Upper Line Research Articles

Ginseng Diggers: A History of Root and Herb Gathering in Appalachia by Luke Manget

Reviewed by: Ginseng Diggers: A History of Root and Herb Gathering in Appalachia by Luke Manget Riccardo D'Amato (bio) Ginseng Diggers: A History of Root and Herb Gathering in Appalachia. By Luke Manget. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2022. Pp. 304. $27.95 cloth) In Ginseng Diggers, Luke Manget uses the Appalachian commons to argue against the idea that top-down extractive capitalism was an inevitable development. He demonstrates that the enclosure of the commons and the disappearance of commons practices was contingent upon several factors. Using ginseng as a lens due to its desirability in an international marketplace, Manget argues that the commons and national markets can coexist in a profitable and sustainable way. Building off previous work on the Appalachian commons, such as Kathryn Newfont's Blue Ridge Commons and Steven Stoll's Ramp Hollow, Ginseng Diggers tracks the use, change, and enclosure of the commons across centuries. Manget uses an impressive range of store business ledgers, writings on botanical medicine, travel journals, and export statistics to track the evolution of ginseng harvesting. Manget begins with eighteenth-century botanists' failures to cultivate the root, ensuring markets relied on wild harvesting. Man-get tracks market networks where individual diggers sold to local stores, which contracted with larger resellers who moved ginseng from commons collection to global markets. By the antebellum period, as ginseng declined beyond the Appalachians, the human-ginseng relationship evolved into a "commons culture." Harvesters and storekeepers developed ginseng conservation practices that were "incorporated into the seasonal routines of rural communities" (p. 61). Diggers waited for ginseng to produce berries before harvesting, while storekeepers refused to purchase young or out-of-season roots. The Civil War eroded these traditions and spread devastation to the region's land and people. Ginseng harvesting provided needed [End Page 65] income to struggling farmers after the war but became less of a subsidiary practice. Mountain families no longer trusted neighbors to observe sustainable harvesting and robust Chinese demand drove rising prices. Prices rose from $0.56 per pound in 1860 to $2.03 per pound by 1883, providing specialized diggers a meaningful income. Some families identified their occupation as "sang diggers" in the 1880 census, acknowledging "the general catchall label 'farmer' no longer applied to them" (p. 155). After the Civil War, commons harvesting saved many rural families from starvation, but overharvesting and habitat destruction from extractive industry made the root scarcer. The rhetoric of overharvesting resulted in numerous enclosure laws during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Landowners seeking to benefit from increased ginseng prices obtained state legislation to criminalize ginseng harvesting on private land. Kentucky was among the earliest, making digging ginseng behind a "lawful fence" a felony in 1902 (p. 188). These efforts, alongside ecological changes, "ultimately led to the physical and cultural reorientation of ginseng from a commons commodity to a private one" (p. 189). The "sang digger" stereotype and portrayals of an ignorant mountaineer who overharvested ginseng framed the digger as the enemy of industrial "progress" and played a role in the enclosure of the commons. Ginseng Diggers is a powerful account of a multitude of topics. It is an Appalachian history, a history of capitalism, and a history of commons usage. Examining ginseng counteracts mythologies of Appalachian isolationism and deconstructs capitalism's self-justifications for enclosure. If commons and national markets can peacefully coexist, we can create alternative ideas to capitalism's current forms. Extractive industry has long been a central theme to the Appalachian historiography. Ginseng Diggers identifies how those industries fought to enclose and supplant the commons in Appalachia. Extraction did not "naturally" replace commons practices and was never an inevitable development. Reconstructing the decline of ginseng commons practices helps us reimagine current extractive practices in Appalachia. [End Page 66] In a region historically plagued by extractive industry, new interpretations of capitalism may be exactly what is needed. For that, Ginseng Diggers is an impressive step forward. Riccardo D'Amato RICCARDO D'AMATO is a PhD candidate in history at the University of Kentucky. His dissertation research focuses on flooding and water utilities in central Appalachia. Copyright © 2022 Kentucky Historical Society

Roman Seas: A Maritime Archaeology of Eastern Mediterranean Economies

Roman Seas: A Maritime Archaeology of Eastern Mediterranean Economies

Mediasi Kepuasan Pengunjung pada Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Dan Penetapan Harga terhadap Loyalitas Pengunjung Objek Wisata Air Tejun Bah Biak Kabupaten Simalungun

