Markers Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve endothelial markers in metabolic syndrome: A systematic review

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve endothelial markers in metabolic syndrome: A systematic review

Total Testosterone to Estradiol Ratio as a Predictor Marker of Metabolic Syndrome in Males.

Nowadays, metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a global health challenge in developed and developing countries. The sex hormones disorders in males are related to many clinical co-morbidities. This study aimed to evaluate the total testosterone (TT) to estradiol (E2) ratio as a predictor marker of MetS. This case-control study included 88 MetS patients and 88 healthy individuals (control), in the age range of 18-69 years who were selected among patients who were referring to an outpatient clinic, using a convenience sampling method. The study participants were selected based on their medical history and physical examination, which included waist circumference, blood pressure, serum E2, TT, fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Diagnosis of MetS was confirmed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. The findings revealed that the mean TT level was significantly lower among patients with MetS (P<0.001), while the mean E2 level was significantly higher among patients with MetS (P<0.001). The mean TT to E2 ratio was significantly lower among patients with MetS (OR=9.6, P<0.001). There was a significant correlation between MetS components and TT to E2 ratio and waist circumference (WC) (r = - 0.49, P<0.0001). The means of weight, WC, blood pressure, and FBG levels were significantly higher in patients with MetS (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.04, respectively), and the lipid profile of patients with MetS was abnormal (TG, P<0.001, HDL-C, P<0.001). Eventually, it can be concluded that the TT to E2 ratio can be regarded as a significant predictor of MetS in males.

P684 Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and high risk profiles compatible with metabolic syndrome in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a cross-sectional analysis of matched cohorts

Abstract Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This probably results from a cumulative effect of chronic inflammation and traditional CVD risk factors. We assessed the CVD risk profile of IBD patients as compared to the general population. Methods In this cross-sectional study, consecutive IBD patients aged ≥45 years were included at the Gastroenterology and Hepatology outpatient clinic. CVD risk profiles wese assessed by anthropometrics (blood pressure, length, weight, waist and hip circumference), serum analyses (nonfasting glucose and lipid spectrum) and self-administered questionnaires (history of CVD events, traditional CVD risk factors, medication use). One to four controls from the Rotterdam Study were matched to each IBD case by sex and age (scope +-5 years). Stratification was applied to asses differences between sex, IBD diagnosis and clinical disease activity (HBI or SCCAI&amp;gt;5). Results 235 IBD patients were included (44% male; median age 59 years (IQR 51–66)) and matched to 829 controls (44% male; median age 62 years (IQR 57–68)). IBD patients were more frequently diagnosed with CVD (OR 2.01, 95%CI 1.23–3.27). IBD patients showed lower odds of overweight defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.35–0.66) and hypercholesterolemia defined as total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/L, self-reported diagnosis or use of lipid lowering drugs (OR 0.45, 95%CI 0.31–0.65). The following markers of metabolic syndrome were increased in IBD patients: hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, self-reported diagnosis or use of antihypertensive drugs (OR 1.67, 95%CI 1.19–2.32), waist circumference (92 cm (SE±10) vs 88 cm (SE±8), p=.006) and triglyceride level (2.7 mmol/L (SE±0.8) vs 2.1 (SE±0.8), p&amp;lt;.001). (Table 1) Male patients had higher waist circumference, less favorable lipid profiles and were more frequently diagnosed with hypertension (OR 1.72, 95%CI 0.99–2.94) as compared to female patients. Patients with ulcerative colitis were more frequently smokers (OR 4.34, 95%CI 1.27–16.66) and showed higher odds of hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.85, 95%CI 1.06–3.33) as compared to patients with Crohn’s disease. Conclusion Patients with IBD are more frequently diagnosed with CVD as compared to age-sex matched controls. The CVD risk profile in IBD patients is characterized by components of the metabolic syndrome, i.e. hypertension, truncal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia, particularly among male IBD patients. The prevalence of other traditional CVD risk factors was comparable or even lower in IBD patients as compared to controls. The exploration of targeted preventive management strategies is required.

