Marker For Diagnosis Research Articles

Insights into the Novel Cardiac Biomarker in Acute Heart Failure: Mybp-C.

(1) Background: Given its high cardiac specificity and its capacity to directly assess the cardiac function, cardiac myosin-binding protein (MyBP-C) is a promising biomarker in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical utility of this novel marker for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in subjects with AHF. (2) Methods: We measured plasma levels of MyBP-C at admission in 49 subjects (27 patients admitted with AHF and 22 controls). (3) Results: The plasma concentration of MyBP-C was significantly higher in patients with AHF compared to controls (54.88 vs. 0.01 ng/L, p < 0.001). For 30-day prognosis, MyBP-C showed significantly greater AUC (0.972, p < 0.001) than NT-proBNP (0.849, p = 0.001) and hs-TnI (0.714, p = 0.047). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, an elevated level of MyBP-C was the best independent predictor of 30-day mortality (OR = 1.08, p = 0.039) or combined death/recurrent 30-days rehospitalization (OR = 1.12, p = 0.014). (4) Conclusions: Our data show that circulating MyBP-C is a sensitive and cardiac-specific biomarker with potential utility for the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of AHF.

Serum Prolactin Levels as a Novel, Practical Marker for Predicting Malignant Diseases of the Breast.

Background and objective Prolactin (PRL) has a high specificity toward breast cancer (BC), making it a valuable marker in both diagnosis and prognosis. In this study, we aimed to compare serum PRL levels between pre- and post-menopausal women with BC, as well as normal reference values. We also investigated the association of various risk factors with PRL levels in women with BC. Methods The study involved adult women diagnosed with BC based on clinical features and tissue histopathology receiving treatmentat a tertiary care center in Pune, India. General and demographic information, anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and BMI), menstrual status (age at menarche and menopausal state), clinical presentation (signs and symptoms), duration of symptoms, and parity were recorded by using a pre-tested proforma based on hospital records or in-person interviews. Serum PRL was measured by the RIA method (sandwich assay). Results A total of 67 women (average age: 47.5 ± 11.8 years; 33 of them post-menopausal) with BC were included in the study. The participants had an average BMI of 24.9 ± 3.5 kg/m2,and 26 (39%) of them wereoverweight. The majority of women had BC stage IIA disease, involvement of the right side or upper outer quadrant, and had attained menarche after 14 years of age; 47 women had aBCduration of >3 months. Seven women were nulliparous, and the remaining had given birth to their first child before the age of 26 years. The average serum PRL level among the participants was 9.27 ± 7.62 ng/mL, with higher levels found in post-menopausal women compared to pre-menopausal women (11.08 vs. 7.51 ng/mL, respectively; p=0.08). Women with a higher stageand greater duration of disease had significantly higher serum PRL levels (p<0.001 for both). When compared with reference values, pre-menopausal women showed significantly lower (6.25 vs. 10.9, respectively; p=0.001) and post-menopausal women showed significantly higher (8.55 vs. 5.95; p=0.004) serum PRL levels. A positive correlation was found between serum PRL and age at the time of birth of the first child (p=0.068). Conclusions Based on our findings, PRL is an important hormone in the development of BC in women. Therapeutic modulation of PRL may be a realistic and novel approach to curing human BC, either administered alone or in combination with conventional treatments.

Acute Pancreatitis in Pregnancy: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis and Dynamic Nomogram for Risk Assessment.

