Market Outlets Research Articles

Effect of IFAD-VCDP on Input-Output Commercialization of Rice Farmers in Niger State of Nigeria

The present research empirically determined the effect of IFAD programme on output and input commercialization among rice farmers in Niger State of Nigeria using field survey data elicited from 111 participants and 185 non-participants (90 and 95 non-participants from exposed and control groups respectively) drawn via multi-stage sampling design. The collected data were analyzed using Heckman’s model. The empirical finding showed that the programme has no effect on output commercialization due to the poor market outlet as a result of no provision of established off-takers. However, the input support aspect of the programme mandate exerts an effect on the input commercialization among the farmers in the studied area. Furthermore, the poor incentive for extension agents, non-productive large household dominated by weaker people and one-way income traffic affected output commercialization among the rice farmers in the study area. Therefore, based on these, the programme should link the farmers with off-takers so as to sustain the viability of the programme even after its life span. In addition, to tackle poor extension contact, the farmers should effectively and efficiently use their social capital to introduce farmer to farmer extension approach by using private extension service as the technical support unit.

The promotion of amaranth value chains for livelihood enhancement in East Africa: A systems modelling approach

This paper conducts ex-ante impact assessments for policy interventions to promote amaranth value chains in Tanzania and Kenya. Amaranth is an underdeveloped, drought-resistant, and nutrition-rich crop used for human food, animal fodder, and ornamental purposes. Promoting amaranth value chains is a difficult task, given that amaranth is not a well-established commodity and has limited market outlets in the developing world at present. This paper provides a framework within which conduct scenario analysis of ways to promote amaranth value chains using system dynamics (SD). We constructed an integrated amaranth production and market model to evaluate the impact of producer adoption of improved production technologies (improved seed varieties), and changes in demand for amaranth products, on producer profits and planting behaviour. The results of our model show that the profitably upgrading and commercialising of amaranth value chains require multifaceted and chain-level interventions that improve supply- and demand-side conditions. Interventions that target only the supply side serve to increase amaranth production, but generate minor economic gain for producers.

Food Safety Consciousness and Consumers’ Milk Purchasing Behavior: Evidence from a Developing Country

AbstractWe study the effects of food safety awareness on consumers’ milk purchasing behavior in Nepal. We conducted consumer survey and employed an instrumental variable regression. We find education, income, and social network to influence food safety consciousness (FSC). Our results indicate the positive impact of FSC on weekly milk expenditure and probability of purchasing milk from milk cooperatives. Any policy that helps to improve the FSC levels will likely increase the purchase of safe milk from the modern market outlet, and lack of such awareness raising policies has prevented the market for safe food from evolving and expanding.

Determinants of Coffee Market Outlet Choice by Smallholder Farmers in Seka Chokorsa District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

This article is intended to identify coffee market outlets, analyze marketing margins and the determinants of outlet choice by smallholder farmers in seka chokorsa district of jimma zone. Both types and sources of data were used and collected from 124 coffee producers, suppliers, cooperatives and collectors to obtain necessary data and analyzed using multinomial logit model. The survey revealed that 41.1% of smallholders sold their sundried coffee to suppliers, 33.1% reported to have sold to cooperatives and about 25.8% of them sold their coffee to collectors. Analysis of marketing margins showed that the costs incurred by producers are very high almost more than half of the overall costs relative to costs incurred by primary outlets and they obtain fewer margins only about 28 percent which is not fair and seasonable compared to costs. Hence, there is a need to intervene in this gap to increase producers’ share in the area through supplying inputs at low price which in turn reduces production costs. The results of multinomial logit model indicated that the probability of choosing cooperatives marketing outlet was affected by coffee farming experience, educational level of the household head and postharvest value addition compared to suppliers’ outlet. Similarly, the probability to choose the collector outlet is found to be significantly affected by the age of the household head, livestock in tropical livestock unit, access to coffee marketing information and access to extension service relative to suppliers’ outlet the base category. Therefore, these factors requires intervention and promotion by developing farmers’ awareness about post-harvest handling, educating and training farmers; strengthening financial and market capacity of the cooperatives would increase farmers’ choice towards cooperative outlet. Furthermore, establishing and facilitating market access, providing efficient, regular, timely and integrated extension service, improving infrastructure like communication and road to ensure farmers ability in accessing market and market information are recommended to improve farmers’ outlet choice in the study area for future policy intervention. Keywords: Coffee, Marketing margins, Outlet Choice, Smallholders, Multinomial Logit Model DOI: 10.7176/JPID/54-03 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Adoption and economic analysis of using biological control in Philippine highland farms: Case of Trichoderma koningii strain KA

