Marmelos Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical Profiling and in silico Anticancer Activity of Plant Extract Phytocompounds against Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells

In this study, the in vitro results confirmed the anticancer efficacy of ethanolic extracts obtained from leaves of Ocimum basilicum, Aegle marmelos and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and flavonoids were all present in significant amounts in all the ethanolic extract. The O. basilicum extract contained 16 phytochemicals, of which 10 showed indications of bioactivity. A. marmelos extract contains 20 phytocompounds, 13 of which were bioactive, whereas the H. rosa-sinensis extract comprised total 25 different compounds and only 11 compounds of which have bioactive properties. The study examined the phytocompounds found in the leaves of O. basilicum, A. marmelos and H. rosa-sinensis plants and their ability to inhibit certain lung cancer cell lines proteins (PDB ID: 6LTK). The O. basilicum plant leaves contain phytocompounds, which are more active against lung cancer than A. marmelos and H. rosa-sinens extracts. The molecular docking research results indicated that mesterolone (-8.8 kcal/mol) possesses significant potential as an inhibitor of the lung cancer (6LTK) cell line protein as a prospective therapeutic option and analogous to the conventional application of the studied plants.

Study of antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic Wistar rats in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Diabetes has become a major metabolic disorder disease that is increasingly becoming a killer disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate (bael tree) Aegle marmelos whole plant extract has the potential efficiency to control hyperglycemia, that affects kidney and lipid profile, in streptozotocin induced rats. This study aimed to evaluate the Antidiabetic activity of, Aegle marmelos in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Methods: Wistar rats of either sex were used grouped into six groups of six rats each. The first group was used as control, the second group was induced diabetes by inducting streptozotocin 70 mg/kg i.p., The 3rd,4th, 5th and 6th group was induced diabetes and treated with Metformin 600 mg/kg, A. marmelos methanol whole plant extract in the increasing dosage of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight from the 7th to 28th day respectively. The blood samples were collected at day 0,7 and 28th day for estimation of fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine. Results was presented as the mean standard deviation (SD). A one-way analysis variance was performed using SPSS-17 and Graphpad Prism 5 statistical software. Results: After administration of Aegle marmelos extract in increasing level, fasting glucose level was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced. Also, there is significant reduction in serum cholesterol level, triglyceride level and creatinine level. The effect was more after 28 days of treatment. Conclusions: The study results indicate the active compounds in the Aegle marmelos whole plant methanol extract has antidiabetic and antilipidemic activity. It can also protect kidney to some extent.

A Facile Synthesis and Characterisation of CdS Nanoparticles at Low Temperature Using Aegle Marmelos Extract

Abstract CdS NPs have become found applications across diverse domains in the field of nanobiotechnology because of their established biomedical characteristics. The dimensions and the materials used for coating CdS NPs are pivotal factors influencing their effectiveness in biomedical applications like cancer treatment, bacterial inhibition, bioimaging and biosensors. In this study, we succesfully produced CdS NPs by ecofriendly approach using aegle marmelos extract. The synthesized CdS NPs was subjected to characterization using X-Ray Diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with EDX and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The research delineates a straightforward, economically viable environmentally friendly approach to synthesizing CdS nanoparticles, which is suitable for extensive production. Additionally, it presents a tactic to regulate both the size and distribution of nanoparticles using eco-friendly biomolecules, enhancing their potential for various applications. Based on the results obtained from the characterization studies, it was proposed to the further process for biological applications.

Preparation, characterization of green synthesis FeO nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity towards Basic Fuschin dye

In the current study, a green and facile route for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs) was adopted. The FeO-NPs were fabricated via a single step green route using aqueous leaf extract of Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos) as capping/reducing and stabilizing agents.The active phytochemicals present in the A. marmelos extract was reduced and stabilized the metal ions to FeO-NPs. This product was analyzed by FTIR spectral studies. Magnetic FeO-NPs surface morphology and particles sizes were determined by HRTEM to reveals spherical shapes with average diameter 18.78 nm. The instrumentally confirmed FeO-NPs were determining the antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic strains of the bacteria Streptococcus Sp and the fungus Candida Sp. The results of the microbial investigation show that when the concentration of synthesized FeO-NPs increase with the increases the activity. The antioxidant properties of synthesized FeO-NPs were evaluated by the DPPH assay. The FeO-NPs displayed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity property against breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells, and the value of IC50 was found to be 304 μg/mL. The obtained FeO-NPs were used as photocatalyst in the degradation/reduction of environmentally polluted organic wastewater dyes. After 20 min of solar light irradiation shows 97 % of degradation efficiency was achieved with 1 mL of FeO-NPs. It is observed all the results, the green synthesized FeO-NPs could be effectively materials and used in several fields like industrial, agricultural, medical, food safety, and dye waste applications.