Acute pancreatitis is easily confused with abdominal pain symptoms, and it could lead to serious complications for pregnant women and fetus, the mortality was as high as 3.3% and 11.6-18.7%, respectively. However, there is still lack of sensitive laboratory markers for early diagnosis of APIP and authoritative guidelines to guide treatment. The purpose of this study was to explore the risk factors of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy, establish, and evaluate the dynamic prediction model of risk factors in acute pancreatitis in pregnancy patients. Clinical data of APIP patients and non-pregnant acute pancreases patients who underwent regular antenatal check-ups during the same period were collected. The dataset after propensity matching was randomly divided into training set and verification set at a ratio of 7:3. The model was constructed using Logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, R language and other methods. The training set model was used to construct the diagnostic nomogram model and the validation set was used to validate the model. Finally, the accuracy and clinical practicability of the model were evaluated. A total of 111 APIP were included. In all APIP patients, hyperlipidemic pancreatitis was the most important reason. The levels of serum amylase, creatinine, albumin, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A1 were significantly different between the two groups. The propensity matching method was used to match pregnant pancreatitis patients and pregnant non-pancreatic patients 1:1 according to age and gestational age, and the matching tolerance was 0.02. The multivariate logistic regression analysis of training set showed that diabetes, triglyceride, Body Mass Index, white blood cell, and C-reactive protein were identified and entered the dynamic nomogram. The area under the ROC curve of the training set was 0.942 and in validation set was 0.842. The calibration curve showed good predictive in training set, and the calibration performance in the validation set was acceptable. The calibration curve showed the consistency between the nomogram model and the actual probability. The dynamic nomogram model we constructed to predict the risk factors of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy has high accuracy, discrimination, and clinical practicability.

Diagnostic value of procalcitonin in patients with periprosthetic joint infection: a diagnostic meta-analysis.

The success rate of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) treatment is still low. Early diagnosis is the key to successful treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to find a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity. The diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin (PCT) for PJI was systematically evaluated to provide the theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment in this study. We searched the Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PubMed for studies that evaluated the diagnostic value of serum PCT for PJI (from the inception of each database until September 2020). Two authors independently screened the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of each selected literature was evaluated by using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool (QUADAS-2) tool. RevMan 5.3 software was used for the quality evaluation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were merged by using Meta-DiSc 1.4 software. The area under the curve (AUC) and Q index were calculated after the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) was generated. We also performed subgroup analysis. A total of 621 patients were enrolled in the nine studies. The pooled sensitivity of serum PCT for PJI diagnosis was 0.441 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.384-0.500], the pooled specificity was 0.852 (95% CI, 0.811-0.888), the pooled PLR was 2.271 (95% CI, 1.808-2.853), the pooled NLR was 0.713 (95% CI, 0.646-0.786), and the pooled DOR was 5.756 (95% CI, 3.673-9.026). The area under SROC (the pooled AUC) was 0.76 (0.72-0.79). Q index was 0.6948. This study showed that PCT detection of PJI had poor diagnostic accuracy. Hence, the serum PCT is not suitable as a serum marker for PJI diagnosis.

Comparison of three methods for collecting interstitial fluid from subcutaneous tissue in mini pigs

Interstitial fluid, owing to its similarity to blood components and higher sensitivity and specificity, finds widespread application in disease diagnosis and tumor marker detection. However, collecting interstitial fluid, particularly from the deep subcutaneous connective tissue, remains challenging.•This study aimed to compare three different collection methods - push-pull perfusion, multi-filament nylon thread implantation, and tissue centrifugation - for collecting interstitial fluid from the subcutaneous connective tissue layer of mini-pigs. High-performance ion chromatography was employed to analyze the conventional cation components in the samples and compare ion composition analysis between the different methods.•Results indicated that while the distribution of conventional cations in the interstitial fluid collected by the three methods was generally consistent, there were slight variations in the detection rates and concentrations of different ions. Hence, suitable collection methods should be selected based on the ions or collection sites of interest.

Neuroimaging Markers for Differential Diagnosis Between Multifocal Motor Neuropathy and Multifocal Acquired Demyelinating Sensory and Motor Neuropathy