Modulation of gut microbiota and markers of metabolic syndrome in mice on cholesterol and fat enriched diet by butterfly pea flower kombucha

Clitoria ternatea, with an alternative name, Butterfly pea, is increasingly being explored for medical purposes and the development of a wide range of processed products. This study aimed to incorporate Butterfly pea into an innovative probiotic drink through a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) fermentation and to evaluate the biological activity. The benefits of the drink, referred to as butterfly pea flower kombucha (KBPF) was determined in vitro and in metabolically disorder mice that receive a diet rich in cholesterol and fat (CFED). Forty white male were categorized into four groups, i.e., A = Control/Normal Diet; B = CFED alone; C = CFED + KBPF 65 mg/kg BW (Body Weight); D = CFED + KBPF 130 mg/kg BW, and then sacrificed after 6 weeks of intervention. Seventy-nine secondary metabolite compounds were successfully identified in KBPF using LC-HRMS. In vitro studies showed the potential activity of KBPF in inhibiting not only ABTS, but also lipid (lipase) and carbohydrate (α-amylase, α-glucosidase) hydrolyzing enzymes to levels similar to acarbose control at 50–250 μg/mL. In the in vivo study, the administration of KBPF (130 mg/kg BW) significantly alleviated metabolic disorders caused by high-fat diet. Specifically, lipid profile (HDL, LDL, TC, TG), blood glucose, markers of oxidative stress (SOD liver), metabolic enzymes (lipase, amylase), and markers of inflammation (PGC-1α, TNF-α, and IL-10) were in most cases restored to normal values. Additionally, the gut microbiota community analysis showed that KBPF has a positive effect (p = 0.01) on both the Bacteroidetes phylum and the Firmicutes phylum. The new KBPF drink is a promising therapeutic functional food for preventing metabolic diseases.

A study on serum ferritin and its correlation with metabolic syndrome

Aim and Objective: To evaluate the relationship between serum ferritin and metabolic syndrome.Methods: The patients attending Rajah Muthiah Medical College & Hospital inpatient department are being screened for metabolic syndrome on the basis of NCEP: ATP III 2001 and harmonizing definition criteria. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria the patients are being enrolled into this study. Informed consent will be obtained from the patients before including them in the study.Materials and Methods:Design: Hospital based observational study.Place of Study: Department of General Medicine. Study Population: Cases attending the RMMCH inpatient department during the study period.Sample Size: 70.Study Period: November 2019 to April 2021.Results: In this study, we observed type 2 diabetes mellitus in 63 (90%) patients, systemic hypertension in 57 (81%) patients, elevated triglycerides in 28 (40%) patients, decreased HDL cholesterol in 13 (19%) patients and central adiposity was seen in all of the patients.In this study we were able to observe that serum ferritin which was elevated above average levels can be used as a marker for metabolic syndrome since ferritin is an acute phase reactant and metabolic syndrome is a pro inflammatory condition.Conclusion: There is a positive association between elevated serum ferritin (above average levels) and metabolic syndrome indicating it is a pro inflammatory condition.

New markers in metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing globally and is clinically significant due to its association with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer. Although the pathogenesis of MetS has not been clearly elucidated, insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation derived from central obesity are the most widely accepted as underlying pathophysiology. Accordingly, insulin resistance indices, adipokines and various inflammatory markers have been suggested as reliable biomarkers for MetS. Others, such as uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, are also known to positively correlate with MetS and could be diagnostically useful. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of MetS biomarkers and the development of a systematic approach to laboratory analysis.

Effects of Weight-Loss on Adipokines, Total and Regional Body Composition and Markers of Metabolic Syndrome in Women Who are Overweight and Obese

Effects of Weight-Loss on Adipokines, Total and Regional Body Composition and Markers of Metabolic Syndrome in Women Who are Overweight and Obese

Lipid ratios and obesity indices are effective predictors of metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Background:Insulin resistance (IR) is common in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metabolic syndrome (MS) involves IR, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and visceral fat accumulation. Therefore, fatness indices and blood lipid ratios can be considered as screening markers for MS. Our study aimed to evaluate the predictive potential of selected indirect metabolic risk parameters to identify MS in PCOS.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved 596 women aged 18–40 years, including 404 PCOS patients diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria and 192 eumenorrheic controls (CON). Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were taken, and blood samples were collected to assess glucose metabolism, lipid parameters, and selected hormone levels. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), and triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) were calculated. MS was assessed using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) criteria.Results:MS prevalence was significantly higher in PCOS versus CON. Patients with both MS and PCOS had more unfavorable anthropometric, hormonal, and metabolic profiles versus those with neither MS nor PCOS and versus CON with MS. LAP, TG/HDL-C, VAI, and WHtR were the best markers and strongest indicators of MS in PCOS, and their cut-off values could be useful for early MS detection. MS risk in PCOS increased with elevated levels of these markers and was the highest when TG/HDL-C was used.Conclusions:LAP, TG/HDL-C, VAI, and WHtR are representative markers for MS assessment in PCOS. Their predictive power makes them excellent screening tools for internists and enables acquiring accurate diagnoses using fewer MS markers.