This study summarized evidence of adoption and outcomes of using Trichoderma koningii in highland agriculture in the Philippines, and estimated economic rate of returns to T. koningii R&D. Adoption rates were estimated from sales data of T. koningii pure culture, and net incremental changes based on reviewed field experiments in the Cordillera region, Philippines and partial budget analysis based on farmer interviews. Findings showed that T. koningii are being used mostly by organic and good agricultural practice producers as biofungicide for disease management, and as soil nutrient and compost enhancer. T. koningii pure culture annual geometric growth rate of sales was at 29.7% and overall adoption rate in Benguet in 2018 was roughly estimated at 0.03%. Identified constraints to adoption are: high price; misconception that Trichoderma is for organic farmers only; slow effect of the technology; limited information; and limited market outlets and marketing strategies. The estimated change in yield due to use of T. koningii ranged from 10% to 50% based on farmer interviews, and 4%–92% based on field and pot experiments in various crops and uses from literature. The net present value (NPV) assuming a 10% real social discount rate is PhP4.3 M (USD0.08M), and the rate of returns for the Philippine government investing resources in T. koningii development and promotion was estimated at 49.1% considering a 10-year period. Assuming the lowest estimate of net benefit at PhP28670 ha-1 (547 USD ha−1) and 20 years project duration, the NPV is Php3.7 M (USD 0.07M). The study contributes policy support to sustained promotion of T. koningii and continued government funding for effective biological control and biofertilizer R&D.

Determinant of Milk Market Outlet Choices:The Case of Kofele District, West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

The study was aimed at Determinant of milk market outlet choices Kofale district, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Ethiopia with the specific objectives of identifying factors affecting milk market participation decision and the level of participation of milk. Data for this study were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from 142 farmers, 59 traders, 2 cooperatives and 23 consumers. A primary data was collected from the milk value chain actors using semi-structured questionnaires’, key informants, and focus group discussion guide checklist. to analyze the determinants of the producers market participation decision and level of participation double hurdle model was applied. Multivariate probit model used to identify the determinants of market outlets choice decisions. The multivariate probit model results indicated that sex, dairy farming experience, dairy cooperative membership, number of milking cow owned frequency of extension contact, off/non-farm income and access to transportation facility of farm households were significantly influenced milk producers’ choice of market outlets. Keywords: Milk, Market outlet, Multivariate probit DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-7-06 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Analysis of Market Outlet Choice by Smallholder Beef Cattle Farmers in Eswatini

Beef cattle marketing assumes a central position in the rural development discussion and economic growth in Eswatini. However, scantiness in empirical assessment on market outlet choice undercuts the establishment of pro-poor market systems for improved livelihoods. Therefore, this study sought to determine the drivers of beef cattle market outlet choice. The Snowball-purposive sampling technique was conducted to collect data, through personal interviews guided by a structured questionnaire, from a sample of 328 farmers. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit regression were used for data analysis. The results indicate that 51.83%, 42.38% and 5.79% of the farmers marketed through the processor-butcher, direct and feedlotter outlets, respectively. Education and exotic breeds were associated with the feedlotter outlet. Vectors of marketing and production-related factors are the main drivers of market outlet choice. Pasture availability revealed statistical significance at p < 0.01 , while off-farm employment and cooperative membership were significant at p < 0.05 . The proportions of cows and oxen in the herd were significant at p < 0.1 . The study recommends farmer-training and protection of pastures to advance selection of formal outlets. Cooperativism is a suggested mechanism for creating farmers’ bargaining power. A conducive market framework is required for the promotion of formal market outlets. Keywords: market outlet choice, beef cattle, multinomial logit model, Eswatini DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-8-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