Introduction. Similar asymmetric patterns of motor disorders and neurophysiological changes complicate the differential diagnosis between multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy (MADSAM) as two chronic dysimmune neuropathies with significantly different treatment approaches. The lack of specific paraclinical markers often result in misdiagnosis and selection of ineffective specific therapy. Identification of specific neuroimaging biomarkers to differentiate these conditions may improve diagnostic approaches.&#x0D; Objective: To identify neuroimaging markers for the differential diagnosis between MMN and MADSAM.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study included 65 participants, particularly 30 individuals with MMN and 35 individuals with MADSAM followed up in the Center of Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia. We retrospectively analyzed their clinical and epidemiological characteristics as well as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.&#x0D; Results. Ultrasonography was performed on the peripheral nerves of the upper extremities, the spinal nerves, and the brachial plexus. The results showed that participants with MADSAM had significantly greater cross-sectional areas (CSAs) and a higher incidence of intraneural ultrasonographic abnormalities compared to participants with MMN. CSA thresholds of the median nerves were identified using ROC analysis to differentiate between MMN and MADSAM. MRI scans of the brachial plexus revealed no abnormalities in 41.4% of the individuals with MMN and 27.3% of the individuals with MADSAM. Meanwhile, STIR hyperintense signal from the brachial plexus was most typical ( 70%) for the MADSAM group.&#x0D; Conclusions. This was the first detailed comparative analysis of neuroimaging findings in a large sample of patients with either MMN or MADSAM in Russia. Ultrasonographic markers for differential diagnosis have been determined. The advantages and limitations of ultrasonography and MRI of the brachial plexus and the spinal and peripheral nerves in diagnosing multifocal chronic dysimmune neuropathies have been demonstrated.

Targeted Biodegradable Near-Infrared Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Colorectal Cancer Imaging.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., and early detection and diagnosis are essential for effective treatment. Current methods are inadequate for rapid detection of early disease, revealing flat lesions, and delineating tumor margins with accuracy and molecular specificity. Fluorescence endoscopy can generate wide field-of-view images enabling detection of CRC lesions and margins; increased signal intensity and improved signal-to-noise ratios can increase both speed and sensitivity of cancer detection. For this purpose, we developed targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNs). We tuned their size to 50-200 nm and conjugated their surface with an antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to prepare CEA-FSNs. The physicochemical properties and biodegradable profiles of CEA-FSN were characterized, and molecular targeting was verified in culture using HT29 (CEA positive) and HCT116 (CEA negative) cells. CEA-FSNs bound to the HT29 cells to a greater extent than to the HCT116 cells, and smaller CEA-FSNs were internalized into HT29 cells more efficiently than larger CEA-FSNs. After intravenous administration of CEA-FSNs, a significantly greater signal was observed from the CEA-positive HT29 than the CEA-negative HCT116 tumors in xenografted mice. In F344-PIRC rats, polyps in the intestine were detected by white-light endoscopy, and NIR fluorescent signals were found in the excised intestinal tissue after topical application of CEA-FSNs. Immunofluorescence imaging of excised tissue sections demonstrated that the particle signals coregistered with signals for both CRC and CEA. These results indicate that CEA-FSNs have potential as a molecular imaging marker for early diagnosis of CRC.

Evaluation of Immunophenotypic Markers in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Atypical Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemia diagnosis (aCLL) constitutes of monoclonal B lymphocytes of more than 5000 with unique morphological and immunophenotypic features different from classical or typical CLL. By immunophenotyping, aCLL is differentiated from typical CLL in the negative expression of either one or two immunophenotypic markers, mostly CD23 and/or CD5, provided that the patient does not have the diagnostic criteria of any other lymphoid neoplasm. aCLL patients are usually presented clinically in an aggressive manner and have worse outcomes compared to classic CLL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study includes 36 patients diagnosed as aCLL compared to 36 patients diagnosed as typical CLL. Diagnosis depends on blood film morphology and immunophenotyping by 8-color flow cytometry, the markers that are used for diagnosis depend on Matutes scoring system of CLL with the addition of CD200 and CD43, in addition to prognostic markers CD38 and CD305. The clinical staging system was applied, and the patients were divided into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups. Follow-up program for 6–12 months with evaluation of their hematological and clinical response and assessment of their remission state as was instituted in the hematological center. RESULTS: CD5 and CD23 are negative in 16.6% and 33.3% of aCLL patients, respectively, whereas CD200 and CD43 are positively expressed in 100% and 83.33% of aCLL patients, respectively, co-expression percentage of both markers in 83.33%. aCLL cases were commonly presented with high-risk group and usually have markers that are linked to poor prognosis, including negative expression of CD305 in 83.3% and positive CD38 expression in 75% of cases and only 5.56% of patients achieved remission state. CONCLUSIONS: aCLL is characterized by immunophenotypic differences in comparison to typical CLL. A definitive diagnosis needs additional markers, mainly CD200 and CD43; the prognosis of aCLL is worse than classical CLL.