Phyto-pharmacological Potential of Aegle marmelos (L.) for Neurological Disorders: Progress and Prospects.

Aegle marmelos, an Indian plant, has been extensively utilized by the people of the Indian subcontinent over about 5000 years. The leaves, bark, roots, and fruits, including seeds, are widely used to cure a variety of diseases in the Indian traditional system of medicine, Ayurveda, along with numerous folk medicines. By revealing the existence of significant bioactive chemicals, modern research has effectively substantiated the therapeutic effects of bael. The objective of this study was to review the literature regarding A. marmelos geographical distribution, morphology, therapeutic benefits, and phytochemicals found in the bael leaves, fruits, and other parts of the plant that offer a wide range of pharmacological applications in neurological disorders. A thorough literature search was conducted using five computerized databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, and Wiley Online Library (WOL), by using standard keywords "A. marmelos," "Geographical distribution," "Morphological description," "Ethnobotanical Uses," "Phytoconstituents" and "Neuroprotective activities" for review papers published between 1975 and 2023. A small number of earlier review articles focused on phyto-pharmacological potential of Aegle marmelos (L.) for neurological disorders. According to some research, Aegle marmelos extracts potentially have neuroprotective benefits. This is due to its capacity to alter cellular mechanisms that cause neuronal damage. Neurodegenerative illnesses usually induce permanent neuronal network loss overall the brain along with the spinal cord (CNS), resulting in chronic functional impairments. The review summarizes the multiple aspects and processes of A. marmelos extract and its components in several models of neurodegenerative diseases such as anxiety, epilepsy, depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and others. MDA, nitrite, TNF-, and IL-6 levels were dramatically elevated, whereas glutathione levels were significantly lowered in the hippocampus of STZ-treated rats. Furthermore, STZ-treated rats showed a substantial drop in catalase activity and an increase in AChE activity, indicating cholinergic hypofunction and neuronal injury. The neuroprotective ability of A. marmelos against STZ-induced oxidative stress and cognitive loss in rats suggests that it has therapeutic relevance in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Development and characterization of phytosomes containing aegle marmelos (bael)

Aegle marmelos, commonly known as Bael, is a medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmacological properties. However, its therapeutic potential is often limited by its poor bioavailability due to low water solubility and inefficient absorption. Phytosomes, a novel drug delivery system, have emerged as a promising approach to improving the bioavailability and efficacy of herbal extracts. In this study, we aimed to develop and characterize phytosomes containing Aegle marmelos extract for enhanced therapeutic benefits. The phytosomes were prepared using a solvent evaporation technique, where phospholipids were complexed with the Aegle marmelos extract. The formulation was evaluated using various ratios of phospholipids and extract to achieve maximum entrapment efficiency and drug-loading capacity. The resulting phytosomes were then characterized for their physicochemical properties, including particle size, zeta potential, and morphology using techniques such as dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the in vitro release profile of the Aegle marmelos phytosomes was evaluated using a dissolution apparatus to determine their sustained release behavior. The improved dissolution profile indicated prolonged drug release, suggesting enhanced bioavailability and potential for reduced dosing frequency. In conclusion, our study successfully developed and characterized phytosomes containing Aegle marmelos extract, showing improved bioavailability and enhanced cellular uptake. These findings indicate the potential of phytosomes as a promising drug delivery system to optimize the therapeutic benefits of Aegle marmelos and potentially other herbal extracts. Keywords: Phytosomes, extract, evaluation.