The promotion of amaranth value chains for livelihood enhancement in East Africa: A systems modelling approach

This paper conducts ex-ante impact assessments for policy interventions to promote amaranth value chains in Tanzania and Kenya. Amaranth is an underdeveloped, drought-resistant, and nutrition-rich crop used for human food, animal fodder, and ornamental purposes. Promoting amaranth value chains is a difficult task, given that amaranth is not a well-established commodity and has limited market outlets in the developing world at present. This paper provides a framework within which conduct scenario analysis of ways to promote amaranth value chains using system dynamics (SD). We constructed an integrated amaranth production and market model to evaluate the impact of producer adoption of improved production technologies (improved seed varieties), and changes in demand for amaranth products, on producer profits and planting behaviour. The results of our model show that the profitably upgrading and commercialising of amaranth value chains require multifaceted and chain-level interventions that improve supply- and demand-side conditions. Interventions that target only the supply side serve to increase amaranth production, but generate minor economic gain for producers.

Review on Value Chain Analysis Potato in Ethiopia

More than 80% of the Ethiopian population earns their livelihood from crop cultivation and livestock rearing activities. Crop production is a major contributor to Gross Domestic Product accounting for approximately 28% from the sub sectors of agriculture. Among the crops, coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, vegetables and cereals are principal crops grown in Ethiopia. As a result, potato is the most important vegetable in terms of both production and consumption in Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to review the major potato value chain actors and their roles, determinants of quantity of potato supplied to the market and factors affecting potato value addition at different stages of the value chain in Ethiopia. Finally, from the review literature almost all results the production of potato and the demand of potato increase from year to year.The major actors of potato value chain were channeled from producer to final consumers, such as input supplier, producers (farmer), wholesalers, retailers, small scale processor, and consumers. Although trading of potato is profitable across all samples and Potato is among the major vegetable export products. It is traded in both local market and export market outlets. Among the different literatures the following variables determine the supply of potato such as, distance to the market, Access of market information, price of produce, Access to extension service, size of land, yield, Access of credit and access of non-farm income. In addition to these the factor affecting value addition are not washing off soil from harvested potato, lack of packing material or baskets, as well as lack of transportation, storage, access of credit, access of extension services, small quantity to produce and distance to market. Most of the scholars are not address the value addition issue so this review tries to give recommendation for other researchers to conduct research on this issue. The review suggests that proper method of handling, information, transporting can keep quality and quantity of potato production. Therefore, it is recommended to assign efficient extension system, updating the producer’s knowledge and skill with improved production, storing and marketing system that enables to increase benefits of producers. Keywords: Potato, Value chain, production, value addition DOI: 10.7176/IEL/10-2-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Ownership Structure of Franchise Chains: Trade-Off Between Adaptation and Control

This study provides a new explanation of the ownership structure of franchise firms by highlighting a trade-off between adaptation and control under increasing uncertainty. Franchise chains are formed to reduce transaction costs by combining franchisee outlets as an adaptation mechanism and company-owned outlets as a control mechanism. We argue that under low to moderate uncertainty, franchisors prioritize local responsiveness to profit opportunities by operating a lower proportion of company-owned outlets (PCO); by contrast, under high environmental uncertainty, franchisors prefer more central control through a higher PCO to coordinate interdependent local market outlets better. Hence, the franchisor must find an optimal PCO by balancing the PCO decreasing effect of higher local adaptation with the PCO increasing effect of higher central coordination under increasing uncertainty. Therefore, we posit a U-shaped relationship between the PCO and environmental uncertainty. Data from German and Swiss franchise systems provide support for the study’s hypotheses.