Small and medium-sized businesses (MSMEs) are crucial to a nation's economy, which has lately emerged as one of the primary forces behind the development of the public monetary system. The state of the economy is getting worse right now. SMEs with the financial means use tactics, of course. The goal of this study is to determine whether to evaluate the method that SMEs using chicken and fish (Bakar Goreng) employ to increase the volume of their goods. An illuminating strategy with a subjective methodology, together with interview and inspection techniques, is the exploration strategy employed. The study's unintended consequences are. The advertising strategy utilized in BaReng to increase the seriousness of MSME items is to divide the market into showcases without considering consumer behavior, without any special guidelines, and without restricting customer time. Choosing to display the time before significant events like Christmas or Eid. Use a variety of advertising strategies to raise awareness of product quality and price. Face the competition by providing products with enticing bundling and affordable prices. The availability of raw materials and exceptional product quality are supportive factors for the MSME promotion system in raising the seriousness of MSME products. The narrow market network, the lack of online media activities used as a tool for promotion, and the intense rivalry are the repressive factors for MSMEs in presenting procedures in increasing the intensity of MSME products.

Electricity supply chain management considering environmental evaluation: A multi-period optimization stochastic programming model

This paper aims to derive optimal combination of electric powers for electric power market network considering environmental evaluation. Currently, attention is being paid to increasing the ratio of renewable energy generation in the electric power market which called Green Energy Coefficient (GEC). Many studies have analyzed different purposes for power market, such as configuration problem of electric power price, customer's electric power purchase distribution problem, power consumption problem, the development problem of the power generating system and so on. In this research, we propose the optimization stochastic programming models for electricity supply chain under renewable integration. We explicitly consider intermittency of renewable energy by developing a scenario decision tree, and further formulate and solve a multistage stochastic supply balance model to meet the aggregate demand in each period. The case study application is used to illustrate the model and how it supports the electricity supply chain management strategy.

The Role of Indonesian Muslim Entrepreneurs Community for Home Industry Players in Empowering Women During the Pandemic

The occurrence of a pandemic (Covid-19) resulted in many changes, especially in the economy of the people who became unstable. The women's empowerment community is one of the organizations that provides a platform for women who want to help improve the economy of their families. So this study aims to find out how big the role of a Muslim community in Indonesia is and its impact on empowering women in home-based industrial businesses which experienced a drastic decline during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses a qualitative research type. Data was collected through observation, interviews and documentation. Based on the research that the author conducted at the Indonesian Muslim Entrepreneurs Association, it shows that Indonesian Muslim Entrepreneurs Association has various major programs that aim to be able to advance and help enlighten Muslim entrepreneurs. They have played an active role in empowering women in which in carrying out their activities good morals are the main focus in attracting members. Because in entrepreneurship besides having to be good at looking for relationships and opportunities, of course it also requires good ethics. So that the marketing network becomes wider, and the knowledge and skills increase.

СИСТЕМА SMM - МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ В УПРАВЛІННІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article examines the current state of work of enterprises in the service sector. Forecasts for social media users are presented. Thus, according to Statista, it is predicted that in 2023 the increase of consumers will be 22% compared to 2017. That is, social networks are an indispensable part of most people's lives and many companies successfully use it to interact with their consumers. The article defines the main types of social networks and provides their characteristics and differences. In addition to the types and characteristics, a classification of social networks is provided and the main directions of use of each of the groups are presented. The conceptual apparatus "Marketing in Social Networks" is presented. Identified advantages and disadvantages of using SMM are fast feedback, adjustable. After launching a product to the "masses", you can get feedback about it within seconds. Such quick contact with the client allows you to immediately respond to comments about the product. At the moment, the audience of social networks is considered the most voluminous and segmented, which allows you to quickly find your "viewer" and work with a specific target audience. Social networks are a unique platform for both Internet users and various companies that get a unique opportunity to find their audience. Every day, consumers look for information of interest to them in social networks and exchange opinions about various goods and services, as well as their wishes. All these actions undoubtedly affect the reputation of the basic entities, which is why it is important for companies to be in this environment, monitor feedback and interact with consumers. That is, SMM is an effective marketing tool for promoting business and attracting a loyal target audience.

