Marquis Of Pombal Research Articles

The Bishopric of Maranhão and the Indian Directory: Diocesan Government and the Assimilation of Indigenous Peoples in Amazonia (1677–1798)

The second half of the eighteenth century is crucial to understanding the significant role of the Catholic Church in the many transformations experienced by indigenous peoples due to the policies of the Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (Marquis of Pombal) administration in Portuguese America. No study has yet to examine in depth the collaboration of the episcopate and its agents in this indigenist policy. Here, therefore, I analyse the case of the diocese of Maranhão, in the Portuguese Amazon, from its creation in 1677 until the end of the eighteenth century, demonstrating the jurisdictional dispute between the bishops and the regular clergy over the guardianship of indigenous peoples. I also examine how the appointment of clergy in former indigenous villages took place and how the diocesan structure was expanded to ensure the consolidation of Pombal’s policy amid disputes between diverse actors and interests, including those of the Portuguese state, the bishops and the indigenous population. By analysing a variety of documents using research methodologies that involve varying the scale of observation and pursuing a connected history perspective, I show how the episcopate behaved, despite its limitations and vacancies, in the process of assimilating indigenous peoples.

Rehabilitación de un edificio en Rossio, Lisboa

Esta obra consistió en la rehabilitación de un edificio del siglo XVIII que forma parte del conjunto conocido como la “Baixa Pombalina”, en Lisboa. Este conjunto urbanístico fue edificado durante la reconstrucción de Lisboa tras el gran terremoto de 1755, conforme al plano de Eugénio dos Santos y Carlos Mardel, durante el reinado de D. José I y bajo tutela del Ministro del Reino Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marqués de Pombal. Este edificio en particular integra su fachada sur en una de las plazas principales de la “Baixa”, la plaza D. Pedro IV, popularmente conocida como “Rossio”.

MARQUIS OF POMBAL WITHIN REPRESENTATIONS

Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, known as Marquis of Pombal, is a figure who divides researchers’ opinions. He was the minister of Portugal between 1750-1777 and promoted reforms in different areas, such as education. This paper aims to analyze how he is represented in books and scientific texts published in journals and written by Brazilian authors. To accomplish such goal, we worked on a data collection to gather the texts and went through all of them to examine how they characterize Pombal. We have also compared the results of this research with the findings of another study with the same focus, which aimed to analyze how Pombal was represented in texts published by researchers related to the Federal University of Sergipe. We found 341 scientific texts that portray Pombal in diverse ways, from the proto founder of Brazil to the destroyer of education.Keywords: Marquis of Pombal. Representation. Scientific production

The Making of Pombal: Speculation, Diplomacy and the Iberian Enlightenment, c.1714–1755

AbstractThis article sheds light on the influence of José de Carvajal y Lancaster's establishment of shareholder companies in Spain on the economic programme of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, better known as the Marquis of Pombal. Early eighteenth‐century Spanish debates on the capacity of shareholder companies to foster geopolitical reform informed the overlooked project of European cooperation of José de Carvajal y Lancaster. Carvalho studied and praised Carvajal's commercial reforms and understood that closer diplomatic and commercial collaboration between Spain and Britain would undermine Portugal's geopolitical interests. Carvalho's early economic schemes were thus the result, in part, of Iberian commercial emulation. The Iberian establishment of regulated and joint‐stock companies catalysed reform and reconfigured trans‐imperial commercial relations. Paradoxically, Carvajal and Carvalho's parallel views on European geopolitics, and their understanding of Enlightenment ideals, foreclosed the possibility of a Luso‐Spanish alliance.

A reforma pombalina e suas implicações para a educação brasileira em meados do século XVIII

The historical knowledge of Brazilian formal education is primordial to perceive the educational context of change, which has been lived nowadays and the establishment of differentiated analytical referrals. Thus, based on the premise that the ideologies of each historical moment have directed the implementation of educational proposals, this research aimed at analyzing the importance of understanding both the important historiographic period of Brazilian education and the impact of the educational reforms that have been carried out in Brazil Colony by Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the Marquis of Pombal. The studied period was named as the governmental phase (1750-1777), which occurred during the reign of Dom José I in Portugal and ended in the Pombaline Reforms implemented in Portugal and in Brazil Colony. Such anti-Jesuitical reforms focused on measures whose goals were to take apart the current educational system and to attribute to it the educational decadence of the empire regarding that historical moment in order to put Portugal forward from a new 'cultural' guidance and colonial overexploitation. This is a qualitative and bibliographical research, which shows that the Pombaline reform has destabilized an already safe educational organization without settling down a new model instead. And this meant a backset in educational development, especially in the Brazilian context still under organization.

