Marked Lymphocytic Infiltration Research Articles

Pathological, morphological, and molecular characterization of the infection by Brachycladium goliath in humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae.

The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is a cosmopolitan migratory, seasonal mysticete that frequents the Brazilian coast. Strands of specimens may occur during the migratory stay in the country. In 2021 and 2022, three live humpback whales stranded on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states in southern Brazil. After euthanasia, specimens were necropsied, and organs were thoroughly examined for lesions. Grossly, in all three cases, the liver exhibited multifocal, irregular, firm, white areas on the hepatic capsule, which extended into the parenchyma. On the cut surface, the livers were yellow to pale brown with orangish to greenish areas, the bile ducts were prominent, thickened, and severely dilated, and leaf-shaped flukes were found inside of them. Additionally, one case showed moderate atrophy of the right hepatic lobe. The histological findings included dilation of bile ducts, hyperplasia of the bile duct epithelium, marked inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils, and portal fibrosis. The parasite Brachycladium goliath was both morphologically and molecularly identified based on diagnostic key for trematodes and the original description of the species, and the amplification and sequencing of the ITS-2 region, respectively. Even though hepatic injury was not the primary cause of stranding, it may have contributed to the debilitation of the whales. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that reports M. novaeangliae as a definitive host of B. goliath and that describes the lesions caused by the parasite in cetaceans.

The Effect of Simvastatin on Thyroid Function in Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis Induced in Rats

Autoimmune thyroiditis or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT): is the most common autoimmune thyroid disease. is characterized by marked lymphocytic infiltration and the presence of serum autoantibodies against Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and Thyroglobulin (TG). HT is a prevalent cause of hypothyroidism in areas of the world where dietary iodine is sufficient. Genetic predisposition and cellular and humoral immunity play a role in thyroid autoimmune pathogenesis. Antithyroid antibodies are produced by interaction between APC, T cells, and B cells to fix complement. Thyroid tissue is more severely damaged by complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Statins, the powerful inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase have pleotropic effects including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In this current study, Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis was induced in twenty-four female Wistar rat. Simvastatin was given at a dose of 4mg/kg for 30 days. Thyroid autoantibodies and Thyroid hormones were measured by ELISA technique Results showed that Simvastatin reduced autoantibodies against TPO and TG. It also lowered serum level of TSH and increased serum level of T4. Due to the undesirable side effects associated with the current treatment options used in Autoimmune thyroiditis. Simvastatin might be a promising approach in the treatment of this disease.

Isolation and characterization of bioactive components from hydroalcoholic extract of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. to evaluate its hepatoprotective activity

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. (Family: Poacea/Gramineae) is being used to treat numerous ailments in traditional/folklore and indigenous system of medicine due to its antioxidant, anti-allergic, antiparasitic, analgesic, antipyretic and anticancer activities; however there is no documented evidence regarding its hepatoprotective efficacy. AimThis study was aimed to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (HECJ) against paracetamol (PCM) induced liver damage in albino Wistar rats, and to identify the bioactive components present in the extract responsible for the said activity. Materials and methodsFive groups of rats (n = 6) were orally treated with: 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (normal control), 50 mg/kg silymarin (reference standard), HECJ [515 mg/kg (low dose) and 720 mg/kg (high dose)] (test groups) for 7 days daily, followed by induction of hepato-toxicity using PCM (2 gm/kg) on 7th day (PCM control; reference standard; test groups). The blood samples to estimate the level of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin and total protein; liver tissue homogenate for antioxidant markers (GSH, GST, GPx, and LPO) and liver section for histopathological analysis were collected. Isolation and characterization of phytochemicals from HECJ was done by preliminary screening, determination of phenolic, flavonoid and terpenoid content, and GC-MS analysis. ResultsThe animals pre-treated with HECJ dose-dependently and significantly alleviated the PCM-induced alterations in liver enzymes, plasma proteins, serum total bilirubin and antioxidant markers levels. The histopathological analysis suggest that PCM causes marked necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration, while preservation of the normal hepatic architecture was observed in groups pre-treated with, reference standard drug silymarin, and HECJ. Preliminary screening of the extract, determination of phenolic, flavonoid and terpenoid content, and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of some important bioactive components such as phenolics, flavonoids, glycoside, tannins, steroids, fatty acids, sterols, esters, saponins, terpenes/terpenoids and essential oil which could be synergistically responsible for the plant's hepatoprotective effect. ConclusionsThis study concluded that C. jwarancusa could be taken as a beneficial natural product for its hepatoprotective efficacy; however, future line of work is required to establish its precise mechanism of action.

Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, M2 macrophages, BCL 6 and SOX10 in the tumor microenvironment of nodular cutaneous melanoma

Introduction. Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors, and its nodular form with vertical growth is characterized by unfavorable prognosis. However, in the recent years due to advances in basic oncology, a breakthrough in drug therapy of this pathology was made. To a great extent, it is linked to implementation of new therapy with checkpoint inhibitors. The best and longest response rates of cutaneous melanoma to this treatment were achieved compared to other oncological diseases. This fact can be explained by immunogenicity of cutaneous melanoma, high mutational load, as well as features of its tumor microenvironment, where in most cases high infiltration by immunocompetent cell is observed. However, immune cells vary by their composition and functions. Some of them can even promote tumor growth. Therefore, study of cell composition, degree and distribution of immune infiltration in the tumor can help identify potential factors of favorable and unfavorable prognosis for cutaneous melanoma which is important in clinical practice.Aim. To determine the frequency of CD3+-, CD4+-, CD8+-T-lymphocytes, CD163, BCL6 and SOX10 expression in patients with primary nodular cutaneous melanoma, as well as correlation of these markers with each other and standard morphological parameters for this non-epithelial malignant tumor.Materials and methods. In the study, the expression frequency of CD3+-, CD4+-, CD8+-T-lymphocytes, CD163, BCL6 and SOX10 in the postoperative material of 20 patients with true primary nodular cutaneous melanoma was measured using immunohistological analysis. The correlation of these markers with each other and standard morphological parameters was determined.Results. In most cases of nodular cutaneous melanoma, moderate and marked lymphocytic (immune) infiltration (grade II–III) was observed with no correlation with Breslow tumor thickness. Study of the ratio between CD4-positive T helpers and CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment showed that the number of the latter increased the higher was the degree of immune infiltrate. Markedness of macrophage infiltration directly correlated with markedness of lymphocytic infiltration. BCL6 expression in lymphocytes was observed in all cases of infiltration.Conclusion. Immune infiltrate in nodular cutaneous melanoma is a multicomponent, dynamic microenvironment containing both antitumor and tumor-promoting components with balance shifting to one or other side. Their qualitative, quantitative and, possibly, topographic ratios in the primary lesion of cutaneous melanoma affect the effectiveness of drugs and disease prognosis. Knowledge on the predominance of components negatively affecting tumor growth in the primary lesion can help an oncologist in selection of correct treatment tactics and disease observation.

Granulomatous reaction as a postherpetic isotopic response after primary varicella infection in a healthy adult