Innovation and the Success of Women's Small Scale Enterprises in Ghana

Innovation is fast becoming a crucial factor in enterprise performance, growth and survival. In recent years, a growing number of studies have demonstrated how innovation leads to success in larger enterprises. Literature addressing innovation in small enterprises in developing countries is limited; most studies in this field are from developed countries. This study therefore aimed at filling the gap by firstly, exploring the innovations introduced in the Ghanaian women-owned small enterprises, and secondly finding out the relationship between these innovations and the women's business success. The innovative practices explored were the introduction of new products and processes, identification of new sources of raw materials and new markets. Quantitative and qualitative approaches are combined in data collection and analysis. Data has been obtained from a survey of 421 Ghanaian women entrepreneurs and interviews conducted with 50 of those women. The results in the study indicated that the small enterprises engaged in various types of innovative practices such as the adoption of fuel efficient processing methods, diversification of product line, improved packaging and opening of new market outlets. These innovative practices have contributed to the success of the enterprises. Their success factors include self-fulfillment, wealth creation and positive impact on the Ghanaian economy. These findings have policy implications for improved technology and funds allocation to enhance women's role in economic development.
 Keywords: Innovation; Business growth; Women-owned small enterprises; Schumpeter's entrepreneurship perspective.

Information Technology Capability and Performance of Selected Oil and Gas Marketing Companies in Lagos State, Nigeria: The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture

Globally, oil and gas marketing companies are in a continuous competitive environment and dilemma of maintaining larger market share among competitors in the oil and gas industry. Most business managers in the oil and gas marketing industry in Nigeria find it difficult in constantly achieving increase in performance in terms of market share due to organisational culture rigidity and poor adoption of information technology capability among oil and gas marketing companies. Hence, this study investigated the relationship between information technology capability and market share as well as the moderating effect of organisational culture on the relationship between information technology capability and performance of oil and gas marketing companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study employed survey research design. The target population comprised 515 oil and gas marketing and retail outlets operating in Lagos State, Nigeria. A total enumeration technique was adopted. Findings revealed that there is a significant and positive relationship between information technology capability and market share and also organisational culture significantly moderate the relationship between information technology capability and market share of oil and gas marketing companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study concludes that there is relationship between information technology capability and market share. Also, organisational culture moderates the relationship between information technology capability and market share. It is recommended that oil and gas marketing companies should evolve dynamic business models that will enhance adoption of information technology capability and organisational culture flexibility in order to achieve the advantage of larger market share.

EFISIENSI PEMASARAN KOMODITAS MANGGIS DI KABUPETAN TASIKMALAYA

Marketing mangosteen in Kabupaten T asikmalaya has reached around the country one of them C hina . Exports mangosteen carried out by several distributors mangosteen who was in the distric t of tasikmalaya one of them PT Java F resh . The selling price mangosteen for export reached rp 30.000 / kg while the price level farmers around rp 3500-rp 5000 / kg. So that the purpose of this research is to measure the efficiency mangosteen marketing for export activity in the district. tasikmalayaBased on the research results obtained that export marketing outlets there are two channels that come with the quality of super ( sp ).A channel 1 mangosteen sp quality from the farmers be channeled to merchants ( village middleman ) with the percentage 70 percent of the harvest.A channel 2 farmers sell to trader sells directly to the exporters. sub districtThe added value to every channel there are only on an activity of cleaning and sorting. Margins marketing the highest is exporters with distribution margin of 56.6 percent of the channel 1 and 60 percent of the channel 2. While the ratio of gains against the most are the intermediary village. This is the cost is relatively small in comparison to other institusions marketing. Based on price and, operational efficiency marketing mangosteen efficient done because advantage or the differences in price greater than the cost by each institution marketing.

