Marmelos Leaf Research Articles

Aegle marmelos Leaf Extract Phytochemical Analysis, Cytotoxicity, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities.

For many years, Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos) has been used medicinally and as a dietary supplement. Despite this, there are minimal research data on A. marmelos phytochemical properties and pharmacological effects. This study aimed to explore the phytoconstituents, cytotoxicity, glucose uptake, and antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of an alcoholic extract of A. marmelos leaf. The cytotoxicity of A. marmelos in HepG2 cells was tested in vitro, and the results revealed that it has strong cytocompatibility and cytoprotective properties. The extract’s antioxidant activities were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. Antioxidant potential was shown to be quite impressive. The enzymes α-amylase and α-glycosidase were found to be substantially inhibited by A. marmelos, with IC50 values of 46.21 and 42.07 mg/mL, respectively. In HepG2 cells, A. marmelos significantly reduced ROS levels that were elevated due to high glucose and enhanced glucose consumption (p < 0.05). These activities might be due to the enrichment of bioactive phytoconstituents analyzed chromatographically using GC/MS and HPLC. The findings of this study show that A. marmelos could be an effective restorative therapy for diabetes and related diseases.

Effect of Aegle Marmelos Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract on Expression of Antiapoptotic Markers in Human Melanoma Cells

Background: Aegle marmelos commonly known as Bael is a herbal plant. Itis from a family called Rutaceae. It has many medicinal uses: anti-diarrheal, anti- microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, chemo-preventive, Ulcer healing and many others.&#x0D; Aim: To study the effect of Aegle marmelos hydroethanolic leaf extract on expression of antiapoptotic markers in human melanoma cells.&#x0D; Objective: The present study investigated the effect of Aegle marmelos hydroethanolic leaf extract on expression of antiapoptotic markers in human melanoma cells.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: DMSO and MTT chemicals were purchased from Sigma chemical Pvt Ltd. Trypsin EDTA, FBS, RPMI 1640 medium and PBS, Real time PCR kit was purchased from Canada. Human melanoma cell line (A375) was purchased from NCCS, Pune, India.&#x0D; Results: The data was analysed statistically by ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test with a computer based software (Graph Pad Prism version 5). The percentage of cell viability decreases with the increase in dosage of Aegle marmelos leaf extract. &#x0D; Conclusion: The study concluded that Aegle marmelos hydro ethanolic leaf extract a novel and innovative herbal drug has a significant effect on the expression of antiapoptotic markers in human melanoma cell lines.

Cytoprotective and antioxidant potential of Aegle marmelos on cadmium-induced hepato-renal toxicity: an in vivo study

The current study investigated the protective and antioxidant potential of Aegle marmelos leaf extract against Cadmium-induced alterations in hepatic and renal tissues of BALB/c mice. Cadmium (Cd) is known for its toxicity and induction of oxidative stress even at a low level of exposure with prolonged persistence in the environment. Its metabolism and excretion depend on the endogenous antioxidant defense system, which gets compromised. For the present study thirty BALB/c mice were equally divided into six groups, namely Control (normal saline via gavage for 10 days), Cadmium (intraperitoneal dose of 5 mg/kg b.wt. for 5 days), Aegle alone (500 mg/kg b.wt. for 10 days via gavage), Pre-treatment of Aegle (500 mg/kg b.wt. for 10 days+5 mg/kg b.wt. of Cd for 5 days), Post-treatment of Aegle (5 mg/kg b.wt. of Cd for 5 days+500 mg/kg b.wt. for 10 days) and Vehicle group (0.5 mL oil/kg b.wt. through gavage for 10 days). The liver and kidney tissues of different groups were screened for oxidative stress indices, antioxidant enzyme systems, hepatic-renal biomarkers, histopathological alterations, chromosomal aberrations, and micronucleus formation. Sub-acute Cadmium exposure caused marked oxidative damage and tissue dysfunction evident from increased lipid peroxidation, liver-kidney serum function markers, and a subsequent decrease in reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase (p < 0.001). Histopathological analysis exhibited both reversible and non-reversible alterations.Additionally, a marked increase in chromosomal aberrations and micronucleation was observed. Both pre-and post-treatments with Aegle significantly restored altered antioxidant enzyme status, serum function markers, histomorphological alterations and reduced the percentage of chromosomal aberrations and micronucleation in the treated groups. Aegle exerts its protective efficacy due to its rich bio-active phytoconstituents, which regulated Cadmium evoked reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced endogenous defense system to combat the cyto-genotoxic alterations. Moreover, all the parameters profoundly indicate higher efficacy of the pre-treatment dose.