We report the first case of post-herpetic isotopic reaction (PHIR) after primary varicella infection in a healthy adult. PHIR refers to the development of new skin lesions at sites where prior herpetic skin lesions have been resolved. Herpes zoster is the most common cause of PHIR; however, only a few cases of PHIR due to primary varicella infections have been reported. Postherpetic isotopic reaction (PHIR) refers to the development of new skin lesions at sites where prior herpetic skin lesions have been resolved. Herpes zoster (HZ) is the most common cause of PHIR; however, only a few cases of PHIR due to primary varicella infections have been reported. A 22-year-old Japanese man with no relevant medical history presented with multiple vesicles throughout the body. The patient was diagnosed with primary varicella infection based on a positive Tzanck test. Three weeks after onset, new skin eruptions appeared in the regions affected by the primary rash. He had multiple nodules of 5–8 mm size and hues ranging from red to normal skin on his face, trunk, and limbs (Figure 1A,B). He had been vaccinated against varicella during childhood. No abnormal findings were observed except for slightly low immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG (IgM: 37 mg/dL, IgA: 63 mg/dL, IgG: 734 mg/dL) in blood tests. Viral antibody examination revealed varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) and VZV-IgG EIA titers of 0.03 and 6.8, respectively (both tests are positive at ≥4.0), indicating a previous infection. Histological findings showed epithelioid cells and granulomatous foreign body giant cells within the upper dermis, surrounded by marked neutrophilic and lymphocytic infiltration. No caseous necrosis, inclusion bodies, or residual viral particles were observed (Figure 1C,D). The patient was diagnosed with granulomatous reaction as PHIR after primary varicella infection. The nodules gradually improved with topical steroid, and no recurrence was noted. Postherpetic isotopic reaction is a type of Wolf's isotope reaction (WIR), and some argue that WIRs are Koebner reactions.1 However, Koebner reactions generally indicate the appearance of the same preexisting dermatosis on the injured skin. In the present case, a completely different eruption appeared after the primary rash. Thus, it was appropriate to describe it as a PHIR. Various skin manifestations have been reported in PHIR, with granulomatous dermatitis being the most common. According to Wang et al., the pathogenesis of granulomatous reaction as PHIR possibly encompasses post-infection nerve damage and residual virus particles, which may induce secretion of interleukin-4 and other chemokines, promote infiltration of inflammatory cells, and locally modulate immune and angiogenic responses.2 Less nerve damage associated with primary varicella compared to that associated with HZ may be a reason for the infrequent PHIR phenomenon following primary varicella infection. Several pediatric cases of granulomatous reactions as PHIR after primary varicella have been reported previously.3-6 Two PHIR cases in adults were previously reported, but the patients were immunosuppressed hosts with myelogenous leukemia. Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to greater nerve damage by VZV.7 This is the first case of PHIR after varicella infection in a healthy adult. Histological findings supported the possibility of a hyperimmune response to residual viral particles, resulting in granulomatous dermatitis. Blood samples showed a slightly low level of immunoglobulins, but no other abnormalities were observed. Although the cause is unclear, the patient should be followed carefully for the future development of immune system diseases. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying PHIR after varicella infection. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Informed consent: Informed consent was provided by the patient, and approval was received. Approval of the research protocol: N/A. Registration No. of the study/trial: N/A. Animal studies: N/A. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Y. W., upon reasonable request.

Acute myocarditis during adjuvant therapies for breast cancer: a case report

BackgroundWith the improvement of optimal perioperative drug therapy for breast cancer patients, physicians now have to treat the adverse effects and comorbidities associated with long-term treatments. We report a case who suffered cardiac arrest due to acute myocarditis developed after initiation of adjuvant treatment.Case presentationAfter completing preoperative chemotherapy and undergoing curative surgery for right breast cancer, a 46-year-old female patient started adjuvant tamoxifen and resumed trastuzumab. Two months later, she complained fever and dyspnea. Blood tests showed a marked increase in hepatic enzymes, and the patient was rushed to our emergency room on suspicion of drug-induced liver injury. In the emergency room, the patient went into cardiac arrest shortly after tachycardia with ST-segment elevation appeared on the monitored electrocardiogram. Resuscitation was started immediately and tracheal intubation, intra-aortic balloon pumping, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were started. Coronary angiography results were negative for ischemic heart disease. A diagnosis of fulminant myocarditis was made and steroid pulse therapy and immunoglobulin therapy were started. After the start of treatment, the symptoms of heart failure improved steadily and the patient was discharged on the 28th day. Histological findings of the myocardial biopsy revealed degeneration and necrosis of myocardial cells with marked lymphocytic infiltration, consistent with the histology of lymphocytic myocarditis. Serum cytomegalovirus, coxsackie B virus and adenovirus antibodies were all elevated and these findings were consistent with acute viral myocarditis.ConclusionsWe report a case with strong indications for therapy-induced liver damage, who was ultimately diagnosed with acute viral myocarditis and successfully treated with multidisciplinary therapy. We believe that our findings would be useful for other clinicians in managing similar patients.