Sustainable approach of La doped CuFe2O4 nanomaterial for electrochemical lead and paracetamol sensing action with multiple applications

This present research aimed to investigate the novel applications of synthesized La doped CuFe2O4 nanomaterial (LCF NMs) using renewable bio-fuel (Aegle Marmelos extract) by combustion process. The sensor applications were accomplished by modified electrode using LCF NMs with graphite powder and examined its excellent sensing action towards heavy metal (Lead content) and drug chemical (Paracetamol) substances. The thermodynamics of redox potential and super-capacitor behavior of LCF NMs were investigated through Cyclic Voltametric (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectral (EIS) methods under specific conditions at scan rate of 1 to 5 mV/s. The heterogeneous photo-catalytic process of prepared NMs on Fast orange Red (FOR) dye-decolouration was investigated and noted its excellent degradation (91.7%) at 90 min using 20 ppm of dye solution and 40 mg of synthesized samples under Sun-light irradiation. Further, the antibacterial activity of synthesized NMs is investigated against various strains of gram positive (Bacillus subtillis) and gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), which confirms that the LCF NMs have higher activity towards gram positive bacteria with an average inhibition zone of 19 mm. This synthesized LCF NMs is a multi-functional material with stable and eco-friendly materials.

In-vitro nematicidal activity of selected medicinal plant extract against Meloidogyne incognita

Meloidogyne incognita is a widespread pathogen that parasitises vegetables and other crops, reducing yields worldwide. The present study evaluates the nematicidal properties of Aegle marmelos (leaves and fruit) and Tinospora cordifolia (stem) extracts against Meloidogyne incognita under in-vitro conditions. Second-stage juveniles (J2s) were treated with different concentrations (0.5%–8%) of the extracts and observations were taken after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure. A significant finding unveils that A. marmelos (leaf) extract exhibited the highest mortality rate 86.48% at 8% concentration; followed by 82.74% in T. cordifolia (stem) extract and 67.04% in A. marmelos (fruit) extract at 4% concentration. These results underscore the diverse nematicidal activity within plant extracts, shedding light on the potential applications in various fields. Further research and field trials are still required to validate the practical applicability of these plant extracts, paving the way for environment-friendly nematode control in agriculture.

Aegle marmelos Leaf Extract Based Synthesis of Nanoiron and Nanoiron+Au Particles for Degradation of Methylene Blue

Abstract In this study, nanoiron and nanoiron+Au particles were synthesised using aqueous Aegle marmelos extract using a facile and one-pot approach. Lower size non-magnetic nanoiron (~34 nm) and nanoiron (~34 nm) +Au particles (1 to 1.5 µm) were produced from the same medium individually. Nanoparticles suspension behaviour and structural characterisations were carried out by UV-Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopy and by X-ray diffraction techniques. Primarily, for synthesis, a simple bioreduction approach generated amorphous nanoiron particles, which on annealing produced magnetic maghemite, γ-Fe2O3 type nanoparticles with sizes 100 to 1000 nm. Posteriorly, the bioreduction process also produces nanoiron+Au particles and can be used for multifunctional applications. As a model application, catalytic application of the as-prepared nanoiron and nanoiron+Au particles towards methylene blue, a thiazine dye degradation is investigated and found to be effective within 20 min. Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model was exploited to know the degradation behaviour, and the model was found to be fit based on R 2 values with the observed experimental data. We suggest that the formed highly stable nanoiron particles with in situ stabilisation offer benefits like consistency, environmental friendliness and suits well for large-scale applicability.

Simple and rapid biogenic synthesis of colloidal silver and gold nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos fruit for SERS detection of DNA

In the present communication potential of Aegle Marmelos extract is demonstrated as reducing and stabilizing agent for the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak for SNPs was observed at 425 nm, and that of GNPs was observed at 552 nm. TEM micrographs indicated spherical morphology of synthesized nanoparticles for both the cases with some deviations in GNPs. Spherical shape SNPs lie in between 10 and 30 nm and GNPs are in the range of 15-40 nm. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of synthesized NPs was investigated using Rhodamine 6 G (R6G). When compared to standard R6G Raman spectrum, significant Raman enhancement was observed in R6G- nanoparticles conjugate. When applied for the SERS detection of DNA, well resolved Raman peaks were observed in SERS spectrum of DNA with the synthesized nanoparticles which favors the application of biosynthesized nanoparticles as SERS substrate.