Study on the application value of combined detection of multiple tumor markers in lung cancer classification diagnosis

Study on the application value of combined detection of multiple tumor markers in lung cancer classification diagnosis

Neutrophil volume, conductivity, and scatter (VCS) as a screening tool in neonatal sepsis

Background The aim of the study is to establish changes in Neutrophil volume, conductivity, and scatter (VCS) in neonatal sepsis and to determine appropriate cutoff levels to be used as a screening tool for neonatal sepsis. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted at the Neonatal Intensive care Units at Ain Shams University. It included 25 septic neonates diagnosed based on the presence of risk factors of sepsis, clinical or laboratory evidence suggestive of sepsis, and positive blood culture results. A control group of 25 age-matched neonates was also included. Blood counts were processed in the automated hematology analyzer, Beckman coulter LH 750. Neutrophil VCS Parameters were analyzed and correlated with different clinical and laboratory data of the study sample. Results In this study, the value of mean neutrophil volume (MNV) was significantly increased, and the value of mean neutrophil scatter (MNS) was significantly decreased in the septic group compared with the control group, with P value = 0.026 and 0.025, respectively. The MNV showed a sensitivity of 96%, a specificity of 48%, a PPV of 64.9%, an NPV of 92.3%, and a cutoff point of &gt;140.2 with AUC of 0.713. The MNS showed a sensitivity of 68%, a specificity of 92%, a PPV of 89.5%, a NPV of 74.2%, and a cutoff point of ≤129.4 with an AUC of 0.718. Conclusion Although neutrophil VCS parameters cannot be used alone to diagnose or rule out neonatal sepsis, they aid as additional markers for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. They can also be used in combination with other hematological screening tests to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the neonatal sepsis screen.

Serum Biochemical Markers for Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Update.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), a rare malignancy, requires early diagnosis for optimal patient outcomes. An important aspect of MTC diagnosis is the assessment of serum biomarkers. This review aimed to evaluate the use of serum biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of MTC. A thorough search of PubMed covering 1975 to 2022 was conducted to identify English-language articles on MTC serum biomarkers. The review revealed that calcitonin (Ctn) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) remain the most important serum biomarkers for MTC diagnosis and management. Despite limited studies on procalcitonin (PCT), its stability and ability to exclude interference from inflammation make it a valuable potential marker of MTC. Although the positive rate of serum CA19-9 levels in MTC patients was not high, it can be used as an indicator of poor prognosis in advanced MTC. Other serum markers, including chromogranin A, gastrin-releasing peptide precursor, and neurospecific enolase, did not show any unique value in MTC diagnosis and management. Taken together, this review emphasized the importance of serum biomarkers, particularly Ctn and CEA, in the diagnosis and management of MTC. PCT shows promise as a valuable potential marker, whereas CA19-9 can be used as a prognostic indicator of advanced MTC. Further research is needed to validate the significance of these serum biomarkers in MTC and determine the effects of confounding factors on their levels. Clinicians should consider using these markers in MTC diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up, particularly for patients with advanced disease.

Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells: a marker for diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Background Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) affects patients with liver cirrhosis. Many studies investigated Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) for diagnosis of bacterial infections. Aim To assess the value of serum and ascitic fluid (sTREM-1) for the detection of SBP among cirrhotic patients with ascites. Patients and method sTREM-1 level was measured in the serum and ascitic fluid of 25 ascitic patients with SBP (group 1) who were compared with 20 ascitic patients without SBP (group 2). Results STREM-1 in ascitic fluid and in serum, were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (P value &lt;0.001 and P value &lt;0.001), respectively. STREM-1 in ascitic fluid can significantly predict SBP at cut-off greater than 123.8 pg/ml with 80% sensitivity, 70% specificity. STREM-1 in serum can significantly predict SBP at cut-off greater than 121.7 pg/ml with 68% sensitivity, 65% specificity. The combination of sTREM-1 in ascitic fluid and sTREM-1 in serum using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for SBP detection was calculated as (P&lt;0.001 and area under the curve = 0.894) with 80% sensitivity, 75% specificity. The combination of sTREM-1 in ascitic fluid and serum did not differ significantly as regards area under the curve when compared with sTREM-1 in ascitic fluid alone (P=0.110). Conclusion sTREM-1 in serum and ascitic fluid may be considered as markers to identify SBP. Combined sTREM-1 in ascitic fluid and serum had no additional benefit.