Immunohistological study of ovarian mature cystic teratoma with extremely elevated SCC antigen level

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen is a reliable tumor marker for various cancers, including cervical cancer and lung cancer, and was recently reported to correlate with the severity of inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis. Herein, we present a case of a 47-year-old female patient who presented with acute abdomen rupture due to a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary, approximately 11 cm in diameter on imaging examination, prompting emergency laparoscopic surgery. The patient had no symptoms of atopic dermatitis. The operative findings showed no evidence of torsion, but the membrane was partially ruptured, leading to the leakage of the cyst contents. The operation was completed after excising the adnexa and intraperitoneal lavage. The postoperative results revealed a markedly high serum SCC antigen level of 55.3 ng/dL, which was normalized at 2 months postoperatively. Postoperative histopathological examination revealed no squamous cell carcinoma component but a marked lymphocytic infiltrate under the squamous epithelium, suggesting a high degree of inflammation. Additionally, immunostaining demonstrated a cluster of differentiation (CD) 8+ lymphocyte predominance over CD4+ lymphocytes, similar to the histology of atopic dermatitis. Altogether, our findings suggest that the abnormally high SCC antigen levels might be attributed to the presence of severe inflammation in the mature cystic teratoma rather than an underlying malignancy and support the notion that SCC antigen may be a useful marker beyond its established role in cervical and lung cancers.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation With Soybean And Canola Oil on Lipid Profiles and Heart in Swiss Albino Mice

Soybean and canola oil are two of the most widely used cooking oils on the planet. The experiment was conducted to study the dose dependent toxicity of dietary supplementation of soybean and canola oil on heart of Swiss albino mice. In the study, 30 male Swiss albino mice aged 6 weeks were randomly assigned to one of five equivalent groups: Group A was considered as control by feeding rat pellet only, group B1 and B2 were supplemented with 25 and 35 ml soybean oil/kg pellet and group C1 and C2 were provided with 25 and 35 ml canola oil/kg pellet, respectively for 60 days, adopting established research procedure. After conducting the experimental period, blood and organ (heart) samples were collected from control and oil supplemented mice through deep anesthesia. The biochemical study of blood revealed that maximum total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein values (153.85 ± 0.44, 88.82 ± 0.37 and 105.50 ± 0.33 mg/dl) were found statistically significant (P<0.05) in soybean oil supplemented group (B2) as compared to other groups (B1, C2, C1 and A). Gross study revealed that highest mean weight of heart (0.41 ± 0.01 g) was recorded in soybean oil supplemented group (B2) significantly (P<0.05) in comparison to other experimental groups B1, C2, C1 and A. Histopathological study revealed that marked lymphocytic infiltration was found in the ventricular wall of the heart of high dose supplemented groups. So, it may conclude that dietary supplementation of soybean and canola oil have adverse effects on blood lipid profiles and heart of mice.Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2021) 25 (2) : 87-95

Mini Review: A Case Review of Bovine Lymphosarcoma in a 6-Year-Old Angus Cow and the Economic Impact of BLV

Bovine lymphosarcoma is a neoplasm of lymphocytes that is commonly associated with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). BLV can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally, and transmission is highly dependent on farm control measures. BLV-induced tumors usually arise from the CD5+ IgM+ B-cell subpopulations. Clinical signs associated with development of lymphosarcoma are highly variable. This is because the clinical symptoms observed depend on the location of the tumors and the affected organs. BLV has been eradicated in over 20 countries via traditional antibody testing and slaughter methods. This case review looks at a 6-year-old, angus beef cow that presented to the hospital for sudden death. Necropsy and histopathological examination revealed a marked lymphadenopathy and lymphocytic infiltration of multiple organs, consistent with bovine lymphosarcoma.