Perpetual peace and shareholder sovereignty: the political thought of José de Carvajal y Lancaster

ABSTRACTThis article contributes to the recent historiography on Enlightenment plans for European peace by shedding light on the political and intellectual work of the neglected Spanish minister and intellectual José Carvajal y Lancaster. The article begins by outlining the intellectual context surrounding the War of Spanish Succession, and proceeds to analyse the ways that Carvajal deployed, both in his texts and in power, Enlightenment ideals to reform the Spanish Empire and achieve perpetual peace in Europe. The ideas of his first work, his Testamento Político, revealed the ways that the logic of joint-stock companies could catalyse the reform of the Spanish Empire. His measures in government, in turn, illustrated how international cooperation could be mutually beneficial, but turned on his fraught relationship with the future Marquis of Pombal. Finally, his text Mis Pensamientos, written in 1753, envisaged a formal commercial and political coalition between the Spanish and the British Empires. Carvajal’s vision for European peace was at once utopian and clear-eyed, and the ideas behind his plan persist as demanding questions for our age.

The Jesuits in Portugal: the communion of science and religion

For several centuries, the dichotomy between science and religion widened, so much so that these were considered two opposing fields of knowledge. On one side, stood the defenders of rationality, and on the other, obscurantism. Following the anti-Jew myth, with the Enlightenment, the anti-Jesuit myth emerged. This myth started to gain momentum in Portugal with the Marquis of Pombal. Starting from this framework, we raise the following core questions: Were the Jesuits enemies or ardent supporters of science? Can it be that their concern was limited to the religious catechism, and opposed the teaching and dissemination of science? In face of what was stated above, we highlight the following goals: (i) to analyse the role played by the Jesuits in disseminating science in Portugal; (ii) to reflect on the importance given by Jesuits to the social and hygienist pedagogy. As regards methodology, we followed two dimensions of analysis: (1) science, religion, teaching-innovation and dissemination; (2) social and civic pedagogy. This study enabled us to conclude that the strategy and practice followed by the Jesuits served to launch them in the scientific field, playing a part of great relevance in scientific education, contrary to the myth that was created around them.

Leading by fear and by love: Niccolò Machiavelli and the enlightened despotism of the Marquis of Pombal in the eighteenth century Portugal

This study adopts a historical perspective analysis to identify the thought on leadership in the eighteenth-century Portugal. The paper empirically analyses a letter sent from the Portuguese eighteenth-century Minister Marquis of Pombal to the Governor of Maranhão (currently Brazil), about ‘the art of good leadership’. A grounded theory analysis to the letter content found evidence that the enlightened despotism of the Marquis of Pombal can be interpreted as a later echo of the thought of Niccolò Machiavelli. The paper ends by presenting a typology of leadership for paradoxical times and discussing the influence of Machiavelli’s thought in the eighteenth-century debate on religion and enlightenment, as well as the critical role his ideas might play in today’s VUCA world.

Introdução ao modelo de gestão de uma organização portuguesa do Antigo Regime, com particular referência à sua Contabilidade - o Colégio Real dos Nobres (1766)

O artigo explora introdutoriamente uma antiga instituição de ensino portuguesa: o Colégio Real dos Nobres. Este estabelecimento de ensino, fundado em Lisboa em 1761 e inaugurado em 1766, constituiu uma entidade integrante da reforma da instrução pública empreendida pelo Marquês de Pombal no reinado de D. José. O trabalho amplia os limites tradicionais da definição de organizações sem fins lucrativos para a estender a entidades de ensino do Antigo Regime português. O principal objetivo é o de expor os traços principais da organização, gestão e administração escolar desse remoto estabelecimento de ensino, à luz do discurso moderno aplicado na compreensão dos fenómenos adstritos às áreas da educação e da gestão de entidades do sector não lucrativo. Procura-se também efetuar referências no que respeita à ligação Colégio dos Nobres e Contabilidade. Usou-se a metodologia qualitativa e o método de análise de textos e documentos, em particular fontes primárias. As conclusões mais relevantes prendem-se com o facto de o colégio utilizar um sistema de contabilidade por partidas dobradas simplificado e de a entidade, apesar de ter modelos de governação, tanto executiva como financeira, absolutamente inovadores para a época, falhou em aspetos de índole pedagógica, como sejam a inadequação de programas curriculares à idade dos colegiais e o controlo pouco eficaz do comportamento disruptivo do corpo discente.

