Marrubium Vulgare Research Articles

Ontogenetic changes in the morphology of Eharius chergui (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

The morphological ontogeny of Eharius chergui (Athias-Henriot, 1960) is described in this paper based on laboratory-reared specimens originating from Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) collected in North Island, New Zealand. Malformation was observed in the development of some idiosomal setae in some specimens and was suggested to be related to the host plant M. vulgare.

In-vitro Anthelmintic Effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Marrubium vulgare Leaves Against Bovine Digestive Strongyles.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the anthelmintic activity of Marrubium vulgare L. growing in Algeria against digestive strongyles in naturally infected bovine. The anthelmintic activities of the extracts were evaluated using the egg hatch assay and larval mortality assay. Leaves powder of M. vulgare as extracted by maceration. Ethanolic (EE) and aqueous extracts (AE) were tested at 0.78, 1.55, 3.1, 6.2, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml. Albendazole and dimethyl sulfoxide were used as positive and negative controls at concentrations20 mg/ml and 3%, respectively. The mean embryonation rate was maximum in AE and EE (48.4±3.47% and 54.2±2.87%, respectively) of M. vulgare leaves. The extracts of M. vulgare leaves high effects were observed with 50 mg/ml, but the lowest reduction on parasite eggs hatchability was observed in cultures exposed to 0.78 mg/ml to both extracts. The larval mortality rate of both AE and EE from M. vulgare showed that the extracts at 50 mg/ml exhibited 45.8±1.99% and 51±2.53%, respectively, at 24h. The findings of the present study showed that AE and EE of M. vulgare leaves have a potential anthelmintic activity on eggs and larvae of bovine strongyles parasites in vitro.

Lead phytoremediation potential of sixty-one plant species: An open field survey

Abstract Lead poisoning has been documented as a key public health threat, mostly in developing countries. Though several public health and occupational methods have been undertaken in order to control lead exposure, cases of lead poisoning are still reported. Exposure to lead produces various deleterious effects on the hematopoietic, renal, and reproductive and central nervous system, mainly through increased oxidative stress. These alterations play a prominent role in disease manifestations. In the current paper the concentration of lead was analysed in the soil of different sites and plant parts (roots and shoots) in their natural habitat. The concentration of lead in the soil and plant parts; roots and shoots was found in the range of 1- 32.3, 22-533.33 and 13.67-432 mg/Kg respectively. Bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF) and bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) of all the analysed plants were calculated. The feasibility of each plant species for the phytoremediation of lead metal was evaluated on the basis of BCF, TF and BAC. The BCFs, TFs and BACs values of the plants for lead metal was found in the range of 1.86-193.33, 0.05-8.3 and 1.79-219 respectively. Most of the plant species showed feasibility for the phytoremediation of lead metal but based on its concentration in shoots and BCFs, TFs and BACs values, Erigeron canadensis L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Medicago minima (L.) L., Delphinium uncinatum Hook.f. & Thomson and Verbena officinalis L. were found the most efficient plants for the phytoextraction of lead while based on its concentration in roots and BCFs, TFs and BACs values, Nonea edgeworthii A. DC., Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr., Marrubium vulgare L. and Ranunculus arvensis L. for the phytostabilization of lead metal. Keywords: Lead; Phytoremediation; Phytoextraction; Phytostabilization http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700200

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Organic and Aqueous Extracts of Northeast Algerian Marrubium vulgare

Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) is frequently used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses from ancient times. Its beneficial effects include antibacterial, antioedematogenic, and analgesic activities. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of organic and aqueous extracts of the leaves, the flowers, the stems, and the roots of Marrubium vulgare. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts have been investigated by using different in-vitro methods. It was found that the ethyl acetate extract from Marrubium vulgare stems had the highest total phenolic content, while the ethyl acetate extract from the leaves yielded a high concentration of flavonoids. The ethyl acetate extract from the stems exhibited the highest activity in scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), as well as in protecting erythrocytes. The leaves aqueous extract exhibited the highest ferrous chelating activity and its methanolic extract was found to be the strongest inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in β-carotene bleaching assay. The leaves chloroform extracts as well as the flowers methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts were found to decrease the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) cytokine levels in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the flowers methanolic extract and the leaves methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts decreased the interleukin-1 beta (IL- 1β) release. It was also found that the methanol extract from the flowers and the chloroform extract from the stems of Marrubium vulgare inhibited interleukin-8 (IL-8) release. This study provides a scientific basis for the traditional use of Marrubium vulgare as an anti-inflammatory agent and for the plant to be considered as an important resource of natural antioxidants.

ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF PRESCRIBING CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NHS SECONDARY SECTOR

The overall objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the hemostatic activity of secondary metabolites (polyphones, flavonoïds and tannins) of Marrubium vulgare leaves, aromatic plant widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma, cough, diabetes ( by its effect on the pancreas to secrete insulin), heart disease, fever has a high efficiency as against inflammation. Qualitative analysis of the aqueous extract (AQE ) by thin layer chromatography revealed the presence of quercetin, kaempferol and rutin. Quantification of total phenols by Folin Ciocalteu method and flavonoïds by AlCl3 method gave high values with AQE: 175 ± 0.80 mg GAE per 100g of the dry matter, 23.86 ± 0.36 mg QE per 100g of dry matter. Moreover, the assay of condensed tannins by the vanillin method showed that AQE contains the highest value: 16.55 ± 0.03 mg E-Catechin per 100g of dry matter. Assessment of hemostatic activity by the plasma recalcification method (time of Howell) has allowed us to discover the surprising dose dependent anticoagulant effect of AQE lyophilized from leaves of M. vulgare. A positive linear correlation between the two parameters studied: the content of condensed tannins and hemostatic activity (r = 0.96 ) were used to highlight a possible role of these compounds that are potent vasoconstrictor activity in hemostatic. From these results we can see that Marrubium vulgre could be used for the treatment of health.

Investigation of In vitro Efficacy of Marrubium vulgare L. Essential Oil and Extracts Against Trichomonas vaginalis

Background: Trichomoniasis is one of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infections worldwide that its drug-resistant cases are on the rise. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiprotozoal activity of Marrubium vulgare essential oil and extracts against Trichomonas vaginalis. Methods: After preparation of essential oil and extracts of M. vulgare, five T. vaginalis isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing after 24 and 48 hours of incubation at 35.5°C under aerobic conditions. Results: The examined essential oil and extracts had potent antitrichomonal activities against T. vaginalis. After 48-hour exposure, the most antitrichomonal activity of M. vulgare preparations was related to the essential oil, with a mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 291 ± 136 µg/mL, followed by ethyl acetate (541 ± 197 µg/mL), methanol (1000 ± 0 µg/mL), and n-hexane (1500 ± 490 µg/mL) extracts, in comparison with metronidazole (with MICs ranging from 3.1 to 12.5 µg/mL). Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that the compounds of M. vulgare have significant activities against T. vaginalis parasite. Therefore, future studies are needed to clear more details about antitrichomonal properties of M. vulgare compounds

APHICIDAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST APHIS FABAE (SCOPOLI, 1763) (HEMIPTERA : APHIDIDAE)

The excessive use of pesticides has created many problems for both human health and the environment. Therefore, the search for alternative methods has become a necessity. This study aims to test the effect of aqueous extracts of three plant species (Pistacia atlantica, Marrubium vulgare and Thymus algeriensis) on the larvae of the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) found on the faba bean (Vicia faba) under laboratory conditions. With regard to extraction, two methods were adopted for the three plants: maceration and infusion. Each mixture of plant powder and distilled water was filtered and then diluted to obtain three concentrations (5, 15 and 25%). Three replications of 18 aqueous extracts and a control (distilled water) were tested for their insecticidal effect on the aphid mortalities by counting the dead larvae 6, 12 and 24 h after their placement on treated bean leaflets. In addition, phytochemical screening was carried out to detect the presence of saponins and polyphenols in the studied extracts. Through our study, the maceration extract from T. algeriensis at a concentration of 25% was the most effective, with a 70% of larval mortality rate after 24 h. With respect to phytochemical screening, differences in chemical composition were observed between the analyzed extracts (such as the absence of saponins in P. atlantica and its presence in T. algeriensis), which may have a role in the efficacy of the examined treatments. T. algeriensis extracts may be considered among the tools of integrated pest management (IPM) to minimize the use of synthetic pesticides.

Chemical variability and biological activities of Marrubium vulgare L. essential oil, depending on geographic variation and environmental factors

ABSTRACTVariability of Marrubium vulgare L. essential oil, collected from 10 areas (S1–S10) in Algeria, was investigated. The multivariate analyses classified the studied essential oils into five chemotypes: the β-bisabolene-type (3.1–43.4%) that characterized S7 and S8 populations and being related to the sandy soil with a high altitude, δ-cadinene-type (0.2–34.2%) that characterized S3 and S4 populations and being related to the sandy soil with a high temperature, E-β-farnesene-type (1.4–34.8%) that characterized S9 and S10 populations and being related to the basic soil with a high altitude, β-caryophyllene-type (3.4–43.1%) that characterized S5 and S6 populations and being related to the clay soil with a high organic matter, and germacrene-D-type (2.1–37.9%) that characterized S1 and S2 populations and being related to the silty and salty soils. Furthermore, our findings indicated a high variability for both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which underline the effect of geographic variation and environmental factors on the biological activities.