Observations on Red Mark Syndrome in juvenile rainbow trout farmed in RAS system.

Observations on Red Mark Syndrome in juvenile rainbow trout farmed in RAS system.

Endothelin B Receptor Immunodynamics in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

IntroductionInflammation is a major pathological feature of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), particularly in the context of inflammatory conditions such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). The endothelin system and anti-endothelin A receptor (ETA) autoantibodies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PAH, and endothelin receptor antagonists are routinely used treatments for PAH. However, immunological functions of the endothelin B receptor (ETB) remain obscure.MethodsSerum levels of anti-ETB receptor autoantibodies were quantified in healthy donors and SSc patients with or without PAH. Age-dependent effects of overexpression of prepro-endothelin-1 or ETB deficiency on pulmonary inflammation and the cardiovascular system were studied in mice. Rescued ETB-deficient mice (ETB -/-) were used to prevent congenital Hirschsprung disease. The effects of pulmonary T-helper type 2 (Th2) inflammation on PAH-associated pathologies were analyzed in ETB -/- mice. Pulmonary vascular hemodynamics were investigated in isolated perfused mouse lungs. Hearts were assessed for right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary inflammation and collagen deposition were assessed via lung microscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analyses.ResultsAnti-ETB autoantibody levels were elevated in patients with PAH secondary to SSc. Both overexpression of prepro-endothelin-1 and rescued ETB deficiency led to pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vascular hyperresponsiveness, and right ventricular hypertrophy with accompanying lymphocytic alveolitis. Marked perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates were exclusively found in ETB -/- mice. Following induction of pulmonary Th2 inflammation, PAH-associated pathologies and perivascular collagen deposition were aggravated in ETB -/- mice.ConclusionThis study provides evidence for an anti-inflammatory role of ETB. ETB seems to have protective effects on Th2-evoked pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Anti-ETB autoantibodies may modulate ETB-mediated immune homeostasis.

Penile Fractures in Young Bulls Raised in Feedlots in Southern Brazil

Background: Penile fracture is a pathology of young cattle that perform precocious and disordered breeding. The incompatibility of height between males and females and sodomy between males cause a great pressure on the sigmoid flexure and retractor muscle of the penis, which are the main causes and sites of organ injury. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological aspects of penile fractures observed in young bulls raised in pre-export feedlots (PEFs) in southern Brazil.Cases: In 2 PEFs located in the municipalities of Pelotas (property 1) and Capão do Leão (property 2), 3 male cattle [1 from property 1 and 2 from property 2] presented edema of the foreskin and perineum, associated with dysuria. The evolution of the clinical picture was approximately 20 days in all cases, with evolution to death. The bovine necropsied on property 1 had an increased volume and inguinal edema, involving the penis and scrotal sac. Necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and local musculature was also observed. The testicles were surrounded by the necrotic tissue, and the right testis was swollen, with flaccid parenchyma adhering to the tunica albuginea. In the necropsy of 1 bull from property 2, an increase in the inguinal volume was observed, with an extensive area of necrosis and edema extending from the prepuce to the caudal musculature of the scrotal sac. There were also marked varicosis in the sigmoid flexure and necrosis of the adjacent region, without the involvement of the corpus cavernosum. During the necropsy of the 2 young bulls, fragments of organs from the abdominal, thoracic, and brain cavities were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. From the bull of the property 2, an anatomical piece consisting of the penis, prepuce, and testicles was also collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. After 48 h, the tissue samples were cleaved, embedded in paraffin, cut into 3-µm-thick sections, and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A histological evaluation of the penile lesions in both cattle revealed intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum. In addition to areas of dystrophic calcification, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was also observed. In the bull from the property 1, an intense edema and proliferation of fibrous tissue surrounding the urethra were noted. There were also marked tubular degeneration and intense infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in the inner portion of the tunica albuginea.Discussion: In the present cases, the diagnosis was based on epidemiological data associated with clinical signs and pathology. The macroscopic lesions observed were probably due to the involvement of blood vessels adjacent to the penis, which suffered trauma during sodomy mating among cattle. These lesions have been described in other reports of this pathology and in diseases, such as acropostitis-phimosis, fibropapilloma of the glans, preputial abscess, and urolithiasis, and the differential diagnosis of these diseases must be carried out, as they have different etiologies. In the bulls of the present study, no lesions were observed in the corpus cavernosum, and this condition was attributed to the presence of varicosis and accumulation of urine in the prepuce, due to the difficulty in exposing the penis. Histologically, there were intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum, with the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, and areas of dystrophic calcification. The presence of necrotic lesions in tissues adjacent to the penis may be related to hypoxia, vascular lesions, or the action of chemical elements present in the urine. In both cases, vascular lesions were present, which were attributed to the main triggering factor for the disease.Keywords: pre-export feedlots, beef cattle, sodomy, penile trauma.