Diagnostic performance of immunohistochemistry markers for malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis and subtypes. A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundMalignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) poses diagnostic challenges due to its resemblance to benign pleural pathologies and different histological subtypes. Several immunohistochemistry markers have been employed to aid in accurate diagnosis. MethodsThe present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of various immunohistochemistry markers in malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis and its histological subtypes. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched the literature for articles on using different immunohistochemical markers in MPM and its histological subtypes. EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE, and Virtual Health Library were searched for studies published up to August 2023. We used the QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) criteria to assess the quality of the included articles. Meta-analyses were performed to determine prevalence using a random-effects model. Results103 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising a diverse range of immunohistochemistry markers. EMA and desmin-loss exhibited high sensitivity (96% and 92%, respectively) in distinguishing malignant pleural mesothelioma from benign pleural pathologies. Specificity was notably high for both BAP1-loss and survivin expression at 100%. Subtype-specific analyses demonstrated that EMA and HEG1 were sensitive markers for epithelioid mesothelioma, while GLUT1 showed high sensitivity for sarcomatoid mesothelioma. In cases comparing epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma, CAM5.2 and calretinin displayed high sensitivity, while WT1 and BAP1-loss demonstrated exceptional specificity for malignant epithelioid mesothelioma. In the case of sarcomatoid mesothelioma and sarcomatoid lung carcinoma, GATA3 exhibited the most heightened sensitivity, while GATA3 and D2–40 displayed the best specificity for sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma diagnosis. ConclusionImmunohistochemistry markers are essential in accurately diagnosing malignant pleural mesothelioma and its histological subtypes. This systematic review and meta-analysis provide a comprehensive insight into the diagnostic performance of these markers, facilitating their potential clinical utility in the discrimination of malignant pleural mesothelioma from other pleural pathologies and the differentiation of malignant pleural mesothelioma subtypes.

Clinical Significance and Remaining Issues of Anti-HBc Antibody and HBV Core-Related Antigen.

Currently, hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antibody (anti-HBc antibody) and HBV core-related antigen (HBcrAg) are widely used as serum markers for diagnosis based on the HBV core region. This review focused on anti-HBc antibodies and HBcrAg and aimed to summarize the clinical significance of currently used assay systems and the issues involved. While anti-HBc is very significant for clinical diagnosis, the clinical significance of quantitative assay of anti-HBc antibody has been reevaluated with improvements in diagnostic performance, including its association with clinical stage and prediction of carcinogenesis and reactivation. In addition, concerning the new HBcrAg, a high-sensitivity assay method has recently been established, and its diagnostic significance, including the prediction of reactivation, is being reevaluated. On the other hand, the quantitative level of anti-HBc antibody expressed in different units among assay systems complicates the interpretation of the results. However, it is difficult to standardize assay systems as they vary in advantages, and caution is needed in interpreting the assay results. In conclusion, with the development of highly sensitive HBcrAg and anti-HBc antibody, a rapid and sensitive detection assay system has been developed and used in clinical practice. In the future, it is hoped that a global standard will be created based on the many clinical findings.