An immunohistochemical and biochemical evidences of pancreatic β-cell regeneration in type 2 diabetic rats after treated with Aegle marmelos leaf extract and Aegeline

The study aims to investigate the Immunohistochemical changes in pancreatic beta cells in fructose fed, streptozocin (STZ) induced Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) rats treated with various doses of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos (AAM) and Aegeline (AG). 42 adult male wistar albino rats were separated into 7 groups, including Vehicle Control (VC); T2DM; T2DM + AAM 250 mg/kg; T2DM + AAM 500 mg/kg; T2DM + AG 20mg/kg; T2DM + AG 50 mg/kg and T2DM + AG 100 mg/kg. Experimental T2DM was created by a single dose of 40 mg/kg STZ injection intra-peritoneally along with 10% of fructose solution given orally for 30 days. Calculated dosages of AAM and AG were given with oral gavage for 30 days. Pancreas was harvested and processed. Slides were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) stains. Insulin expressing beta-cells was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Fructose fed, STZ induced rats showed degenerative expressions in beta-cells. In STZ treated rats, AG reduced the blood glucose concentration and serum insulin levels at the maximum functional dose compared to AAM. The immunohistochemical information suggests that the AG at 100 mg/kg dose has the capability of making the dormant cells to reproduce to restore the lost cells of islets of Langerhans.

Green Synthesis of Photocatalytic TiO2 Nanoparticles for Potential Application in Photochemical Degradation of Ornidazole

The present paper reports the green synthesis of TiO2 NPs to evaluate its photocatalytic activity. In this synthesis we use Aegle marmelos leaf extract as reducing and stabilizing agent. The TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by using various advance analytical tools. The FTIR analysis revels the presence of different functional group present on the surface of the fabricated nanoparticles. The result of SEM analysis indicated that the prepared nanoparticles were almost spherical in nature and particles are in agglomerated state with bunch size less than 150 nm. The X-ray analysis of our synthesized nanoparticles clearly indicated that the particles are exit in anatase phase. Photocatalytic degradation studies of our nanoparticles were also evaluated against the most common nitroimidazole derivative drug ornidazole (ODZ) and the result of this study provide a good alternative path to remove the ODZ contaminants from waste water. The photocatalytic degradation of selected drug follow pseudo-first order reaction.

Anti-diabetic and nephrotoxicity effect of Aegle marmelos leaf on alloxan-induced diabetic rat

Aegle marmelos is widely found in india. The leaves, roots, fruits, bark, and seeds are extensively used in Ayurveda. . A. marmelos is mainly used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Alloxan (150 mg/kg b.w) was used in the Wistar rats for making the diabetic model. The oral administration of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos ( 200 and 400 mg/ kg b.w) was given for four weeks. The effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on serum blood glucose as well as kidney function test [urea, uric acid, albumin, protein, and creatinine] were measured in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In the acute toxicity study, the ethanolic leaf extract of Aegle marmelos leaf was non-toxic at 2000 mg/kg in rats. The level of albumin and protein had significantly increased along with the serum glucose and urea, uric acid levels when they were observed and reduced in diabetic rats treated with both doses of ethanol leaf extract of Aegle marmelos as compared to diabetic group. Histopathological studies were revealed toward normal. Ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaf possesses the significant anti-diabetic and rejuvenating capability of kidney function tests.

Uji Ekstrak Daun Maja (Aegle marmelos L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

Aegle marmelos L. is one of the tropical plants that has many benefits and also has the potential to be used as herbal medicines. It caused in some areas in Indonesia, A. marmelos have been widely used in traditional medicine. This research was a qualitatively descriptive study to see the effectiveness of A. marmelos leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Stages of A. marmelos leaf extract inhibition test on bacterial growth included the stages: extraction by maceration method, phytochemical test, chromatography test, anti-microbial test. Data were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that A. marmelos leaf extract was more effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria than in S. Aureus bacteria. This can be information that Maja leaf extract can be used as a phytopharmaca material for diseases caused by E.coli

Anticataract effects of S. cumini and A. marmelos on goat lenses in an experimental diabetic cataract model