Acox2 is a regulator of lysine crotonylation that mediates hepatic metabolic homeostasis in mice

Acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (Acox2) is an enzyme involved in peroxisomal bile acid synthesis and branched-chain fatty acid degradation. Acox2 knockout (−/−) mice spontaneously developed liver cancer with marked lymphocytic infiltrate. Tandem-affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Acox2 interacted with methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase followed by co-immunoprecipitation confirmation. Here we reported that non-histone lysine crotonylation (Kcr) levels were downregulated in Acox2−/− mice livers. Interestingly, Kcr signals were concentrated in the nucleus of tumor cells but mostly located in the cytoplasm of adjacent normal liver cells of Acox2−/− mice. Quantitative analysis of the global crotonylome further revealed that 54% (27/50) of downregulated non-histone Kcr sites were located in mitochondrial (11/50) and peroxisomal (17/50) enzymes including Ehhadh, Scp2, Hsd17b4, Crot, Etfa, Cpt1a, Eci1/2, Hadha, Etfdh, and Idh2. Subsequent site-directed mutagenesis and transcriptome analysis revealed that Ehhadh K572cr might have site-specific regulatory roles by downregulating TOP3B expression that lead to increased DNA damage in vitro. Our findings suggested Acox2 is a regulator of Kcr that might play critical role on hepatic metabolic homeostasis.

Cytotoxic CD8-positive T-lymphocyte infiltration in the lungs as a histological pattern of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonitis

Despite millions of PCR confirmed cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the long-term pathophysiological changes induced by this infection in the lungs and their relationship with possible immune triggers remain incompletely understood. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and subsequent respiratory failure are the most common causes of mortality in hospitalised patients. Severe lung tissue destruction can be due to an overactive immune system that far exceeds the harm that would have been caused by direct virus replication. This study extends our previous investigation and presents detailed histopathological findings on cryotransbronchial biopsy in patients with persistent (range 31–182 days) pneumonitis and severe interstitial inflammatory infiltration in the lungs due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We describe a novel lung injury pattern associated with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonitis, which manifests as a marked interstitial CD8-positive T-cell lymphocytic infiltration. These findings provide a better understanding of the changes in the lungs that ensue due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Beneficial Role of Mushroom in Recovering Complications of Hypercholesterolemia