Os jesuitas en Portugal e a ciencia: continuidades e rupturas (séculos XVI-XVIII)

Apresenta-se, em resumo, a ação dos Jesuítas em Portugal no domínio da ciência, desde a sua entrada em Portugal, no ano de 1540, até à sua expulsão pelo Marquês de Pombal, em 1759. Foi extraordinária a rápida expansão da sua rede de colégios no país e em todo o mundo, incluindo o Brasil, a Índia, a China e o Japão. O Colégio das Artes em Coimbra produziu, entre 1592 e 1606, um conjunto de comentários a Aristóteles que se espalhou nos colégios jesuítas. Por outro lado, no Colégio de S. Antão em Lisboa, funcionou, de 1590 a 1759, uma escola de matemática, intitulada a Aula da Esfera, servida por alguns professores estrangeiros, por exemplo, o italiano Christophoro Borri. Foram esses mestres que trouxeram, não só para Portugal, como também para vários lugares, mesmo os mais remotos do império, as técnicas de observação astronómica introduzidas por Galileu, alargando à escala global a Revolução Científica. O Observatório Astronómico e o Tribunal da Matemática na corte imperial chinesa foram o expoente dessa ação. A meio do século XVIII, pressionados pelo antijesuitismo apoiado pela coroa, a sua ação foi fortemente contrariada. Apesar das acusações de desatualização científica, o certo é que alguns Jesuítas, como o padre Inácio Monteiro, não podem deixar de ser considerados modernos. A extinção da Ordem deixou um vazio no sistema de ensino português, o qual a Reforma Pombalina da Universidade de Coimbra só em parte preencheu.

PORT WINE, BRAZIL AND THE WORLD ECONOMY: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS FROM 1756 TO BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE

AbstractThe Douro Wine Company was one of the most emblematic mercantilist companies promoted by the Marquis of Pombal. It was established in 1756 and has played an unquestionably important role in the Port wine market since then. Port wine exports to Brazil were significantly lower than exports to England over time. Generally, the oscillation of Port wine exports to Brazil has been explained by particular episodes in the Douro Wine Company’s business. Employing structural break analysis and vector of error correction models to analyse data between 1756 and 1826, we concluded that Port wine exports to Brazil were robustly explained by the monetary dimensions of the world economy of the time.

Managing Social Inequality: Confraternal Charity in Portugal and Its Overseas Colonies

When the first misericórdia was created in 1498, Lisbon was trying to erase the wounds of the violent expulsion of the Jewish communities from the kingdom, and the confraternity was born under the concern of reuniting baptized persons who wanted to exercise charity. The misericórdias were soon to be founded all over the kingdom and its empire, acting as prebanking institutions and rivaling with local institutions like the municipality or the bishopric. Their importance was based mainly upon moral authority, as they tended to cater for most situations of poverty. Even if other local institutions practised charity, they were not generally able to attain the same scale of human or economic resources, as the misericórdias relied on the voluntary work of their members and attracted substantial postmortem donations. They responded directly to the king and were largely out of the control of competitors. By contrast, royal authority was too weak to impose an effective control; the first serious attempts to do so date from the marquis of Pombal's consulate (1750–77). In spite of misunderstandings and conflicts with the Crown, it is undeniable misericórdias gave an important contribution to the formation of local communities, participating in the dynamics between center and periphery. In spite of the variety of their geographic and demographic contexts, they could always be recognizable by central powers as abiding to the same principles. However, the elites who governed them were free to transform misericórdias into institutions capable of motivating their participation. Between obedience to the king and local management of resources, there was ample space for social action.

Sinais do tempo. Experiências antijesuítícas nas primeiras décadas do século XX no Rio Grande do Sul e na Bahia (Brasil)

No século XVIII, os jesuítas foram expulsos de diversos lugares do mundo devido a vários fatores. Marquês do Pombal foi o protagonista, sem dúvida, na luta antijesuítica e na extinção dessa Ordem das potências ocidentais nesse período. Pombal apresentava-os como inimigos e acusava-os de todos os males do país. O objetivo da discussão aqui proposta é entender o antijesuitismo ocorrido na Europa, sobretudo nos países ibéricos e, a partir disso, identificar sinais do mito jesuítico, que se revelou, de diferentes formas, como parte de um legado cultural que persistiu no tempo. Nesse sentido, iremos apresentar dois casos, encarando-os como desdobramentos dessa política. Analisar as experiências do Rio Grande do Sul e da Bahia nas primeiras décadas do século XX permite-nos compreender os reflexos do mito desde a expulsão da Ordem da sociedade brasileira até as ações sociais de jesuítas europeus nesses Estados.