Herbs with Potential Nephrotoxic Effects According to the Traditional Persian Medicine: Review and Assessment of Scientific Evidence.

The increased use of herbal remedies particularly in patients with kidney diseases indicated the importance of studies, which focused on nephrotoxic plants. The present study aimed to review and assess the kidney-damaging herbs mentioned in the Persian medicine [PM] books. The main PM books were searched for nephrotoxic herbs and their relevant reformers traditionally proposed for preventing renal damage. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were investigated for evaluation of the scientific evidence relating to the nephrotoxicity of herbs. A total of 64 plants with kidney damage potential and their reformer medicaments were recorded in 7 sources included in this review. Allium schoenoprasum and Marrubium vulgare were the most repeated and emphasized nephrotoxic plants in PM books, but there was no relevant scientific evidence. Despite the lack of clinical studies, some evidence was found for 38% of plants that were related to renal damage. The most repeated reformers for reducing the renal side effects mainly consisted of gum tragacanth, gum Arabic, mastic gum, anise, jujube and honey and some evidence was found for their nephroprotective activities. The present study reviewed and assessed the herbs with adverse renal effects in the main PM books. Some evidence was in line with the potential nephrotoxicity of plants and their .reformers. Despite the lack of clinical research for evaluation of their renal damage, the herbs may be focused in term of their nephrotoxicity; and there is a need for further studies on the scientific basis of their nephrotoxicity.

Evaluation of the Tolerance to Temperature and Salinity on Seed Germination of Three Lamiacea from Algerian Scrubland

Abstract Global warming and soil salinity are major constraints threat speared of Mediterranean endogenous flora, however little is known about the effect of these phenomena on seed germination patterns, particularly in Algeria. Germination test under laboratory controlled conditions had been carried out using seeds of Marrubium vulgare, Sideritis incana and Stachys ocymastrum. Seeds were submitted at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C, after that and within optimum temperatures, various sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations of 0, 34, 68, 102 and 136 mM were set to evaluated salinity effect. Germination was more satisfactory on temperatures ranged between 15 and 25 °C. Whereas, increased or decreased temperatures from the optimum bring to germination fall. High seed germination capacity had been showed on non-saline solution. While, germination had depressed by enhanced NaCl solution up to 136 Mm in which Final Germination Percentage are either significantly decreased (for S. ocymastrum seeds 18% germination) or absolutely inhibited (for M. vulgare and S. incana seeds), as well Initial Germination Day are delayed. Overall, data showed that germination patterns response varies among species, given that seed germination is remarkably limited by extremes temperatures and salinity.

Catalytic Bases and Stereocontrol in Lamiaceae Class II Diterpene Cyclases.

Plants from the widespread Lamiaceae family produce many labdane-related diterpenoids, a number of which serve medicinal roles, and whose biosynthesis is initiated by class II diterpene cyclases (DTCs). These enzymes utilize a general acid-base catalyzed cyclo-isomerization reaction to produce various stereoisomers of the eponymous labdaenyl carbocation intermediate, which can then undergo rearrangement and/or the addition of water prior to terminating deprotonation. Identification of the pair of residues that cooperatively serve as the catalytic base in the DTCs that produce ent-copalyl diphosphate (CPP) required for gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis in all vascular plants has led to insight into the addition of water as well as rearrangement. Lamiaceae plants generally contain an additional DTC that produces the enantiomeric normal CPP, as well as others that yield hydroxylated products derived from the addition of water. Here the catalytic base in these DTCs was investigated. Notably, changing two adjacent residues that seem to serve as the catalytic base in the normal CPP synthase from Salvia miltiorrhiza (SmCPS) to the residues found in the closely related perigrinol diphosphate synthase from Marrubium vulgare (MvPPS), which produces a partially rearranged and hydroxylated product derived from the distinct syn stereoisomer of labdaenyl+, altered the product outcome in an unexpected fashion. Specifically, the relevant SmCPS:H315N/T316V double mutant produces terpentedienyl diphosphate, which is derived from complete substituent rearrangement of syn rather than normal labdaenyl+. Accordingly, alteration of the residues that normally serve as the catalytic base surprisingly can impact stereocontrol.