Association of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte and Platelet To Lymphocyte ratio with Blood Glucose Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

INTRODUCTION: &#x0D; Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Disorders of lipid metabolism are common in diabetes causing greater cardiovascular risks. Leukocytosis is a major marker of metabolic syndrome. Both neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are related to subclinical inflammation worsening the glycemic control. HbA1c is used as a marker of blood glucose regulation.&#x0D; OBJECTIVE:&#x0D; To investigate the association of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio with blood glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; &#x0D; METHODS:&#x0D; This comparative analytical study was conducted in Shifa International Hospital on diabetic patients. Sample size was calculated as 62 by WHO sample size calculator . Non randomized convenient sampling was used. Patients were divided into two groups according to HbA1c level taking 7% as cut off point. Full blood count, lipid profile and liver profile were carried out. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were calculated for categorical variables. For quantitative normal and dispersed variables, independent student t and Mann Whitney U test were applied respectively. P Value less than 0.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS:&#x0D; Out of total 93 patients,33 (35.4 %) were males and 60(64.5%) were females. The mean duration of disease was 8.26 ± 5.8 years. NLR and PLR were elevated in patients having poor glucose control but that difference was not significant. Significant difference between the groups was found with random blood glucose. LDL, triglycerides , cholesterol ratio, ALT and AST were raised in patients having poor glycemic control.&#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION:&#x0D; Patients having poor blood glucose regulation have increased levels of haematological and serological parameters posing greater cardiovascular health risks to patients with type 2 diabetes

Role of interleukin-6 and insulin resistance as screening markers for metabolic syndrome in patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is usually associated with various extra-pulmonary manifestations. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one such entity that has been scarcely studied in Indian patients. The availability of a good screening marker may help in the timely detection of this co-morbidity in COPD patients. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the prevalence of MetS among COPD patients and the role of Interleukin-6 and insulin resistance (as measured by HOMA-IR) as screening markers for MetS in COPD. One hundred stable COPD patients were evaluated for MetS using US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (2005) guidelines. Interleukin-6 and HOMA-IR (for insulin resistance) were measured and compared between COPD patients with and without MetS. ROC analysis was done to find both the molecules' best cut-off value and sensitivity and specificity in detecting MetS. In the results, the mean age of the study cohort was 59.9±8.7yrs (males=93). Forty-five COPD patients (45%) fulfilled the criteria for MetS. Patients with MetS were comparatively younger (57.9+9.5 v/s 61.6+7.8 years; p=0.037) but had a longer duration of preceding COPD (9.9±2.8 v/s 6.0±2.2 years; p<0.001) as compared to those without MetS. Both IL-6 and HOMA index were statistically higher (p<0.05) in COPD-MetS patients compared to the other group. A cutoff value of 36.3 pg/ml for IL-6 and 1.61 for HOMA index, IL-6 and HOMA-IR had sensitivity of 91.1% and 82.2%, respectively in detecting MetS among COPD patients. To conclude, metabolic syndrome is common comorbidity seen in COPD patients. Interleukin-6 has a better sensitivity than HOMA-IR in screening MetS among COPD patients.

Apolipoprotein D and transthyretin are reduced in female adolescent offspring of women with type 1 diabetes: The EPICOM study.