BackgroundCataractogenesis in diabetes mellitus is mainly due to generation of free radicals causing oxidative stress. Antioxidants are known to delay cataractogenesis. Indigenous plants are potential promising sources of antioxidants. ObjectivesThe present study was done in goat lenses for exploring local antioxidant and anticataract potential of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) and Aegle marmelos (Bael) and comparing their activities. Material and methods“Lens organ culture technique” was employed using “tissue culture medium 199” (TC 199). Lenses were divided into four groups of 30 each. Group 1 was “Normal Control”. In remaining 3 groups, experimental diabetic cataract was produced using dextrose (110 mM). Group 2: “Toxic Control” (untreated experimental diabetic cataract lenses). Group 3: S. cumini seed extract (0.25%) treated lenses. Group 4: A. marmelos leaf extract (0.25%) treated lenses. Biochemical parameters measured in lens homogenates included total soluble lens proteins (index of cataractogenesis), malondialdehyde (index of lipid peroxidation), and superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase (indices of antioxidant enzyme activity). Lens morphology was compared in all groups. ResultsS. cumini and A. marmelos showed significantly increased activity of all three antioxidant enzymes, preserved total soluble proteins and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA). Lens morphology was well preserved with these extracts. S. cumini aqueous seed extract scored better over A. marmelos. ConclusionIn goat lenses with dextrose-induced experimental diabetic cataract, S. cumini and A. marmelos showed antioxidant and anticataract properties and preservation of lens morphology (p < 0.0001 to 0.05). S. cumini showed better anticataract activity than A. marmelos.

Instant synthesis of silver particles on silk fibres: Characterization and antimicrobial study

Silk fibers utilized as promising templates to produce antimicrobial composites and organic-inorganic advanced materials. The process involves higher incubation times and more preparation steps with Ag precursors. To overcome such procedural bottlenecks, this study aims at a quick and eco-friendly approach to deposit silver nanoparticles on degummed silk fibers for antibacterial applications. Degummed fibers with a simple pre-treatment step with Aegle marmelos leaf extract solutions resulted in rapid nanosilver deposition. Results present that the formed nanoparticles (~70 nm) are optically active, crystalline structures and deposited uniformly on the silk surface. Furthermore, they are antibacterial when tested against Escherichia coli bacterium.

Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis and phytochemical characterization of Aegle marmelos (Bael) leaf, Stem and its screening of antimicrobial activity Primary tabs

Phytochemical screening tests was conducted for five plant species and found that extract contains a variety of Phytochemical like saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and reducing sugars and among which there is higher level of precipitation for phenol and flavonoids. As they are essential source of antimicrobial agents against pathogen, their extract were tested for its antimicrobial activity by well diffusion method using Nutrient agar against human pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. This study provided evidence to confirm the presence of various medicinally important bioactive compounds or Phytochemical that has got biological importance and it justifies their use in the traditional medicines for the treatment of different diseases and this findings suggest that the selected plant extracts possesses antimicrobial properties that could be used for biological control of bacterial cultures and this bioactive compounds serve as a source of antimicrobial agents against human pathogens. Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Phytochemical have two categories i.e., primary and secondary constituent. The phytochemical analysis of the plants is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs for curing of various diseases. this GC-MS has been used as standard protocol for a foreign substance identification because of its used to identify the particular specific test results which is indicates or identifies the presences of that particular substance. The aqueous leaf extract were used for to identify and the phytochemical analysis used to find out the phytochemical constituents presents at the taken plants. Plant showed that the alkaloids, trepenoids, phenol and tannins, reducing sugar, saponin, proteins, anthocyanin, coumarin and glycosides were found to be presents in the given plants. Gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy detection is the state of the art methods for detection and identification of unknown compound, it is also not infallible and many compounds are difficulty with their accuracy certainty.

Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis and phytochemical characterization of Aegle marmelos (Bael) leaf, Stem and its screening of antimicrobial activity

Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis and phytochemical characterization of Aegle marmelos (Bael) leaf, Stem and its screening of antimicrobial activity

Evaluation of antiulcerogenic activity of combination of Aloe vera and Aegle marmelos in indomethacin induced gastric ulcers