Evaluation of Anticancer Effect of Aegle marmelos in Human Breast Cancer Cells by In-vitro Analysis

Background: Cancer is uncontrolled division and proliferation of abnormal cells in the body. Nowadays, therapeutic Treatment of cancer has become a great clinical challenge and alternative medicines are being extensively studied to cure cancer. Aegle marmelos is one such plant Which has many pharmacological activities.
 Aim: To study the anticancer activity of Aegle marmelos which promotes cell death in human cancer breast cells MCF7 by modulating wnt/beta catenin expression.
 Materials and methods: Human Breast Cancer cell line (MCF-7) was purchased from NCCS.Cell viability was assayed using a modified colorimetric technique that is based on the ability of live cells to convert MTT. The specificity of the amplification product was determined by melting curve analysis for each primer pairs. The obtained data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test with a computer-based software.
 Results: the viability of cancer cells after addition of Aegle marmelos has decreased from 100% to 50% with increase in concentration of the extract 100-600 micrograms/ml. It is also evident that there was a fold change in control over Wnt m-RNA expression of MCF7 that decreased significantly on the addition of Aegle marmelos extract. The results also showed that there was a fold change in control of the beta catenin m-RNA expression of MCF7,which decreased significantly in addition to Aegle marmelos.
 Conclusion: The present study concluded an innovative finding that Aegle marmelos promotes cell death in MCF7 cells by modulating the pathway. The plant extract also possesses hepato- renal protective effect thus, it can be used as a novel and safe anti-cancer drug against breast cancer cells.

Photo Catalytic, Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity of Biogenic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesised Using Aegle marmelos Extracts

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were prepared by biosynthesis method using Aegle marmelos extract followed by calcination at 400 °C. Synthesised IONPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction technique, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Zeta potential and Dynamic light scattering analysis. Furthermore, Antifungal activity of the synthesised IONPs was tested against soil isolated plant pathogenic fungi F.solani (12 ± 0.53 mm) compared with fluconazole (7 ± 0.38) at 30 µg/ml. The antimicrobial activity of the IONPs was tested against E.coli (21 ± 0.43 and 30 ± 0.38 mm) and S.aureus (19 ± 0.54 and 28 ± 0.65 mm) at 15 and 30 µg/ml concentration respectively and compared with Streptomycin (16 ± 0.43 and 22 ± 0.34 at 15 and 30 µg/ml). Photocatalytic activity of the synthesised IONPs was studied using Brilliant green dye under UV light. 95.89% degradation was observed in 90 min. The photocatalytic degradation followed the first order kinetics model and the K value was 0.0458 min−1.

Assessment on the Effective Green-Based Nepal Origin Plants Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Bioethanol and its Blend

Effects of Nepal origin plant species of Vitex negundo, Catharanthus roseu, Aegle marmelos and Elaeocarpus ganitrus extracts on mild steel corrosion were explored in bioethanol (E100) and its blend (E15) in airtight condition at 25±2 °C using static immersion, inhibition efficiency and mechanism tests which were complemented with adsorption isotherms and potentiodynamic polarization studies. Corrosion resistance of the mild steel was increased with increasing 500-2000 ppm concentrations of each plant extract in E100 and E15 biofuels. Additions of V. negundo and C. roseus extract separately in both the biofuels seems to be more effective inhibition actions to prevent the mild steel corrosion than A. marmelos or E. ganitrus addition so as the corrosion rates of the mild steel in E100 and E15 are successfully lowered even than in commercial gasoline (E0). The results obtained from the corrosion rate revealed the order of the corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) as V. negundo > C. roseus > A. marmelos > E. ganitrus. The maximum IE (IEmax) in V. negundo and C. roseus leaves was showed about 89-86% and 71-75%, respectively, at 2000 ppm concentration, in spite of the other two more plants leaf extract also used as the corrosion inhibitors for the mild steel in both E100 and E15 biofuels. The IE increased on increasing inhibitor concentration following the Langmuir and Temkin adsorption isotherms but decreased with immersion time which suggested that the corrosion inhibition mechanism is of physical type of adsorption of the leaves constituents on the mild steel surface. A. marmelos extract acted as an anodic type of inhibitor in E100 and E15, while E. ganitrus acted as mixed

Cost-effective and green approach for the synthesis of zinc ferrite nanoparticles using Aegle Marmelos extract as a fuel: catalytic, electrochemical, and microbial applications