Adolescent offspring exposed to maternal diabetes during intrauterine life show a less favourable metabolic profile than the background population. Here, we hypothesize that offspring of women with type 1 diabetes (T1D), possess sex-specific alterations in the serum profile of proteins involved in lipid, metabolic and transport processes and that these alterations are associated with lipid profile and indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion. A prospective nationwide follow-up study (EPICOM) in a Danish population. Blood samples were assessed from offspring of women with T1D (index offspring, n=267, 13-20years), and matched control offspring (n=290). Serum proteins were analysed using a 25-plex cardio-metabolic targeted proteomics assay, which includes 12 apolipoproteins and 13 transport and inflammatory proteins. Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) and transthyretin (TTR) were reduced in index females as compared to female controls (-8.1%, p<0.001 and -6.1%, p=0.006 respectively), but not in index males (2.2%, p=0.476 and -2.4%, p=0.731 respectively). Sex-dependent inverse associations between exposure to maternal T1D in utero and ApoD and TTR were significant after adjusting for age, BMI-SDS and Tanner stage (OR=0.252 [95% CI 0.085, 0.745], p=0.013 and OR=0.149 [95% CI 0.040, 0.553], p=0.004). ApoD correlated to indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion in a similar sex-specific pattern in crude and adjusted analyses. Low ApoD may be regarded as an early risk marker of metabolic syndrome. A possible link between ApoD and cardiovascular disease needs further investigation.

Low weight at birth can be an indicative in childhood as a marker of metabolic syndrome and hypertension

As low weight at birth can be a marker for future risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, public school children who had this positive history were studied S to nutritional status, lipids, glucose, uric acid, blood pressure and socioeconomic conditions. The main interest of the investigation is to find statistically significant correlations among data collected from young public school children from a city outside of the capital of Sao Paulo in Brazil. Results: risk factors for metabolic syndrome presented higher impact considering blood pressure and socioeconomic conditions, calling for better prenatal care and surveillance plus intervention in the low weight at birth children.

Oxidative stress correlates well with markers of metabolic syndrome in clinically hypothyroid cases: a hospital based study in a remote tribal district

Relevance. Dislipidemia is one of the major manifestation of thyroid disease process due to alteration of metabolic parameters which are also seen in metabolic syndrome. Though oxidative stress has been implicated in both processes, controversial results have been obtained. Objective. To determine the status of lipid peroxidation product (Lpx) in the study group and identify the association of different components of metabolic syndrome. Material and Methods: 102 patients comprising of 60 healthy euthyroid controls and 42 hypothyroid patients served as the study group. Blood samples were collected for fasting blood sugar, renal parameters, lipid profile, tri-iodothyronin (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Level of lipid peroxidation in the samples was determined by monitoring the level of thiobarbituric acid like substances (TBARS) like substances. Results. The demographic parameters were significantly altered in hypothyroid patients. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure amongst both the groups was observed to have higher mean value in hypothyroid patients. The fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the hypothyroid was significantly higher than euthyroid control groups. The most frequent alteration in the hypothyroid patients was rise in SBP (95 %), Hypertriglyceridemia (50 %) and raised waist circumference (48 %) and DBP (42 %). A fourfold rise in Lpx was observed in hypothyroid subjects (p0.001). Robust positive association was observed between TSH and Lpx. Multiple linear regressions revealed strongest and statistically significant association between serum serum thyroid stimulating hormone and waist circumference. Conclusion. The hypothyroid patients have significant higher degree of oxidative stress and the components of metabolic syndrome. They are the candidates for preventive health intervention.

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase as A Marker of Metabolic Syndrome

In an era of a cardiovascular epidemic an imminent search has been sought for more sensitive and specific markers of sub-clinical inflammation, thermogenesis, and increased adiposity. This study attempts to assess how serum Gamma Glutamyl Transferase [GGT] performed as an ideal endogenous substance for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and hence estimate cardiovascular risk.

Clinical and laboratory algorithm for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome with use of new medical technologies in liquidators of Chernobyl accident

