detected. When assessing anatomic regions injured by sport, wrestling unsurprisingly accounted for most shoulder (59.5%), upper arm (67.7%), elbow (75.3%), forearm (57.6%), and finger (50.3%) injuries given the amount of overall wrestling injuries compared to boxing and martial arts. Boxing, however, accounted for most hand (64.1%) and wrist (37.7%) injuries, despite fewer overall injuries compared to wrestling. The most frequently injured regions within boxing, wrestling, and martial arts were the hand (40.1%), shoulder, (33.8%), and shoulder (28%), respectively. Regarding injury types, wrestling accounted for the highest percentage of each type, including dislocations (55.7%), fractures (46.9), and strains/sprains (50%). Remaining frequencies for dislocations, fractures, and strains/sprains were roughly equal in distributions for boxing and martial arts. Strains/sprains were much more common than dislocations in each sport as well, with a ~4:1 ratio in boxing, and a ~3:1 ratio in wrestling and in martial arts. The most common specific injuries (anatomic region + injury type) sustained across all sports were shoulder strain/sprain (14.7%), followed by hand fractures (13.1%), wrist strain/sprain (9.5%), finger fractures (8.7%), forearm fractures (7.2%), shoulder dislocation (7.1%), finger strain/sprain (6.4%), shoulder fractures (6.2%), wrist fractures (5.4%), and elbow strain/sprain (5.0%). Wrestling accounted for most of these injuries; however, boxing accounted for the majority of hand fractures and dislocations, as well as strains/sprains of the wrist and upper arm. Conclusions: This study demonstrates significant variability in pattern and location of injuries sustained from wrestling, boxing, and martial arts. By providing updated insight regarding the temporal trends and injury patterns to the upper extremity in boxing, wrestling, and martial arts, this study may assist in the efforts to continue advancing safety measures in a group of sports that continues to gain interest in the United States.

THE GENESIS OF TAEKWONDO AROUND THE WORLD

Taekwondo is a martial art from Korea that has grown into a popular sport worldwide. This article looks at how taekwondo started and spread globally. We explore important historical events, cultural influences, and the role of international groups. The study shows how taekwondo combines tradition and modernity and its impact on global sports and culture.