Plantar povoações no território: (re)construindo a urbanização da capitania do Piauí, 1697-1761

RESUMO: A urbanização da capitania do Piauí acompanhou, desde finais do século XVII, um complexo processo negociado entre a Coroa portuguesa, os representantes régios, a rede clientelar urdida pela Casa da Torre e a população residente em seus sertões. O que antes era conteúdo dos sertões de Rodelas passou a construir-se como identidade territorial a partir da fundação da primeira freguesia, em 1697, dedicada a Nossa Senhora da Vitória. Estruturando-se descontinuamente no tempo e no espaço, o Piauí reforma-se em 1758, ano da autonomização do seu governo. E fez-se urbano em 1761, quando D. José I e o marquês de Pombal equacionaram, por meio da carta régia de 19 de junho, um território formado por seis vilas e uma cidade. Nessa direção, o objetivo deste artigo consiste em reconstruir o processo de formação da capitania do Piauí segundo os agentes envolvidos na urbanização do território. Propõe-se descortinar as políticas da Coroa por meio da oficialização de povoações estrategicamente locadas no território visando o controle e o "remédio" das injustiças rotineiras do Piauí. O método de apresentar essa reconstrução vale-se da interconexão entre texto (documentação manuscrita) e imagem (mapas e fotografias), que em suas entrelinhas representam um Piauí como espaço de experiências sentidas tanto na dimensão oficial quanto no cotidiano dos seus moradores.

Mathematics and geometry in Lisbon’s Baixa district: checking influences from Valletta. A study on the street widths

The rebuilding of Lisbon after the earthquake of 1755 is one of the most important urban developments in eighteenth-century Western Europe. The reconstruction of the city gave the Marquis of Pombal the opportunity to impose political ideas that affirmed enlightened rationalism. Strongly influenced by the humanism of preceding centuries, the Reconstruction Plan presents complex geometries in which mathematics and urban design go hand-in-hand. This paper raises the hypothesis that the layout of Baixa Pombalina was based on the application of mathematical algorithms that were also identified by Jäger in the plans for Valletta, built 200 years previously, thus restating the humanist feeling of Lisbon’s reconstruction. Establishing the existence of a mathematic rule in the urban grid of the Baixa Pombalina proves its humanistic sense and ascertains that the plan searches for the accomplishment of a humanistic ideal world.

Religião e política: o clero nos tempos de Pombal (Maranhão, século XVIII)

Resumo Este texto aborda os conflitos de jurisdição entre o Estado e a Igreja no século XVIII. As medidas pombalinas causaram forte impacto nas isenções eclesiásticas e isso gerou uma série de conflitos entre as autoridades civis e eclesiásticas. Este estudo investiga as relações conturbadas entre o clero secular e os agentes de poder da Coroa. Discutirei a legislação e os processos movidos contra padres no foro civil.

La expulsión de los jesuitas de Portugal en la “era pombalina”

The Jesuits were expelled from Portugal in 1759 as a consequence of Regalian policy of enlightened despotism, which had been wholeheartedly accepted by Marquis of Pombal, prime-minister under the King Joseph I. Accusations of inciting the Guarani people to rise up against “The Treaty of the borders”, on the one hand, and of conspiring in the assassination attempt against King Joseph I, on the other, supported the decision to force the Jesuits into exile. However, neither allegation has been ever proven, rather they were the result of Pombal’s campaign against Saint Ignatius of Loyola’s order. The ultimate outcome of the expulsion of the Jesuits was the diminished influence of Catholic Church, thus encourating the introduction of new Enlightenment ideas in Portugal.

Solidaridad ante la adversidad: algunos ejemplos de la resistencia de los jesuitas españoles y su entorno social contra la política antijesuita del marqués de Pombal (1759-1768)

El proceso de expulsión de los jesuitas portugueses fue seguido con una gran expectación en España, tanto por los círculos anti-jesuitas como por los jesuitas españoles y sus partidarios. El presente trabajo expone algunos de los ejemplos que muestran la implicación de los jesuitas españoles y su entorno social en la defensa y auxilio de los jesuitas portugueses para neutralizar la política antijesuita auspiciada por el Secretario de los Negocios del Reino portugués, el futuro marqués de Pombal.