Determinants of Market Outlet Choices of <i>Tef</i>

In Ethiopia, specifically in Dendi district tef is cash crop for majority of the smallholder farmers. and the supply of tef in the study area still can’t satisfy the existing market demand and the farmers are not benefited from the market price. This study was aimed at analyzing the factors affecting market outlet choices of tef producers in Dendi district. The study largely uses primary data that were collected through structured and semi-structured questionnaire. Both descriptive statistics and econometric models were used. Multivariate probit model was used to identify the determinants market outlet choices. From descriptive statistics result six tef marketing channels are identified in the district. The multivariate probit model result indicated that educational level of household head, household size, livestock owned, equines owned, land area under tef, distance to the nearest market and current market prices of tef significantly influenced tef producers’ choice of alternative market outlets. The probability of choosing wholesalers, consumers, collectors and cooperatives outlets are 64.4%, 41.6%, 39.1% and 51.1%, respectively. Wholesalers is the most likely chosen market outlet while collectors are the less likely chosen market outlet. The joint probabilities of the households to jointly choose the four market outlets was 4.1% which is lower than the likely of not choosing all market outlets which is 5.2%. Therefore, strategies aiming at promoting tef producers’ marketing and outlet choices should focus on strengthening the technical skills, resource base, infrastructural and institutional capacity of smallholder farmers.

Determinants of Wheat Market Outlet Choice of Cooperative Members: The Case of Hetosa District, Ethiopia

It is assumed that, agricultural cooperatives are solving members marketing problem. However, members were not properly used cooperatives as market outlet in the study area. The specific objectives of the study were to assess wheat market outlet choices and analyze factors that determine wheat market outlet choices of members. The survey research method was used to accomplish this. The primary data were collected from 134 randomly selected respondents. The secondary data specific to the study area were collected from documents and records of agricultural cooperatives. The data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. The analysis showed that only 23.10 % of sample respondents were selling their wheat produce through cooperatives where as 76.90 % were selling to other market outlet than cooperatives. The model showed that eight variables have a significant effect on the wheat market outlet choices of members. Those are education, dividend payment, quantity produced, access to training, access to extension service, market information, and trust on cooperatives, have a positive significant effect on wheat market outlet choices of members while mode of sell/payment system have a negative significant effect. Based on the study results, the following recommendation were given to choose cooperatives as a market outlet. Necessary training concerning the benefits of cooperatives in general and marketing in particular should be given to cooperatives by concerned body. There should be trust among members and cooperative leaders. Dividend must be paid based on the cooperative bylaws. Appropriate extension service must be given to cooperative members so as to increase the quantity of produces. In addition, providing marketing information timely is very crucial. Finally, mode of sell/payment system is advisable if it is on cash instead of paying on credit.

Determination of Levels of Asbestos Fiber in Cosmetic and Non-Cosmetic Products Sold within Enugu Metropolis—Enugu State, Nigeria

Studies were carried out to determine asbestos fiber levels in cosmetic (talc powder) and non-cosmetic (gauze pad, plastic filler and ceiling tiles) products sold in market outlets within Enugu, metropolis, Enugu State, Nigeria, using standard established procedures. The samples were pretreated based on its physical make-up and the asbestos fiber levels determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersing spectroscopy techniques. The mean range of asbestos fiber was, 0.02 - 0.06; 0.01 - 0.05; 0.01 - 0.04 and 0.03 - 0.06 f/cc for talc powder, gauze pads, plastic filler and ceiling tile samples respectively. The mean levels of asbestos fibers in the studied samples were within the recommended permissible limits. The samples contain asbestos fiber in the following decreasing order: ceiling tiles > talc powders > gauze pads > plastic fillers. Asbestos fiber was found present in the investigated local and foreign items sold in market outlets within the metropolis. This study shows that despite the ban on the use of asbestos in the industry in the manufacture of items meant for human use, its enforcement appears weak and lethargic and this could portend health danger especially in the use of produced items with high asbestos fiber friability such as talc powder.

Factors Affecting Vegetable Producers Market Outlet Choice in Case of Habru District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, horticultural crops play a significant role in improving household income and nutrition status of producers. However, the choice of appropriate market outlets that enhance the benefit of producers is a key challenge facing vegetable producers in Habru district, North Wollo zone, Ethiopia. Hence, this study carried out to identify factors affecting market outlet choice of vegetable producers in Habru district. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. A random sample of 147 vegetable producer households were selected using a proportional sampling technique. Both descriptive and multivariate probit methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model result showed that age, education level, sex, farming experience, land cultivated, quantity produced, selling price, and extension contact significantly affected onion producers market outlet choice. While education level, sex, farming experience, quantity produced, selling price, extension contact, and non/off-farm income significantly affected tomato producers market outlet choice. The study recommends the need to promote farmer organization for collective marketing and financial support for marketing, boost vegetable production, support market-oriented extension delivery, enhance farmers training and experience exchange of vegetable producers.