Background: Most important adverse effect of NSAID is peptic ulceration. Even though H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors are effective in preventing NSAID associated peptic ulceration, they are not without side effects. Hence there is a need for drugs which are effective in preventing NSAID induced peptic ulcer without producing side effects. Two plant products Aloe vera leaf extract and Aegle marmalos leaves are commonly used in Indian traditional medicine for treatment of peptic ulcers. Hence this study is undertaken to assess the antiulcerogenic potential of combination of these two drugs in comparison with ranitidine in preventing NSAID induced peptic ulcers.Methods: 18 albino rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group A: received ulcerogen only. Group B: pretreated with ranitidine before exposing to ulcerogen. Group C: pretreated with combination of Aloe vera and Aegle marmelos before exposing to ulcerogen. Two doses of indomethacin were administered at an interval of 15 hrs. Animals were sacrificed 6 hrs after the second dose of Indomethacin. Number of ulcers was noted, and ulcer index was calculated.Results: There was significant reduction in total score, mean score and ulcer index in ranitidine pretreated group and test compound group as compared to control group. Even though the total score and ulcer index in test group were lesser as compared to standard control group, it was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Combination of Aloe vera leaf extract and Aegle marmelos leaf extract produced very significant protection against indomethacin induced gastric ulcer.

Aegle marmelos leaf extract ameliorates the cognitive impairment and oxidative stress induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in male rats

AimsAegle marmelos (L.) Correa (A. marmelos) has been used in Ayurvedic medicine as a brain tonic however its neuroprotective effect against streptozotocin (STZ) induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress has not been reported yet in vivo. Therefore, the present study was attempted to investigate the neuroprotective potential of ethanolic extract of A. marmelos leaves (AME) on STZ induced memory impairment in male rats. Main methodsAlbino Wistar rats were pre-treated orally with AME at the doses 200 and 400 mg/kg for two weeks, followed by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of STZ (3 mg/kg) on day 1 and 3. Two weeks after STZ administration, behavioural parameters were monitored using Morris water maze task. Biochemical and histopathological studies were carried out after three weeks of STZ administration. The levels of oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, nitrite, catalase) neuroinflammatory mediators; tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were estimated in hippocampus of rat brain. Donepezil (5 mg/kg) was taken as a standard drug. Key findingsThe levels of MDA, nitrite, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased while glutathione levels were significantly decreased in hippocampus of STZ-treated rats. Further, a significant decrease in the activity of catalase and increase in AChE activity was observed indicating cholinergic hypofunction and neuronal damage in STZ-treated animals. All these alterations were significantly ameliorated by AME in a dose dependent manner. SignificanceThe neuroprotective potential of A. marmelos against STZ induced oxidative stress and cognitive deficit in rats indicates its therapeutic value in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic bio-adsorbent developed from Aegle marmelos leaves for removal of As(V) from aqueous solutions.

A novel magnetic bio-adsorbent was prepared from the leaves of Aegle marmelos tree (Indian bael) and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The AMP@Fe2O3 nanocomposite (Aegle marmelos leaf powder) was synthesized by pyrolysis process and applied for As(V) removal through batch adsorption process. The synthesized AMP@Fe2O3 nanocomposite was analyzed by several instrumental techniques like XRD, FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, FTIR, BET, and VSM studies. Maximum amount of As(V) was removed at pH3, contact time of 250min, adsorbent dose of 0.1g/L, and initial concentration of 0.5mg/L at room temperature. The model study revealed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models were best fitted with the experimental data. The nanocomposite showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 69.65mg/g. The endothermic nature of the adsorption process was ascertained from the thermodynamics studies. The zeta potential and FTIR analysis before and after adsorption demonstrated two types of adsorption mechanism. The first one was the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged As(V) ions (H2AsO4-) and protonated -OH group present on the Fe2O3 surface and the second one was ligand exchange between the surface hydroxyl groups and As(V) ions. The AMP@Fe2O3 nanocomposite was desorbed with 0.5M NaOH solutions and also used up to four cycles without any major decrease in removal efficiency. Thus, AMP@Fe2O3 nanocomposite can be applied as a potential adsorbent for As(V) removal from wastewater.