Analisis Penerapan Akad Al-Ju’alah pada Perusahaan Multi Level Marketing: Studi atas Perusahaan HNI-HPAI

This research is to find out whether the bonus given by PT. HNI-HPAI is in accordance with the ju'alah contract. The method in this study is a descriptive analysis method from personal studies on various information such as websites, desktop sites, and other social media. The research shows that PT HPAI adheres to a Multilevel Marketing business work system based on Islamic sharia. There is an element of service in the MLM system, meaning that a distributor sells goods that do not belong to him and he gets a wage from a percentage of the price of the goods and if he can sell according to the target he gets a bonus or gift set by the company. Bonuses or gifts in Islam are called al-jualah. Sell ​​is a wage or gift that has been promised to someone because he has done a job and the wage/gift can be given because the work that has been determined has been completed. According to the DSN fatwa NUMBER 62/DSNMUI/XII/2007 regarding the al-jualah contract, there are 5 conditions that must be considered by multi-level marketing companies, especially sharia-based MLM. PT. HNI-HPAI as a company that adheres to the MLM work system has met the requirements of the DSN fatwa.
 Keywords: MLM, ju'âlah, HNI-HPAI

Pengaruh pemasaran jejaring media sosial Instagram Digital Amoeba dan keterkaitan konsumen terhadap niat beli konsumen

Social media network marketing in a company attracts consumers to relate to each other so that it will provide an increase in consumer purchase intentions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of social media network marketing on Instagram Digital Amoeba and the relationship between consumers and consumers' purchase intentions. This study uses a quantitative research methodology with a causal associative research approach with data analysis techniques using Structural Equation Model (SEM) and analysis tools using AMOS 24.0. The population in this study were all Instagram Digital Amoeba followers. The sample size in this study was 314 respondents with the characteristics of already following Instagram @digitalamoeba; aged 18-54 years; work as students, employees, and entrepreneurs; and Indonesian Citizens. The results of the study indicate that social media network marketing has a significant effect on consumer purchase intentions with consumer linkage acting as an intervening variable in influencing social media users to have consumer purchase intentions.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN PENGEMBANGAN BISNIS DAN RANCANGAN BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS PAKAIAN SERAGAM HARIAN MERK D’CAPOENK

The development of the Creative Industry business world in this global era has a big breakthrough, especially in the fashion industry which is included in the start-up category. So it is important for entrepreneurs to tighten their business strategy even more, namely by having a business model. It is intended that the business can be mapped, systematically drawn, and will be used for decision making in determining the future and business development. D'capoenk is one of the businesses in the growing fashion industry category, competition by using a network marketing strategy and trust from the public has resulted in D'capoenk using a business model canvas and implementing business due diligence. By using a financial feasibility analysis in terms of sales results, this study aims to determine whether or not D'capoenk's business is feasible or not to run. In addition, the business model canvas is also used to model D'capoenk's business concepts and operational activities. NPV value > 0, namely. 708.606.303 so it can be concluded that the D'capoenk brand daily uniform business is feasible to run. The limitations of this study were conducted in the Jakarta and Surabaya areas who were willing to be interviewed and fill out a questionnaire.

A Credibility Theory-Based Robust Optimization Model to Hedge Price Uncertainty of DSO with Multiple Transactions

This paper addresses the deregulated electricity market arising in a distribution system with an electricity transaction. Under such an environment, the distribution system operator (DSO) with a distributed generator faces the challenge of electricity price uncertainty in a spot market. In this context, a credibility theory-based robust optimization model with multiple transactions is established to hedge the uncertain spot price of the DSO. Firstly, on the basis of credibility theory, the spot price is taken as a fuzzy variable and a risk aversion-based fuzzy opportunity constraint is proposed. Then, to exploit the resiliency of multiple transactions on hedging against uncertain spot price, the spot market, option contract and bilateral contract integrating power flow constraints are studied, because it is imperative for DSO to consider the operational constraints of the local network in the electricity market. Finally, the clear equivalence class is adopted to transform the risk aversion constraint into a deterministic robust optimization one. Under the premise of considering the expected cost of the DSO, the optimal electricity transaction strategy that maximizes resistance to uncertain spot price is pursued. The rationality and effectiveness of the model are verified with a modified 15-node network. The results show that the introduction of option contracts and bilateral contracts reduces the electricity transaction cost of DSO by USD 28.5. In addition, under the same risk aversion factor, the cost of the proposed model is reduced by USD 195.18 compared with robust optimization, which avoids the over-conservatism of traditional robust optimization.