Today, due to industrialization and urbanization, the world is facing serious water shortage and environmental alarms. The reusability of polluted water could be a promising approach for the sustainable wastewater management strategy. In the view, the present work compiles the synthesis of zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles by a simple, economic, and eco-friendly route. The investigation of structural properties, thermal properties, and optical properties was carried out successfully by standard characterization techniques. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the spinel-cubic lattice with Fd-3m space group for all the samples. The presence of vibrational frequency modes of Zn–O and Fe–O was ensured by FTIR spectra. The nano-size, morphology, atomic percentage, and some agglomeration of the nanoparticles were revealed by SEM–EDX and TEM images. The bandgap values were calculated from UV–Visible analysis data, and found to be 2.36 eV. The distribution of pore size by BJH method and BET surface area was evaluated by Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and is found to be 19.74 m2/g. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis affirmed percentage of weight loss and phase formation. The photocatalytic activity of methylene blue was evaluated under visible light and the removal efficiency of 96% and nano-catalyst shows active reusability. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the study of electrochemical properties of nanoparticles. Further, the antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was investigated using Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and some selected fungi strains. The obtained results revealed that the newly synthesized ZnFe2O4 can act as potential photocatalyst, electrochemical sensor, and antimicrobial agent.

An eco-friendly saltless method of preservation of skins using A. marmelos extract.

In leather industries, raw hides/skins are always preserved before being processed into leather. Salting method of preservation is the general and age old popular practice of preservation used in these industries. The main drawbacks of this method are the generation of huge amounts of pollution load, in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended salts (TSS), and chlorides; and ecological damage which occurs as a result of these waste effluents being discharged into the ground. Therefore, finding cheaper and eco-friendly methods of preservation has become a major necessity for these industries. In this manuscript, we have used ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos for preservation which totally eliminates salt. The efficacy of this method was assessed by evaluating parameters such as microbial count, nitrogen content, and collagen content of the skin samples, and biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), TDS, and TSS of the waste effluents collected during processing of leather. It was found that this method showed a remarkable reduction in pollution loads like BOD (46%), COD (3-fold), TDS (many folds), and increased values of collagen content. Thus, we could conclude that preservation using A. marmelos was found to be more effective and eco-friendly.

Facile and Green Synthesis of Iron and Silver supported Iron Nanoparticles from Novel Plant Extract of Aegle marmelos: Anti-bacterial and Anti-fungal Activity.

Nanoscience and nanoparticles are getting attention in wide aspects of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, biotechnology medicine and even industries. The green synthesis of different single and doped metal nanoparticles has been known for last few years and having their beneficial, medicinal and pharmaceutical result. In the light of all this, we are approaching for an ecofriendly, less perilous and plant mediated green synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticle as compared with other conventional and unsafe methods. We report for the synthesis of iron oxide NPs by aqueous extract of leaf of variety of medicinally important plant belonging from family Rutaceae and Aegle marmelos species. During the course of study different result was observed for different part of different plants, an intense surface resonance Plasmon band in the UV-visible spectrum as the basic characterization. The further study of formation of iron oxide NPs were confirmed by FTIR, SEM,EDX, TGA and XRD. Keywords: Green Synthesis, Rutaceae, A. marmelos extract, Ag-iron oxide nano particles.

Herbosome an approach to deliver Aegle marmelos extract: Formulation, characterization and stability study

Aegle marmelos fruit has tremendous potential to treat the various ailments for instance; diabetes, microbial diseases and many more. Despite, having abundant therapeutic activity poor lipid solubility and gastric instability limits the efficacy of Aegle marmelos extract (AME). With an idea to overcome these hurdles, AME was formulated as Herbosome in this study. The concept of Herbosome is gaining popularity, as it provides a sheet of lipid on the outer part of drug or extract, which helps in the bioavailability enhancement. In the present work, AME was prepared by cold extraction method and percentage yield was found to be 20% w/w. Here, Marmelosin one of the major phytoconstituent in Aegle marmelos, was used as a marker for standardization of the prepared extract. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out. Whereas, quantitative estimation of Marmelosin in AME by High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was conducted. In further steps, pre-formulation parameters (effect of several processes and formulation parameters) were studied and Herbosome loaded AME was formulated by conventional technique i.e. thin film method and soyalecithin were used as phospholipids. Several parameters including, percent entrant efficiency (%EE), particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta-potential were taken into consideration for the evaluation of AME Herbosome. Later on, followed by, In vitro release of optimized formulation was studied and the formulation was able to release up to 92% even after 12 hours. After developing successful AME Herbosome, stability study was performed as per the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines up to the period of a month. Herbosome was found to be stable at room temperature, even between 2-4ºC. Henceforth, to confirm the efficacy of optimized formulation, In vitro studies (antidiabetic) are going on in the laboratory. Keywords: Aegle marmelos, Aegle marmelos extract, Herbosome, In vitro release, Marmelosin, Thin film method, soyalecithin, and stability study