Correlation of Total Serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Specific Antigen Density with subclinical inflammation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Background Serum PSA is an important tumor marker for diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, it can rise in some other benign conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, prostatic infarct, instrumentation, prostate manipulations like examination, transurethral resection and urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of this study was to find correlation of total serum PSA and PSAD with extent and aggressiveness of subclinical inflammation in BPH.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 25 cases of transurethral resection of prostate and open prostatectomy specimens diagnosed with BPH received in time period of July 2022 to June 2023. Cases with clinical signs and symptoms of prostatitis, positive urine culture, diagnosed as prostate cancer, cases with history of previous surgery of prostate and history of instrumentation of urinary tract were excluded. Total serum PSA and prostate weight were measured. PSAD was calculated. Histological inflammation was graded with respect to extent and aggressiveness. PSA and PSAD were correlated with extent and aggressiveness of inflammation.ResultsThere was no statistically significant correlation between inflammation extent score and total serum PSA (p = 0.318). Also, there was no correlation between inflammation extent score and PSAD (p = 0.308). However, there was significant correlation between inflammation aggressiveness score and total serum PSA (p = 0.011). Similarly, there was also correlation between inflammation aggressiveness score and PSAD (p = 0.010).Conclusions Repeat unnecessary biopsies may be avoided in cases with high total serum PSA in presence of glandular epithelial disruption in histological prostatitis.

A MODERN NONINVASIVE METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS GENITAL ENDOMETRIOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH INFERTILITY

Endometriosis is a disease characterized by an overgrowth of morphologically and functionally endometrium-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. Early diagnosis of endometriosis is very di ffi cult. The gold standard for diagnosis is the surgical method – laparoscopy, performed for infertility, pelvic pain or the presence of pelvic masses. However, this approach is currently being reconsidered, and the search for endometriosis markers for earlier diagnosis of this disease is relevant. The purpose of the literature review was to summarize the current data on promising noninvasive markers of endometriosis determined in various biological media. Materials and methods – summarized a modern data abot perspective noninvasive markes of genital endometriosis associated with infertility, determined diff erence biological fl uid. Results We evaluated more than 30 biomarkers in peritoneal fl uid, serum, urine, and saliva, as well as their combinations in publications that met the selection criteria. Studies have evaluated the diagnostic value and e ffi cacy of endometriosis biomarkers, but the results of these studies have sometimes been inconsistent. We were unable to identify a single biomarker or combination of biomarkers that was unequivocally clinically useful. The most signifi cant changes in biochemical composition were observed in peritoneal fl uid, but it requires invasive intervention to obtain it. Discussion. Saliva and urine studies have shown promising results in terms of diagnostic accuracy, but the evidence was of low quality for introduction into clinical guidelines. A number of serum biomarkers may be useful either for detecting endometriosis at early stages or for diff erentiating ovarian endometrioma from other benign ovarian masses, but the evidence for meaningful conclusions is insu fficient. Conclusion. None of the biomarkers have shown suffi cient accuracy for clinical use outside of the research environment, yet research in this area remains promising.

Diagnostic value of HPV E6/E7 mRNA in screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse: A systematic review and meta‑analysis.

Histology is considered the gold standard for diagnosing the pathological progress of cervical cancer development, while cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) is the cutoff for intervention in clinical practice. The diagnostic value of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6/E7 mRNA in screening for CIN2+ has not been systematically summarized. A meta-analysis was conducted as part of the present study conducted to explore the diagnostic value of HPV E6/E7 mRNA in screening for CIN2+, aiming to provide a new marker for earlier clinical diagnosis of cervical cancer. The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to May 2023. Studies reporting the true positive, false positive, true negative and false negative values in differentiating between CIN2+ and CIN2- were included, while duplicate publications, studies without full text, incomplete information or inability to conduct data extraction, animal experiments, reviews and systematic reviews were excluded. STATA software was used to analyze the data. A total of 2,224 patients were included of whom there were 1,274 patients with CIN2+ and 950 patients with CIN2-. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the studies overall were 0.89 (95% CI, 0.84-0.92) and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.46-0.71), respectively; the positive likelihood ratio (LR) and the negative LR of the studies overall were 2.31 (95% CI, 1.61-3.32) and 0.21 (95% CI, 0.14-0.30), respectively. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio of the studies overall was 11.53 (95% CI, 6.85-19.36). Additionally, the area under the curve was 0.88. The analysis indicated that HPV E6/E7 mRNA has high diagnostic efficacy for CIN2+. HPV E6/E7 mRNA is highly sensitive in the diagnosis of CIN2+, which helps to reduce the rate of missed diagnoses. However, lower specificity may lead to a higher number of misdiagnoses in healthy patients.