Intensification of Essential Oil Extraction of the Marrubium vulgare Using Pulsed Electric Field

This paper is aimed to investigate the application of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) as a pretreatment step for the intensification of the essential oil extraction yield of Marrubium vulgar that is a local plant from Mascara, Algeria. PEF has been applied for this purpose to improve the permeabilization by electroporation of the biological membranes. The PEF treatment was optimized by using the experiments design methodology, by considering as input factors the voltage level, the pulses number and the distillation process duration. Obtained results have shown that (i) the electrical conductivity of the sample increases due to the enhancement of the mass transfer (ii) the extraction process is significantly improved because the amount of the PEF-treated essential oil has increased up to three times. Moreover, physicochemical analysis of the essential oil carried out before and after treatment has shown that almost all parameters were identified and recovered after treatment.

Two new species of Eharius Tuttle Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from Turkey, with a key to world species.

Two new species of the genus Eharius Tuttle Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Eharius karuti sp. nov. and Eharius stathakisi sp. nov. are described and illustrated, based on specimens collected from Phlomis sp. and Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) from Turkey. A key to the known species of the genus is provided.

Adaptation of Marrubium vulgare L. species to the habitat alteration in disturbance regime.

MARRUBIUM VULGARE L (white horehound) is a perennial flowering species belongs to Labiatae (Lamiaceae). Marrubium genus is native to North Africa, Europe, and the Mediterranean basin. Worldwide, it represented by 30 species. In Egypt, there are two species only distributed in the northern coastal belt wherever calcareous or oolitic sand formation, especially in marginal lands and waste ground, the ruins of the old abandoned house and road sides. The main differences between the two species are life span (perennial and annual), number of calyx teeth (10 and 5) and the color of the corolla (white and pale pink) of M. vulgare and M. alysson, respectively. With the accelerated rate of climate change and urbanization and their destroyed effects on biodiversity loss and fragmentation of habitat. This study examines if some species could adapted to habitat disturbance. For this purposes we choose M. vulgare as a model species for habitat disturbance. Phenological aspects, distribution, density, size structure and reproductive efforts of M. vulgare were studied in four different locations in the western Mediterranean section. Locations are representing two different habitats: Road sides (wild habitats) and abandoned places (urban habitat). The study claimed that there are a significant difference between reproductive efforts, size index and density, whereas, no differences between the phenological aspects.

Profil fitochemiczny i potencjał terapeutyczny szanty zwyczajnej (Marrubium vulgare) – przegląd aktualnego stanu wiedzy

Profil fitochemiczny i potencjał terapeutyczny szanty zwyczajnej (Marrubium vulgare) – przegląd aktualnego stanu wiedzy

Application of Tissue Culture Technique on Marrubium vulgare L. Plant

This study was carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences (FEAS), Arish University, North Sinai, Egypt during 2012 to 2017. The aim of the study was to use tissue culture technique for the micropropagation of Marrubium vulgare plant. One node cutting and shoot tip were cultured on MS, NN and B5 media supplemented with 100 mgl-1 myo-inositol and 3% sucrose. The results showed that shoot tip cultured on the MS medium had the best effect on the establishment stage of mother plants. Multiple shoots were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.00 mgl-1Kin in combination with 0.10 mgl-1 NAA. MS medium supplemented with 0.30 mgl-1 pyridoxine achieved the best shoot development compared with the other additive treatments and control. The highest rooting of shoots was with full strength MS medium supplemented with 1.00 mgl-1IBA and half strength MS medium with 1.50 mgl-1 NAA. Hardening the rooted cuttings was done in a greenhouse in pots containing a mixture of peatmoss, vermiculite and washed sand at the rate of 1:1:1 (v/v/v). Plantlets were successfully acclimated with 90% survival.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity from the essential oil of white Hore hound (Marrubium vulgare)

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity from the essential oil of white Hore hound (Marrubium vulgare)

Impacts of harvest time and water stress on the growth and essential oil components of horehound (Marrubium vulgare)