Based on a long-term dynamic study of the state of health of liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, it was found that 75 % of patients have a metabolic syndrome, burdened with concomitant somatic pathology. The article presents literature data on the key role of adipokine levels in the development of the metabolic syndrome of adipose tissue, hormonal indicators, vitamins and other nutrients, which require modern methods of laboratory diagnostics to determine.The aim. To develop a clinical and laboratory algorithm for diagnosing metabolic syndrome in liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident using new medical technologies.Methods. 122 liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident with cerebrovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system and endocrine system pathology were examined. Based on the International recommendations of 2009, two groups were formed: those with the absence (n = 32) and the presence (n = 90) of metabolic syndrome (MS). The control group consisted of 30 people with MS who were examined and treated at the clinic, but did not have contact with radiation. All patients were male, with an average age of 64–66 years. The main biochemical parameters in blood serum were determined. Immunochemiluminescent method was used to determine hormonal parameters. Mass spectrometry was used to determine the indicators of oxidative stress (MDA, fat-soluble vitamins A, E, D, polyunsaturated fatty acids), and trace elements.Results and analysis. A characteristic feature of MS in LPA is a signifcantly (p &lt; 0.05) low level of total testosterone in the blood serum and the calculated ratio of testosterone/estradiol. With increasing number of MS components signifcantly (p &lt; 0.05) increases in serum level of basal insulin and HOMA IR, leptin levels, decreases the concentration of adiponectin. The analysis of the obtained results did not reveal signifcant differences in the content of the main markers of MS in LP and patients of the control group with MS. In 25% of LPA with MS, adiponectin values are determined below the lower limit of the reference range (less than 5.6 μg/ml), and the leptin content is higher than 21.0 ng/ml at the upper limit of the reference range of 5.6 ng/ml. there Is a stable tendency to reduce HDL cholesterol. When comparing the studied indicators for MS in patients with MS at the Chernobyl NPP and the control group, a statistically signifcant increase in the concentration of vitamin E (9.7 [6.8–12.7] and 6.3 [5.3–7.7]; p = 0.001) was found by 54 % and a decrease in the level of linoleic acid (230.9 [184.6–293.0] and 262.3 [214.1–426.3]; p = 0.014) by 12 %. A decrease in selenium, zinc, copper and iodine was detected.Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrated that liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident with metabolic syndrome may develop various pathogenetic variants of MS, which can be clarifed by the proposed additional criteria of the diagnostic algorithm. Identifying the pathogenetic variant of MS opens up the possibility of a personalized approach to MS therapy and prevention of the development of circulatory diseases and diabetes.

Similar Adaptations to 10 Weeks Concurrent Training on Metabolic Markers and Physical Performance in Young, Adult, and Older Adult Women.

It has been proposed that the combination of high-intensity aerobic exercises and resistance training (RT) known as concurrent training (CT) could improve metabolic syndrome (MetS) markers, and that the exercise mixture in CT could dampen muscle anaerobic pathways, a result known as the interference effect. However, there is scarce evidence on its effects in women across different ages. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of a 10-week CT intervention on MetS markers and endurance performance in adult women and compared age-related differences between young, adult, and older participants. A total of 112 women with >1 MetS risk factors were included in the study. Participants were allocated to different groups according to the following cutoff age ranges: 20–29years (y), n = 25; 30–39y, n = 35; 40–49y, n = 43; and 50–59y, n = 53. Participants performed 10 weeks of CT, including resistance training (RT), involving six major muscle groups, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in a cycle ergometer. Anthropometric, cardiovascular, metabolic, and performance outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention. The CT induced significant improvements in waist circumference (WC) (20–29y: –2.5; 30–39y: –4.1; 40–49y: –4.2; 50–59y: –2.8 Δcm) and the distance achieved in the six-minute walking test (6Mwt) (20–29y: +47.6; 30–39y: +66.0; 40–49y: +43.0; 50–59y: +58.6 Δm) across all age groups, without significant differences between groups. In addition, a significant correlation was found between 6Mwt and WC, independent of age. In conclusion, our results showed that a 10-week CT intervention improved MetS risk factors in women, suggesting that the beneficial effects promoted by CT are independent of age and confirming CT as an effective, age-independent training regimen to improve metabolic health in women.

Negative Association between Acrylamide Exposure and Metabolic Syndrome Markers in Adult Population.

Metabolic syndrome encompasses multiple conditions that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, and exposure to environmental chemicals can cause metabolic syndrome. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2006) on 4318 adult participants to assess the association between acrylamide (AA) exposure and metabolic syndrome. Concentrations of hemoglobin-adducted AA (HbAA) and hemoglobin-adducted glycidamide (HbGA) were evaluated. Metabolic syndrome markers related to HbAA and HbGA and the effect of exposure to AA and GA on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome were studied by ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression analyses, respectively. HbAA concentration inversely correlated with the number of metabolic syndrome markers (p < 0.05). An increased HbAA concentration was noted with reduced high triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the adjusted model (p < 0.05). High fasting plasma glucose level significantly correlated with HbGA concentration in the adjusted model. In conclusion, AA exposure alters metabolic syndrome markers in adults. Additional clinical and animal studies will clarify the role of AA exposure at different stages in the progression of metabolic syndrome-related diseases.