Budaya Egalitarian Pemerintah Desa dalam Perbaikan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes)

The purpose of this study is to describe the egalitarian cultural problems of the concept of BUMDes power in North Gorontalo Regency. The methods used qualitative research methods. Based on the results of the study it was found that; (1) The mindset of the community is still minimal in making product innovations from their natural and cultural wealth; (2) The entrepreneurship program supported by the Village Fund has not been able to encourage increased changes in the economic growth of the village, and (3) There has been no cooperation with external parties in building a market network to sell innovative products. So it can be concluded that, the concept of egalitarian culture towards changes in the bureaucracy of BUMDes can be carried out if it gets support from business actor agents.

Why do people join pyramid schemes?

PurposePyramid schemes create an unusual situation, where the victims might be effectively turned into offenders, as their role is to recruit more victims to the pyramid scheme. This paper aims to investigate the prevalence of pyramid schemes, their modern forms and why people join them.Design/methodology/approachThis paper has developed from a structured literature review carried out as part of a wider study into policing pyramid schemes.FindingsThis paper identifies a range of reasons why people join pyramid schemes. Some of these reasons are “participant dominant”, including the vision of high reward for little work and the attraction to a better lifestyle. Other reasons are “organiser dominant”, including the exploitation of specific groups and high-pressure sales. These findings suggest significant differences in levels of culpability of pyramid schemes victims and perpetrators. This complexity is accompanied by conceptual, regulatory and institutional challenges.Originality/valueDespite the profound and pervasive impact of pyramid schemes, researchers know very little about why some people participate in pyramid schemes. Limited research is largely American and specific to illegal multi-level marketing schemes. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to provide an overview of a mix of strategies of participants of pyramid schemes to recruit new victims and reasons why people are joining pyramid schemes.

Evaluation of the Readiness of Small and Medium Enterprises on the Indonesian National Standard

Indonesia’s economic condition, which is experiencing a weakening due to the pandemic, has created a competitive climate among businesses. Jago Jaya Shuttlecock is one of the SMEs in the city of Surakarta that has been producing shuttlecocks since 1971. Jago Jaya Shuttlecock wants its products to be SNI certified for the expansion of the marketing network and to increase the class of the products it produces. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess the readiness of SMEs to obtain SNI certificates. This was done by examining quality control using a control chart and the process capability in accordance with the quality requirements in SNI 0036-2014. This research also examined the readiness of SMEs in the SNI certification process from the aspects of administration, technical quality assurance, and economic capability. The problem was analyzed using the Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and obtained suggestions for improvements according to the priority of action if the specification is out of control and the Cpk indicator <1.5. In the preparation of SMEs in the SNI certification process, it was found that the readiness in the administrative, technical aspects of quality assurance and economic aspects were 100%, 17%, and 100% respectively. Based on the results, recommendations were given to improve the quality assurance system.
 Keywords: Readiness, SMEs, SNI, Indonesian National Standard

Pemanfaatan Sosial Media Branding pada Mitra Anugrah Jaya untuk Meningkatkan Pemasaran Digital Aneka Keripik “Extra Delicious”

Social media is the right medium for marketing, developing content, posting products, asking for input, and others that can improve and keep their business from losing out in the midst of the existing competition. One of the business industries that will develop is Anugrah Jaya’s partner which is engaged in the food processing industry, namely Assorted Chips "Extra Delicious". This partner is owned by Shinta Niawati, located in Pandansari Lor Village, Jabung District, 17 km from the STMIK PPKIA Pradnya Paramita community service team, Malang. The conventional marketing pattern that is being carried out needs changes in the digital era in order to expand the product marketing network through social media branding, in addition to not understanding financial management in running its business and the Anugrah Jaya logo does not yet have business ownership recognition. The results of the activities carried out by the service team include providing training and assistance in the use of social media branding of various "Extra Delicious" chips so as to increase wider market segmentation, and financial management assistance so that financial management can run well. and assisting in the registration of Anugrah Jaya's business logo in order to obtain copyright acknowledgment which is registered with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, DJKI.