Abstract The study investigated the effect of water stress and harvesting frequency on the growth and essential oil (EO) content and components of Marrubium vulgare grown under Egyptian conditions. Two-month old seedlings of Marrubium vulgare were transplanted into pots and irrigation treatments (4, 8 and 12 days) were applied one month after transplanting. Growth and chemical component response variables were determined at flowering stage using plants harvested at 80, 150 and 210 days after transplanting. Essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation and expressed as ml 100 g−1 fresh herb. Chemical composition of the EO was determined using liquid chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed that Marrubium plants irrigated every 4 days and harvested at 210 days gave the highest plant height, number of branches and fresh weight, whereas their lowest values were obtained when harvested at 210 days and irrigated every 12 days. On the other hand, the EO content of Marrubium plants irrigated every 12 days and harvested at 80 days was the highest, and the lowest was obtained when harvested at 210 days and irrigated every 4 days. Eighty compounds were identified in the essential oil of Marrubium vulgare. Thymol (29.6–60.7%), carvacrol (0.5–19.3%), m-cymene (1.0–14.2%), γ-terpinene (1.1–12.1%), thymol methyl ether (0.4–10.4%) and α-himachalene (0.0–10.3%) were the major marker compounds, whereas 14 compounds were minor and 60 compounds were considered as traces. In summary, water stress and harvesting frequency affected growth and caused quantitative changes in the essential oil components. It can be concluded that irrigating Marrubium vulgare plants every 4 days and harvesting at 210 days from the transplanting date is essential to maximize production, whereas irrigating every 12 days and harvesting 80 days after transplanting is recommended to maximize essential oil content.

Environmental factors affecting the germination and emergence of white horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.): a weed of arid-zone areas

White horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.), is a troublesome weed of arid zones, particularly in cropping and grazing areas. Understanding the seed ecology of white horehound is relevant to its management. The present study investigated the effects of temperature, light, osmotic potential, salinity, pH, and seeding depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of white horehound. Seeds germinated over a wide range of temperatures, with highest germination (100%) occurring at 25/20°C in either 12-h alternating light/dark or complete darkness. Germination decreased from 92% to 10% as the osmotic potential decreased from 0 to minus 0.6 MPa and germination was completely inhibited at minus 0.8 MPa. Increasing concentration of sodium chloride (salinity) from 50 to 150 mM reduced germination from 68% to 11% but was completely inhibited at 200 mM. Germination was not limited by variation of pH in solutions of pH 5 to pH 10. Maximum germination (99%) occurred at pH 7, but slightly decreased (90%) in acidic or alkaline media. Surface located seeds were highly germinable (87%) where seedling emergence significantly declined as seeding depth increased from 0.5 to 3 cm. Nil seedling emergence was occurred at 4 cm burial depth. Light significantly affected germination, time to 50% germination, mean germination time and germination index. Increasing osmotic and salinity stress both significantly increased the time to start germination, time to 50% germination, mean germination time, but decreased germination index. Burial depth adversely affected seedling emergence with surface located seedlings emerging earlier (4.2 days) compared with 20 days for seeds buried at 3 cm. Results suggest that effective management of white horehound should consider targeting surface located seeds in combination with tools that induce minimal soil disturbance, particularly in relatively non-saline environments.

Biomedical potential of horehound extract (Marrubium vulgare, Lamiaceae)

Introduction. Horehound (Marrubium vulgare, Lamiaceae) is a widely used plant in traditional medicine used for prevention and treatment of various diseases. High content of phenolic compounds makes it a significant source of natural antioxidants. The aim of this research was to examine in vitro antioxidant properties and anticholinesterase activity of horehound water-alcoholic extract, followed by preliminary chemical characterization of horehound. Material and Methods. The in vitro antioxidant potentials of horehound water-alcoholic extract were assessed using several antioxidant testsystems (neutralization of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and nitroso radical, determination of ferric reducing potential, as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation). Preliminary chemical profiling of the extract included estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, while anticholinesterase potential of the examined extract was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results. The amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids in the obtained extract were 59.87 ? 7.31 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry extract and 14.47 ? 0.54 mg quercetin equivalents/g of dry extract respectively. Furthermore, significant antioxidant potential was noticed in the ferric reducing potential assay (64.07 ? 2.68 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g of dry extract), while concentrations needed for neutralization of 50% (IC50) of generated 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitroso and hydroxyl were 13.41 ?g/mL, 64.86 ?g/mL and 63.99 ?g/mL, respectively. The potential of the extract to inhibit lipid peroxidation process was modest (IC50 = 823.82 ?g/mL), while in the case of anticholinesterase potential, the recorded IC50 value was 2821.15 ?g/mL. Conclusion. Horehound represents a significant natural antioxidant, mostly as a result of high levels of phenolic compounds. In addition, the examined ethanol extract has a certain anticholinesterase activity.