Enzymes as indispensable markers in disease diagnosis.

Enzymes have been usedfor disease diagnosis for many decades; however, advancements in technology like ELISA and flow cytometry-based detection havesignificantlyincreased their use and have increased the sensitivity of detection. Technological advancements in recombinant enzyme production haveincreased enzymatic stability,and the use ofcolorimetric-based and florescence-based assays has led to their increased use as biomarkers for disease detection. Enzymes like acid phosphatase, cathepsin, lactate dehydrogenase, thymidine kinaseand creatine kinase are indispensable markers for diagnosing cancer, cardiovasculardiseasesand others. This minireview summarizes various enzymes used in disease diagnosis, their metabolic role, market valueand potential as disease markers across various metabolic and other disorders.

Right ventricular scalloping index as cardiac magnetic resonance-derived marker for diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

The cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) evaluation of right ventricular (RV) morphologic abnormalities in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is subjective. Here, we aimed to use a quantitative index, the right ventricular scalloping index (RVSI), to standardize the measurement of RV free wall scalloping and aid in the imaging diagnosis. We retrospectively included 15 patients with definite ARVC and 45 age- and sex-matched patients with idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract ventricular arrhythmia (RVOT-VA) as controls. The RVSI was measured from cine images on four-chamber view to evaluate its ability to distinguish between ARVC and RVOT-VA patients. Other cardiac functional parameters including strain analysis were also performed. The RVSI was significantly higher in the ARVC than RVOT-VA group (1.56 ± 0.23 vs 1.30 ± 0.08, p < 0.001). The diagnostic performance of the RVSI was superior to the RV global longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strains, RV ejection fraction, and RV end-diastolic volume index. The RVSI demonstrated high intraobserver and interobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.94 and 0.96, respectively). RVSI was a strong discriminator between ARVC and RVOT-VA patients (area under curve [AUC], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99). A cutoff value of RVSI ≥1.49 provided an accuracy of 90.0%, specificity of 97.8%, sensitivity of 66.7%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 90.9%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 89.8%. In a multivariable analysis, a family history of ARVC or sudden cardiac death (odds ratio, 38.71; 95% CI, 1.48-1011.05; p = 0.028) and an RVSI ≥1.49 (odds ratio, 64.72; 95% CI, 4.58-914.63; p = 0.002) remained predictive of definite ARVC. RVSI is a quantitative method with good performance for the diagnosis of definite ARVC.

Evaluation of 5'-tRF-His-GTG As a Molecular Biomarker in Breast Cancer Diagnoses and Prognosis.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Although advances have been made in the identification of predictive biomarkers, current options for early diagnosis and prognostic analysis are still suboptimal. Recently, transfer-RNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) have emerged as a class of small noncoding RNAs that play a role in the cancer progression. The authors aimed to identify a specific class of tRFs as a molecular marker for BC diagnosis and prognosis in clinical management. Methods: The levels of 5'-tRF-His-GTG were quantified in BC tissue (n = 101) and inflammatory normal breast tissue (n = 22) using in situ hybridization. Clinicopathological parameters were obtained, including age, tumor node metastasis stage, hormone receptor status, histopathological grade, lymphovascular invasion, and recurrence. The correlation between the expression of 5'-tRF-His-GTG and these parameters in different BC subtypes was analyzed. Patient death and cancer progression were regarded as clinical endpoints in the survival analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were also performed to predict the involvement in pivotal biological process. Results: The expression of 5'-tRF-His-GTG was significantly downregulated in BC tissues and was in connection with T stage in human epidermal growth factor 2-positive and basal-like BC, as well as N stage and histopathological grade in luminal BC. Patients with low expression of 5'-tRF-His-GTG had a poor overall survival rate. Statistics of GO and KEGG pathway revealed that cation channel activity, protein catabolic process, response to temperature stimulus, cell cycle, focal adhesion, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were significantly enriched. Conclusions: This study suggests that the assessment of 5'-tRF-His-GTG expression could serve as a novel biomarker for individual diagnosis and prognosis in BC.