Meningkatkan Kemampuan UMKM Kecamatan Cibadak Kabupaten Lebak Banten Melalui Workshop Sistem Daya Saing (Pelatihan Accounting, Pricing, dan Marketing Berbasis Web)

The lack of solid Indonesian economic fundamentals has prompted the government to buildan economic structure by taking into account the existence of Micro, Small and MediumEnterprises (SMEs). This sector has been proven to provide jobs and provide opportunities forSMEs to develop in society. The existence of SMEs cannot be doubted because they have proven tobe able to survive and become an economic driver, especially after the economic crisis. On theother hand, SMEs also face many problems, namely limited working capital, low humanresources, and inadequate mastery of science and technology. Another obstacle faced by MSMEsis the unclear relationship with business prospects and unstable planning vision and mission.Providing information and market networks, easy access to funding and assistance as well asincreasing information technology capacity are some strategies to increase the competitiveness ofIndonesian SMEs.In this case, special attention is needed for SMEs, especially for business records,determining HPP and marketing problems. Efforts to develop small and medium industries, thenthese weaknesses must be overcome. This is where the role of universities as educationalinstitutions can be more involved and help overcome existing problems so that it is hoped thatMSMEs can continue to play a role in Indonesia's economic growth and development.

Microgrid operation measurement evaluation method based on blockchain technology

As the power market reform continues to deepen, microgrid plays an increasingly important role in promoting the local consumption of new energy and environmental protection. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the power market transaction with the participation of multiple microgrids.Blockchain technology is being used in many industries due to its decentralized and reliable data.This paper analyzes the advantages of the application of block chain in the micro-grid market, combines the advantages of block chain with the micro-grid market, and proposes a transaction architecture of the micro-grid market based on block chain technology.At the same time, this paper proposes a two-level optimization method.Finally, in this paper, through the simulation analysis method in promoting micro network market transactions, to improve the validity of the participants income by using the immune particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the model analysis.

Writing for Print: Publishing and the Making of Textual Authority in Late Imperial China

Writing for Print: Publishing and the Making of Textual Authority in Late Imperial China

The Manipulation of Power and the Trafficking of Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Narratives from Indonesia

ABSTRACT The trafficking of women has become increasingly prevalent as the Indonesian government has sought to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by restricting people’s mobility. Paradoxically, rather than providing momentum for stricter protections, this situation has been exploited by certain individuals to commit the crime of human trafficking. This paper is aimed at explaining the criminals’ modus operandi, exploring why women are particularly vulnerable, and analyzing the shortcomings of the state apparatus in stopping human trafficking. Data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation processes were explored using a case study approach. It was revealed that trafficking of persons has been promoted via a multi-level marketing model involving a network of companies whose operational licenses have been revoked by the government. In many cases, women have unknowingly become victims, and their families and government officials have unknowingly been perpetrators. Further, manipulation of power involved in human trafficking in Indonesia makes it difficult to unravel the tangled threads of perpetrator networks. Social advocacy, starting at the family and rural community levels, is necessary to prevent victimization.

Product quality, network effects, and efficiency of network markets.

The objective of our study is to capture the roles of product quality and network effects in the success and efficiency of network markets under strategic settings that defined in terms of market share as a strategic factor and profit as a financial indicator. The research paper shows that the efficiency of network markets depends heavily on the phase adjustment of competition models and the balance of network effects and product quality among enterprises. the network market is always efficient in price competition, but not true in quantity competition when the network effect difference is sufficiently large or/and the quality difference is relatively small, then network effects may play a perverse role in market efficiency. The main findings reveal that network effects do not always enhance the role of quality in market efficiency and market growth. The research outcomes point to high quality enterprises' attitude toward compatibility with enterprises with large network effects. This research paper also offers insights on government intervention to correct the distorted impacts of sufficiently large network effects on the efficiency of network markets.

Channel Conflict and Management of O2O Network Marketing Model Under E-Commerce Exploration of Ideas

With the continuous updating of Internet technology, the Internet has gradually become popular, and e-commerce has also ushered in new development opportunities. It has gradually evolved from electronic retail price segments and electronic trade to modern online. The transaction mode has become an important means of communication for the development of the industry. As a new type of activity, e-commerce forms a brand-new informatization model for the production, procurement, and sales of enterprises. Therefore, this paper will analyze the channel conflict of the offline to online (O2O) network marketing model under e-commerce, and propose specific management strategies.