Association of Serum Galectin-3-Binding Protein and Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Adult Population

BackgroundGalectin-3-binding protein (GAL-3BP) is a ubiquitous and multifunctional secreted glycoprotein, which functions in innate immunity and has been highlighted as a potential mediator of adipose inflammation in obesity. In this study, we aimed to identify whether GAL-3BP is a novel biological marker for metabolic syndrome (MetS).MethodsThe biochemical and anthropometric variables of the 570 participants in this study were evaluated using standard procedures. Their serum GAL-3BP levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the association between the glycoprotein and MetS was analyzed using multiple logistic regression analyses. Moreover, an experimental MetS model was established. The expression of GAL-3BP in serum and adipose tissue was measured using ELISA and western blotting. Lipid accumulation was determined with the use of immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent staining.ResultsThe serum GAL-3BP level was found to be positively associated with MetS. The logistic regression analyses demonstrated that participants expressing the upper levels of GAL-3BP were more likely to develop MetS than those expressing less of the glycoprotein (OR = 2.39, 95%CI: 1.49, 3.83). The association between the serum GAL-3BP level and MetS was found preferentially in postmenopausal women (OR = 2.30, 95%CI: 1.31, 4.05). In addition, GAL-3BP was increased in the serum and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of high fat diet (HFD) mice. Moreover, GAL-3BP was highly expressed in VAT macrophages.ConclusionsThis study confirmed serum GAL-3BP to be positively associated with MetS, highlighting it as a useful biological marker of MetS in Chinese participants.

Prevalence and biomarkers in metabolic syndrome

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) has a worldwide tendency to increase and depends on many components, which explains the complexity of diagnostics and approaches to the prevention and treatment of this pathology. Age, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, obesity and genetic predisposition are factors influencing the risk of developing and progression of MS. Features of the distribution and dysfunction of adipose tissue are important factors in the development of IR, with obesity, as well as the risk of the formation of cardiometabolic diseases and MS. ­Understanding of mechanisms is linked to advances in metabolic phenotyping. Metabolic phenotyping of obese persons is important for the development of important diseases in relation to the study of the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders, the possible concomitant disease and the search for innovative strategies for the prevention and treatment of MS. The understanding of MS mechanisms is associated with advances in metabolic phenotyping. Therefore, the relevance of further study of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying various metabolic phenotypes of MS is one of the promising areas of modern scientific research. This review summarizes the current literature data on the prevalence of MS depending on gender, age, population, area of residence, education, level of physical activity, and many other parameters. Metabolic risks of MS development are detailed. Biological markers of MS are considered. The necessity of metabolic phenotyping of MS has been shown, which may have potential therapeutic value.

High Insulin in Early Childhood Is Associated with Subsequent Asthma Risk Independent of Body Mass Index

Asthma and obesity are major, interconnected public health challenges that usually have their origins in childhood, and for which the relationship is strengthened among those with insulin resistance. To determine whether high insulin in early life confers increased longitudinal risk for asthma independent of body mass index. The study used data from the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study (TCRS) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Nonfasting insulin was measured in TCRS participants at age 6 years and fasting insulin in ALSPAC participants at age 8 years. Physician-diagnosed active asthma was determined at baseline and at subsequent assessments up to age 36 years in TCRS and 17 years in ALSPAC. In TCRS, high insulin (upper quartile) at age 6 years was associated with increased odds of having active asthma from ages 8 to 36 years compared with low insulin (odds ratio,1.98; 95% CI, 1.28-3.05; P= .002). Similarly, in ALSPAC, high insulin was associated with a significantly higher risk of active asthma from ages 11 to 17 years compared with low insulin (odds ratio, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.12-2.27; P= .009). These findings were independent of baseline body mass index in both cohorts, and were not related to other demographic and asthma risk factors nor other tested markers of systemic inflammation and metabolic syndrome. In 2 separate birth cohorts, higher blood insulin level in early childhood was associated with increased risk of active asthma through adolescence and adulthood, independent of body mass index. High insulin indicates a novel mechanism for asthma development, which may be a target for intervention.