Photocatalytic degradation of toxic phenols from water using bimetallic metal oxide nanostructures

Bimetallic metal oxide (BMO) are extremely useful heterogeneous and recoverable catalyst owing to improved semiconducting efficiency, cationic impurities and supports. Hence, their synthesis via ecofriendly green route based on biogenic sources (natural surfactant–water) is highly encouraging. Herein, three BMO nanoparticles, namely Ni-Cu oxide (NiCuO), Cu-Cr oxide (CuCr2O4) and Ni-Cr oxide (NiCrO3) were synthesized after employing Aegle marmelos leaf extract. Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed that highly crystalline BMO formed were below 50 nm with variable shapes, like nanorods of Ni-Cu oxide; nanospheres of Ni-Cr oxide and nanoflowers of Cu-Cr oxide. Successively, photocatalytic potential of BMO nanoparticles were evaluated for removal of various harmful phenols (phenol, 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 3-aminophenol) from simulated water. Under optimized conditions (phenol concentration: 1 × 10−4 M; catalyst dose: 15 mg; pH: ∼7.0), 3-aminophenol was supremely removed (97% Ni-Cu oxide > 95% Ni-Cr oxide > 92% Cu-Cr oxide) followed by phenol (95% Ni-Cu oxide > 92% Ni-Cr oxide > 89% Cu-Cr oxide) and 2,4-DNP (91% Ni-Cu oxide > 89% Ni-Cr oxide > 87% Cu-Cr oxide). Results seemed to appear in accordance of highest value of zeta potential, BET surface area and uniform distribution of Ni-Cu oxide. The maximum catalytic degradation of 3-aminophenol among other phenols was credited to its highest basicity. Minor and lesser-toxic metabolites like oxalic acid, benzoquinone, (Z)-hex-3-enedioic acid, (Z)-but-2-enal, (Z)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid were identified, later undergo mineralization. Overall, green synthesized BMO nanocomposites are cheap, reusable (n = 10) with properties of greater active sites, high surface activity, low band gap with charge separation and semiconducting nature and recommended for bright future of environment.

Aegle marmelos leaf juice as a complementary therapy to control type 2 diabetes – Randomised controlled trial in Gujarat, India

ObjectiveTo compare the clinical efficacy of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (AMLC) leaf juice (supplementation (20g/100ml) for 60 days among type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. DesignRandomised-controlled trial. SettingVeraval. Gir-Somnath, Gujarat, India. InterventionConfirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects (n=60), were randomly divided to experimental (n=30) AMLC leaf juice supplementation (20g/100ml) and control group (n=30) for 8 weeks. Main outcome measures: body-mass-index (BMI), body-fat-percent (BF%), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and post prandial blood glucose (FBG, HbA1c and PPBG), total, high, low and very low density lipoproteins and triglycerides (TC, HDL, LDL-cholesterol and TG), C-reactive protein (CRP), liver enzyme tests serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT and SGOT), kidney function tests (creatinine), total protein (TP, albumin, globulin) and serum ferric reducing antioxidant potential (serum FRAP). ResultsAt 4 weeks, significant reduction was recorded in blood pressure SBP – 6.45%; DBP – 4.6%, FBG & HbA1c-20%; PPBG-15%; total cholesterol (TC-8%), LDL-15%), triglycerides (TG-11%), liver functions SGOT-19% and, SGPT-13%, increase in serum (FRAP-18%) in the subjects of EG post supplementation compared to baseline. When compared to control group, it reduced BF%, FBG, HbA1c, cholesterol, TG, LDL-cholesterol, CRP and raised HDL-cholesterol as well as improved antioxidant activity. ConclusionAMLC leaf juice supplementation (20g/100ml) for 60 days showed improvement in all bio-chemical parameters of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with enhanced efficacy and negligible adverse-effects. This juice can therefore, be supplemented along with oral hypoglycemic drugs to keep the above parameters in control. AMLC leaf being easily available and low cost, can be used as complementary therapy in the management of diabetes possibly due to presence of active components, aegelin 2, scopoletin and sitosterol in the leaf.

Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos leaf extract for the evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxicity, antibacterial and photocatalytic properties

In the present study, we report the green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos as a fuel and this method is ecofriendly and cost effective. The plant Aegle marmelos is used in the field of pharmaceuticals to cure diseases like chronic diarrhea, peptic ulcers and dysentery in India for nearly 5 centuries. The as-prepared nanoparticles were confirmed as pure face centered cubic phase and single crystalline in nature by XRD. The formation of agglomerated spherical nanoparticles was shown by HR-SEM and HR-TEM images. The particle size calculated from HR-SEM was in the range 8–10 nm and it matches with the average crystallite size calculated from the XRD pattern. NiO shows intense emission peaks at 363 and 412 nm in its PL spectra. The band gap of 3.5 eV is observed from DRS studies and the formation of pure NiO is confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The as-prepared NiO nanoparticles show super paramagnetic behavior, when magnetization studies are carried out. It is then evaluated for cytotoxic activity towards A549 cell culture, antibacterial activity and photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of 4‑chlorophenol (4‑CP), which is known as the endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). From the results, it is found that the cell viability of A549 cells was effectively reduced and it showed better antibacterial activity towards gram positive bacterial strains. It is also proved to be an efficient and stable photocatalyst towards the degradation of 4‑CP.