Analysis of Chickpea Outlet Choices in Dembia District, North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia

Chickpea marketing system in Ethiopia is highly immature and poorly organized. This indicates outlet choice is comparatively new and greatly inconstant depending on production situations. The product channeled through complex channel of marketing chains that involve a number of mediators and marketing agents. So, the study was aimed to identify determinant of market outlet choice on chickpea farmers in Dembia district. A two stage sampling technique was used to determine sample size. A total of 150 sample households were randomly selected for an interview using a semi-structured questionnaire and key informants were the other method of data collection. Multivariate probit model was employed to identify the factor affecting chickpea market outlet choices. The result of multivariate probit model showed that literacy status, owning transport facility, livestock holding, chickpea yield and access to extension service significantly influenced the choice of chickpea market outlet choice in the study area. The common underlying factors of market channel choice were also identified. Based on the results, the study recommended that traders, local and national governments, none governmental organizations, policy makers and stakeholders should focus on strengthening the existence formal and informal education, chickpea production system, in improving extension system, strengthening the existing rural telecom and rural-urban infrastructure to achieve good market chain system in the study area as well as at the country level.

Agrarian Change and Rural Transformation in Tanzania: Ismani, Circa 1940-2010

Abstract Farming is a major sector of informal employment for more than 67 per cent of the active labour force in Tanzania. This means farming is of primary importance to the overall economy. Rural transformations and the future of agriculture in Tanzania depend mainly upon improved access to market outlets, guarantees on improved seeds, and availability of farm-loans. These are essential interventions to transform the rural sector despite the challenges it is facing. An overview of government interventions in rural development policy and activity is offered here by focusing on Ismani, part of the present-day Iringa District in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Agrarian change in Ismani through the 1940s to the 1970s depended upon government interventions on the one hand, and changes in the physical environment on the other. Initially during this period, Ismani became a national food granary in the 1970s as a result of government interventions. Then this progress turned upside down in the 1980s, when the development of Ismani took on a new dimension due to a rapid decline in maize productivity. In recent years, especially over the last two decades, Ismani has experienced recurrent food insecurity. Evidence of the drastic change emerges from reliance on archival sources, fieldwork interviews and secondary sources collected in 2012, 2013 and 2017. This paper explores the dynamics of maize farming in Ismani, to provide a detailed historical understanding of how a prosperous maize farming area can become, in the space of only a few years, an area which is now rife with localised food insecurity in many of its villages.

Value Chain Analysis of Sesame the Case of Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

This study was analyzed value chain analysis of sesame in Bench Maji Zone of Southwestern, Ethiopia. It was specifically aimed to address the research gaps by, identifying the major value chain actors and mapping the value chain, and identifying major factors affecting market outlet choices of sesame producers in Meinit Goldya and Guraferda Districts. For addressing these objectives the study used both primary and secondary data obtained from field survey and desk review. Multistage random sampling technique was used to draw 270 sesame producers. Descriptive statistics and econometric method of data analysis were used to analyze the data. The major value chain actors for sesame marketing in the districts were producers, wholesalers, rural collector, cooperatives, broker/commission agents, retailers, local consumers, ECX, exporters and non-governmental organizations. The multivariate probit model results indicated that Years of experiences, Coop membership, household size, Education level, Land under sesame, Quantity supply, participating in training and distance to nearest market significantly influenced sesame producer’s choice of market outlet. Depending on results of this study recommend that strengthening farmers sesame cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative, improving accessibility of Transport services and developing infrastructure, improving farmers’ knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other sesame producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions(extension service provider) motivating sesame producing farm household to participate different training. Therefore, those important socioeconomic and institutional factors which are mentioned above must take into account to improve the productivity of sesame in the study area.