Augmentation of hepatoprotective potential of Aegle marmelos in combination with piperine in carbon tetrachloride model in wistar rats

The current study investigated hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Aegle marmelos leaves extract. The major constituent present in the extract i.e. rutin was quantified by using HPLC. Further, the study explored hepatoprotective effect of A. marmelos (70% ethanol extract) in combination with piperine. The normal control and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administered rats were divided into 7 groups. Hepatic damage biomarkers were determined in serum samples and oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined in liver homogenates. CCl4 caused marked liver damage as evident by significant increased activities of serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, Interleukin 10 and Tumor necrosis factor-α levels compared to normal control. The oxidative stress parameters also significantly modulated in CCl4 group as compared to normal control. Treatment with A. marmelos reduced the severity of toxicity in a dose dependent fashion and the results of A. marmelos extract 50 mg/kg group were comparable to silymarin group. The low dose of A. marmelos extract (25 mg/kg) per se did not significantly reversed the hepatotoxicity but low dose of A. marmelos in combination with piperine showed significant reversal of hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, A. marmelos exerts potential hepatoprotective activity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which was enhanced by co-treatment with piperine.

Modulation Of Pregnane X Receptor, Cytochrome P450 Enzymes And P-Glycoprotein By Commonly Used Medicinal Plants

According to the recent surveys, approximately 70% of the people administering herbal supplements also take prescription or over the counter medications. This combination may in turn lead to changes in the efficacy or toxicity of the conventional drugs. Most of the herb-drug interactions have been reported to be caused by the effects of phytochemicals on cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and Pregnane X receptor (PXR) resulting in the alteration of metabolism, absorption and distribution of conventional drugs. As part of our ongoing research on the safety evaluation of dietary supplements, we have evaluated the drug interaction potential of several commonly used medicinal plants (e.g. Aegle marmelos, Mitragyna speciosa, Dioscorea villosa, and Labisia pumila) and their constituents in terms of their activities on CYPs, P-gp, or PXR. These studies were performed using a battery of in vitro assays. Aegle marmelos extract and its furanocoumarin constituents showed potent time dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A4 and reversible inhibition of CYP1A2. Mitragyna speciosa extract and its indole and oxindole alkaloids showed potent induction of PXR and a strong inhibition of P-gp. Dioscorea villosa extract and its two major steroidal saponins (diosgenin and dioscin) did not show significant inhibition of CYPs or P-gp. Labisia pumila extract and its alkyl phenol constituents inhibited CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 while the inhibition of P-gp and PXR was shown by the extract and its saponin constituents. Early screening of the drug interaction potential of herbal supplements and their constituents may provide useful information that will help in selecting potential candidates for further studies in more clinically relevant systems.

Inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 by Aegle marmelos and its constituents

1. Aegle marmelos (bael) is a popular tree in India and other Southeast Asian countries. The fruit is usually consumed as dried, fresh or juice, and is reported to have a high nutritional value and many perceived health benefits. Despite its edible nature and therapeutic properties, no studies are reported regarding its effects on major drug metabolizing enzymes.2. This study was aimed to evaluate the inhibitory potential of methanolic extract of A. marmelos fruit and its constituents (three furanocoumarins, namely marmelosin, marmesinin and 8-hydroxypsoralen, and 1 alkaloid, aegeline) towards major Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP3A4, 2D6, 1A2, 2C9 and 2C19) using human liver microsomes and recombinant CYPs.3. The methanolic extract and marmelosin was found to be competitive and time-dependant inhibitor of CYP3A4. While reversible and non-competitive inhibition was observed for CYP1A2. Time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 was not affected by the addition of reduced glutathione. Marmesinin showed moderate inhibition of CYP3A4 and 1A2, while aegeline was a very weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 and showed no inhibition for CYP1A2 isoform. No significant inhibition of recombinant CYP2D6, 2C9, and 2C19 was seen with the extract or its constituents.4. This is the first report of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 inhibition by A. marmelos extract and one of its furanocoumarins, marmelosin. Further studies are warranted to determine if acute or prolonged use of bael fruit could affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4 or CYP1A2.