Prevention of peptic ulcer by aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaf in rats

Background and objectives: Aegle marmelos (Bael), a medicinal plant, has been widely used indigenously to treat many diseases in Bangladesh and other countries. The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of A. marmelos leaf to prevent ethanol induced gastric ulcer in a rat model.Methods: Thirty two Wister albino rats of either sex, weighing between 100-150g, were fed 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg aqueous extract of A. marmelos leaves one hour prior to oral administration of 90% ethanol (1 ml/200 gm body weight) to induce gastric ulcer. The animals were sacrificed after one hour and ulcer scores and index were determined. The protective efficacy of A. marmelos aqueous extract was expressed as percentage protection of ulcer.Results: Aqueous extract exhibited significant (p&lt;0.05) dose dependent protection against gastric ulcer formation by ethanol in rat stomach. Percentage protection of ulcer with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of aqueous extract of A. marmelos leave were 19.3% and 37.2% respectively compared to standard anti-peptic ulcer drug omeprazole (50.4%).Conclusion: Thus, crude extracts of A. marmelos leave have been shown to have potential ability to prevent experimentally induced peptic ulcer formation in animal model.IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 11-14

Nontargeted analysis and cancer cells cytotoxicity of Aegle marmelos Correa Ex Roxb.

Background: Aegle marmelos belongs to the family Rutaceae, a medium-sized perennial tree which grows in subtropical and tropical parts of India and South-East Asia. Studies have reported that leaf extracts of A. marmelos have anticancer, cardiotonic, antidyslipidemic, and hypoglycemic effects and were ethnologically used for the treatment of dropsy, opthalmitis, ulcers, beri beri, and cholera. Objective: In the present study, we have carried out nontargeted analysis of the leaf extract of A. marmelos Correa ex Roxb., by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and estimated the inhibitory concentration (IC50) in human cancer cell lines using MCF-7, H-460, and SF-268. Materials and Methods: Dried leaves of A. marmelos were extracted with 50% aqueous alcohol using Soxhlet apparatus. The dried extract was suspended in water and re-extracted with petroleum ether and the fraction was named as AMPEF (petroleum ether fraction of Aegle marmelos leaf extract); the dry yield of the AMPEF was found to be 7.56% (w/w). Nontargeted GC/MS analysis of AMPEF was performed using Shimadzu QP 2000 GC equipped with ULBON-HR-5 capillary column and mass spectrometer as detector. The cancer cell lines were obtained from the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune. In vitro cytotoxic activity of AMPEF on cancer cell lines was conducted using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium assay. Results: GC/MS analysis of the AMPEF enabled the identification of 26 compounds, and IC50of AMPEF in MCF-7, H-460, and SF-268 was found to be 0.53 ± 0.10, 0.65 ± 0.05, and 0.18 ± 0.01 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The AMPEF was found to be a potential cytotoxic agent against the used cell lines. Abbreviations used: AMPEF: Petroleum ether fraction of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos; DMBA: 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene; IC: Inhibitory concentration; MTT:3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology; RT: Retention time; TIC: Total ion chromatogram.

Phytochemicals mediated synthesis of multifunctional Ag-Au-TiO2 heterostructure for photocatalytic and antimicrobial applications

In this study, Ag-Au bimetallic composite type nanoparticles (∼13 nm) were prepared in aqueous media using Aegle marmelos leaf extract. Upon etching with ammonia solution, the formed ∼13 nm particles were reduced to ∼5 nm spherical alloy type Ag-Au with higher Au content (∼82.0%). In addition, with Tetrabutyl orthotitanate introduction in the same reaction media, Ag-Au-TiO2 heterostructures (∼9 nm) were obtained. The synthesized nanoparticles of various types were analyzed by UV–Vis. and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, HR-TEM, and FTIR techniques. It was found that among the synthesized particles, Ag-Au-TiO2 heterostructures displayed promising PL properties, superior photocatalytic activity towards SDBS degradation, and antimicrobial activity against the studied bacterium, Escherichia coli. The multifunctionality of these particles may be useful for many industrial applications such as catalysis to waste water treatment.