Animais enviados do Grão-Pará para as Quintas Reais de Belém (Portugal) no século XVIII

With the changes introduced by the Marquis of Pombal and the influence of the Enlightenment ideals, the Portuguese Crown would renew its interest in its colonies, developing measures to better understand and use their natural products. Such changes, among other aspects, charged the Governors of the Portuguese overseas possessions to send zoological specimens to Lisbon, destined to the “Quintas Reais” in Belém. As revealed by the official documents written by Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado (1753), João Pereira Caldas (1773‑1786) and José de Nápoles Telo de Meneses (1780‑1782), those Governors of the State of Grão‑Pará, in obeyance to the received orders, shipped to the Metropolis around 75 distinct species, between November 1753 and August 1786. Considering the composition of the Brazilian fauna and the interest shown by the Europeans in our animals, it is not surprising that the greatest part of that amount was composed by 51 birds (68%) at least, 22 mammals (29,4%) and only two reptiles (2,6%). Besides the proverbial primates and psittacids, some game animals and notoriously exotic or colourful specimens were also included. Those specimens were not only captured in the neighbourhood of Belém, but even in the Captaincy of Rio Negro and other far away places, as exemplified by the presence of Cocks-of-the-rock, Rupicola rupicola (Passeriformes, Cotingidae) and Nocturnal Curassows, Nothocrax urumutum (Galliformes, Cracidae).

The Portuguese Popularizer of Science Teodoro De Almeida: Agendas, Publics, and Bilingualism

The life of Portuguese Oratoriali priest Teodoro de Almeida (1722-1 804) spanned most of eighteenth century. His works marked Portuguese Enlightenment. He was persecuted by Marquis of Pombal, Minister for King Jose I, and had to endure a period of exile abroad, from 1768 to 1778, first in Spain and then in France. Returning to Portugal, he was co-founder, in 1779, with Duke of Lafoes, and Abbot Correia da Serra, amongst others, of Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon. He was an advocate and a popularizer of Moderns - by opposition to Aristotelian-Scholastic natural philosophy - and ten-volume Recreasao filolofica, ou Dialogo sobre afilozofia natural, para instruccâo depessoas curiozas, que nao frequentarao as aulas (Philosophical recreation, or Dialogue on natural philosophy, for instruction of curious people who could not attend classes), giving an account of natural phenomena and advancements of experimental philosophy, was his masterpiece on subject. Almeida was, geographically, a peripheral natural philosopher, whose ideas on natural philosophy were moulded by three features: articulation of experimental philosophy with Enlightenment ideas about of reason and experiment; a theological understanding of nature merged with idea of harmony between natural philosophy and religious orthodoxy; and a methodological eclecticism opposing arguments of authority.In this paper I will analyse different agendas that can be found in Almeida's Philosophical recreation. I will also examine different types of audience involved in Almeida's project - lay versus expert and real versus virtual - and show in what ways these dichotomies are effective in describing Almeida's audience. I will also argue for bilingual nature of Almeida's work, in sense used by Mario Biagioli in regard to Galileo. This will be done in context of a discussion of manifold nature of popularization of knowledge taken to be an instance of process of appropriation of modern natural philosophy in eighteenth-century Portugal.PATHS OF MODERNIZATION IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PORTUGALDuring eighteenth century, proliferation of Academies for discussion of historical, literary or scientific questions, publication of books and periodicals of philosophical character, creation of public lectures on experimental philosophy and increasing number of booksellers all constituted marks of modernization. Opposed to Aristotelianism and Scholasticism, modernization was characterized by what Immanuel Kant called the public of reason:This enlightenment requires nothing but freedom - and most innocent of all that may be called freedom; freedom to make public of one's reason in all matters.... By public of one's reason I mean that which aman, as scholar, makes of it before reading public. I call private use that which a man makes of his reason in a civic post that has been entrusted to him.1Traceable throughout eighteenth-century Portugal, emergence of public of reason encompassed engagement of three groups of contributors: Ericeira Circle, so called Europeanized intellectuals, and Oratorians.2 These groups are used here as structuring units involved in appropriation of natural philosophy. But one should have in mind that they are not distinct groups. For instance, some Oratorians were Europeanized intellectuals and belonged to Ericeira Circle. On other hand, individual contributions cannot be always subsumed under collective trends.During first half of eighteenth century new practices of cultural, social and economic nature were furthered amongst a circle of friends and proteges of D. Francisco Xavier de Menezes, fourth Count of Ericeira. The Count of Ericiera was a member of Roman Academy of Arcadia and a fellow of Royal Society of London. He corresponded with learned Europeans such as Nicolas Boileau (whose Art poetique he translated into Portugese), Francesco Bianchini, Ludovico Muratori, and Pierre Bayle. …