Mushrooms are considered as a valuable source of important nutrients having hepatoprotective and anti-hyperlipidemic actions. Present experimental research was done to explore the beneficial role of mushroom on health in hypercholesterolemia. Total thirty Swiss albino mice were taken and randomly divided into three groups: control A, group B and group C. Each group consisted of ten mice. The control A group was fed with normal mice pellet and fresh water. Group B was fed with hypercholesterolemic diet and group C was supplied hypercholesterolemic diet with mushroom powder (500g/kg/mice body weight) for 60 days. After the experimental tenure, mice of each group were sacrificed ethically and the samples (liver and blood) were collected for gross, histological study and lipid profile analysis. Increased liver weight, pale and hemorrhagic liver in gross observation along with some histological changes including dilation and congestion of central and portal vein, fat accumulation in hepatocyte and marked lymphocytic infiltration were found in group B, while mushroom supplementation recovered this gross and histological changes and reduced liver weight in group C. Just mild congestion and dilation was in the portal vein of group C. In lipid profile analysis, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) level significantly reduced respectively by 10%, 38% and 17% in group C than group B. High density lipoprotein (HDL) level also significantly increased by 20% in group C compared to group B. Therefore, it can be concluded that mushrooms might have potentially beneficial actions in recovering of some complications in hypercholesterolemia.

Cow Brain Consumption Causes Hypercholesterolemia: An in Vivo Study

Background: Organ meats are rich in cholesterol and saturated fats. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cow brain consumption on blood cholesterol level and possible histomorphological changes of liver, heart and kidney in Swiss albino mice. Methods: Total twenty (20) Swiss albino mice (aged 3 weeks; average weight 20-25gm) were taken and randomly divided into group A and group B. Each group consisted of ten (10) mice. The group A was fed with normal mice pellet and water. On the other hand, cow brain (2gm/kg body weight orally once daily for 28 days) was supplied to group B. After the experimental tenure, the mice of both groups were sacrificed ethically and the samples (Blood, liver, heart and kidney) were collected for investigation.Result: Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride level (TG) and low density lipoprotein level (LDL) significantly (**p less than 0.01) increased as well as high density lipoprotein level (HDL) significantly (**p less than 0.01) decreased in group B. In the gross observation, pale with hemorrhagic liver, fat accumulation at the base of the heart and peri renal fat deposition were found in group B of mice. Congestion and dilation in both central and portal vein, marked lymphocytic infiltration and fatty infiltration in liver, wide separation of cardiac muscle fiber in ventricular myocardium, glomerular and tubular fatty infiltration of kidney were also found in histomorphological study. Therefore, the present findings presage that cow brain consumption might have baleful effects on health.

Pyelonephritis and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia in a Captive Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica)

The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) is one of the most trafficked animal species globally, and is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN. There is limited information on reproductive biology or pathology of this species. We now document the clinical and pathological features of pyelonephritis and cystic endometrial hyperplasia in one of these animals. Ultrasonographic examination revealed pathological changes in the kidneys and uterus. On histopathological examination, there was marked interstitial infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes in kidney tissue, fibrinonecrotic ureteritis and mild endometrial hyperplasia. This first report of these urogenital lesions in this species will be valuable for the conduct of health and reproductive assessments of the Sunda pangolin, which inform conservation and ex-situ management of this species.

Clinical characteristics of igG4-related disease in the United Arab Emirates: A retrospective single-center study

Background: Demographic and clinical data of IgG4-related disease affecting solely the native population of the UAE, known as Emiratis, does not exist in the literature. Aim: To explore the demographic and clinical characteristics of IgG4-related disease in a well-defined population of Emirati patients attending Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, a large tertiary center in the Middle East. Patients and Methods: The data presented is part of a retrospective cohort study, in which 15 Emirati patients with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) were evaluated over 5 years from April 2015 to September 2020 at the rheumatology outpatient clinic at Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi. The demographic and clinical data were recorded. Descriptive statistics of the variables were applied. Results: Fifteen Emirati patients with an established diagnosis of IgG4-RD were assessed. There was a male predominance (53%) with a median age at the time of diagnosis of 47 ± 11.2 years. A 6-year lag period was noted from the initial presentation until a diagnosis of IgG4-RD was established. The most frequent comorbidities observed were hematological conditions (63%), hypertension (47%), diabetes mellitus (40%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (40%). An elevated serum IgG4 was observed in the majority of patients at the initial presentation. Rheumatoid factor was detected in 13% and low titer of immunofluorescence antinuclear antibody in 7%. 86% of patients had a tissue biopsy with marked lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration being the most reported finding in 86%. Methotrexate, azathioprine, and rituximab were the most frequently prescribed disease-modifying agents. Conclusion: We report the first comprehensive analysis on a small cohort of Emirati patients with IgG4-RD. We describe disease features unique to UAE patients and demonstrate that IgG4-RD has a significant disease burden. Our results underscore the need for the IgG4-RD UAE-wide national registry to improve the quality of care of these patients.

CD8+ T-cell predominance in autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy.

We aimed to report the pathological features of T lymphocytes in autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy (GFAP-A). A retrospective pathological analysis of patients with GFAP-A was performed. Eight patients with GFAP-immunoglobulin G (IgG) and pathological data were included. Their biopsy findings were similar, and all showed marked lymphocytic infiltration in the white matter, with perivascular predominance. The lymphocytic infiltration was predominantly composed of CD8+ T lymphocytes rather than CD4+ T lymphocytes, except in one patient who had overlapping positive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG. Unlike CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells were frequently observed adjacent to dystrophic neurons and astrocytes. There was also diffuse infiltration by CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages. CD8+ astrocytes were identified in two samples, but no CD4+ astrocytes were observed. A predominance of CD8+ T cells may be an important pathological and diagnostic feature in GFAP-A.

A141 SPONTANEOUS ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION: AN UNREPORTED COMPLICATION OF LYMPHOCYTIC ESOPHAGITIS

Abstract Background Lymphocytic esophagitis is a new and rare clinicopathological entity. It is a histological pattern characterized by lymphocytic infiltrate without granulocytes. Its etiology and clinical significance remains unclear. The clinical manifestations are typically mild, with reflux and dysphagia the most commonly reported symptoms. Aims We describe a case report of spontaneous esophageal perforation associated with lymphocytic esophagitis. Methods Case report Results A previously well 31-year-old male presented to the emergency department with acute food impaction. His antecedent symptoms were acute chest discomfort and continuous odynophagia following his most recent meal, with persistent globus sensation. The patient had no reported history of allergies, atopy, rhinitis, or asthma. A previous history of non-progressive dysphagia was noted after resuscitation. Emergent endoscopy revealed no food bolus, but a deep 6 cm mucosal tear in the upper-mid esophagus extending 24 to 30 cm from the incisors. Chest computed tomography observed small volume pneumoperitoneum consistent with esophageal perforation. The patient’s recovery was uneventful; he was managed conservatively with broad-spectrum antibiotics, proton pump inhibitor therapy, and a soft-textured diet. Endoscopy was repeated 48 hours later and revealed considerable healing with only a residual 3-4cm linear laceration. Histology of biopsies taken from the mid and distal esophagus demonstrated marked infiltration of intraepithelial lymphocytes. There were no eosinophils or neutrophils identified, consistent with a diagnosis of lymphocytic esophagitis. Autoimmune indices including anti-nuclear antibodies and immunoglobulins were normal, ruling out a contributory autoimmune or connective tissue process. The patient was maintained on a proton pump inhibitor (pantoprazole 40 mg once daily) following discharge. Nearly six months following his presentation, the patient had a recurrence of symptoms prompting representation to the emergency department. He described acute onset chest discomfort while eating turkey. Computed tomography of the chest redemonstrated circumferential intramural gas in the distal esophagus and proximal stomach. Conclusions Esophageal perforation is a potentially life-threatening manifestation of what had been considered and described as a relatively benign condition. From isolated dysphagia to transmural perforation, this case significantly expands our current understanding of the clinical spectrum of lymphocytic esophagitis. Funding Agencies None