Piracy Research Articles

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE THREE READING SCHOOL LITERATION MOVEMENT MODEL TEN MINUTES FOR STUDENTS OF SMPN 14 PONTIANAK TIMUR

This research on the Application of the School Literacy Movement Model at SMPN 14 Pontianak Timur aims to describe the process of implementing the school literacy movement model, the constraints, and the supporting factors encountered at SMPN 14 Pontianak Timur. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with observation, interview and documentation techniques. The informants of this study consisted of 3 people, namely the school principal, deputy student affairs, and the coordinator of Al-Qur'an literacy activities. The results of this study are that there are 3 stages in the implementation of the School Literacy Movement activities at SMPN 14 Pontianak Timur. The first stage is habituation, students carry out reading activities of folklore books 30 minutes before learning begins and make the habit of reading the Qur'an for 15 minutes every 4th week for Muslim students. The second stage is learning, the teacher applies a discussion and question and answer system every hour the lesson takes place. The third stage is development, the school collaborates with the FIM organization (Indonesian Writing Forum) so that students can make short stories entitled Anthology of Pirate Ships, Anthology of Two Pairs of Sandals, Anthology of Small Notes from Finger Friends, and Anthology of Glasses published by Pustaka One . The obstacle to implementing the School Literacy Movement activities was that schools did not provide reading books so that students were asked to buy story books outside, even though not all students wanted or could afford to buy story books. The obstacle to implementing AlQur'an literacy activities is that there are still students who are not fluent and cannot read the Al-Qur'an. The supporting factors for the implementation of reading literacy activities and the implementation of Al-Qur'an literacy are the presence of teachers who support and assist schools in carrying out these activities.Keywords: application, model, school literacy movement

New Paradigm of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) As an Effort ToCombat Sea Piracy

New Paradigm of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) As an Effort ToCombat Sea Piracy

Maritime piracy risk assessment and policy implications: A two-step approach

Maritime piracy is a serious threat to the safety of cargo, ships, and crews, which can cause enormous losses to stakeholders, highlighting the significance of piracy risk assessment and prevention to the maritime industry. In this study, we propose a two-step analytical framework based on a Random Forest (RF) model, Generative Adversarial Nets (GANs), and Matrix Completion (MC) algorithm to assess the risks of successful piracy attacks. We consider different decision-makers in each step, namely, pirates first select which ships to attack and then ship operators determine the probability of a (un)successful attack. We propose different influencing factors for each step and, in the meantime, solving the problems of incomplete and imbalanced data. A case study in Southeast Asia is then conducted based on the proposed approach. The results show that, in mild wind weather, the likelihood of a piracy attack on a ship with a DWT not exceeding 50,000 tons is up to 90 %. Further, if the attack occurs between 0 and 6 a.m., the probability of success is over 90 %. These results provide more specific information for ship operators and local authorities to develop efficient anti-piracy strategies and policies.

CAUGHT BETWEEN THE WHIRLPOOL OF THE FAILED STATE OF SOMALIA AND PIRACY: THE SECURITY CHALLENGE FACING THE HORN OF AFRICA

One of the threatening and devastating security dilemma, which truncates and disturbs global peace and security, is the transnational criminal acts of sea piracy. Thus, the international water ways have seen the flow of business, persons, ships for both commercial and mobility reasons, perturbed by attacks from sea pirates. This has manifested mostly in the Horn of Africa’s Somalia sea coast off the Gulf of Aden, indian ocean leading to kidnappings, hijackings, arms trade and proliferation etc. The study adopts the content analysis as its methodology. Data were retrieved from mainly secondary sources (textbooks, journal publications, magazines etc). While the failed state and securitization Theory were explored to buttress the work. Based on the findings, the study discovered that the magnitude and high incidence of piracy in the Horn of Africa, emanates from the collapse of Somalia State during the regime of President Siad Barre:a regime that reign based on ethnic sentiment, high-handedness, victimization of oppositions.This bred up a society of dissentment and challenge to legitimacy as the state could not ensure it's existence , and it's failure to provide social amenities,and and finally fell prey to militias.this paved the way for the emergence of various criminal groups, warlords, militias, religious fundamentals etc struggling the state with the central government. The study recommends among other things: prioritizing the concept of human security, effective governance, establishing and maintaining effective security in both land, waters and air, the emergence of a formidable regional security bloc to counter terrorism, state piracy and other criminality in the region.

PIRATES IN HAMLET AND HAMLET AS PIRATE: PIRATE POLITICS IN EARLY-MODERN ENGLAND

This paper argues that William Shakespeare's Hamlet reveals prince Hamlet to be capable of liaising with criminals like pirates for personal gain. In the play, Hamlet fought with a gang of pirates who surprisingly turned friend from foe. Critics have long understood this fight as a dramatization of Hamlet’s transformation from a meek prince to a daring adventurer who, after his sea journey, returned with renewed courage to challenge his actual enemies. Many researches, nevertheless, have found in this episode an allusion to early modern England’s policy regarding maritime piracy and security. How that policy can seem to have directly influenced Hamlet, however, has not been discussed adequately. Records confirm that early modern English kings have a history of hiring pirates as henchmen cum pseudo soldiers. This research aspires to show a link between this historical unethical practice of English monarchy and the adoption of evil means by Hamlet, a fictional prince of Denmark. In the play, for example, though the pirates kidnapped Hamlet, Hamlet’s attitude remained uncannily patronizing towards them. He even befriended the looters and had them do him services, i.e., transporting him to his country safely from a perilous travel so that he can avenge his father. Upon further investigation, Hamlet’s pirate-incident can be shown to have made Hamlet wanting to be a Danish king after the English model. To show this, a secondary research has been conducted. The result of this research is that, contextualized in the history of early modern sea robbery, Hamlet can appear to be legitimizing piracy just like contemporaneous English monarchy did.

Assessing the national and regional effectiveness of countering maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea

Assessing the national and regional effectiveness of countering maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea

Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel in Indian Ocean Region: An Analysis of Vulnerabilities and Resilience in South Asia and Horn of Africa

The Indian Ocean holds significant geopolitical and economic importance as a crucial maritime corridor for global trade, spanning from South Asia to Horn of Africa. Despite its economic opportunities, the region faces multifaceted security challenges, including piracy, maritime terrorism, territorial disputes, and resource competition, posing threats to maritime operations and commercial interests. To address these concerns, there has been a notable rise in the use of Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) to protect the vessels and cargo. The research article comprehensively analyses the deployment of PCASP in Indian Ocean Region (IOR), focusing on vulnerabilities in South Asia and Horn of Africa. The study explores the historical context of security challenges, examines legal framework, evaluate the effectiveness of PCASP in mitigating risks and securitises their operational categories through case studies. Moreover, it explores the impact of PCASP on local communities, including socio-economic factors and the potential for conflict escalation. The research paper also discusses broader implication of PCASP involvement in regional stability and geopolitical dynamics among nations in the region. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into the regulated use of PCASP in IOR, to enhance effectiveness, accountability, regional stability, and safeguard the interest of all the nations.

Istoricheskie aspekty stanovleniya i razvitiya rossijskogo ugolovnogo zakonodatel'stva o morskom piratstve. Chast' 1

The article discusses the prerequisites for the introduction of a criminal law ban on piracy attacks on ships. The author, based on historical sources of law and the positions of scientists, has studied the historical aspects of enshrining in Russian legislation a ban on acts of maritime piracy, as well as the development of relevant legal norms until the middle of the 20th century.

How Do Navy Escort Influence the Pirate Behavior? A Comparative Analysis of Maritime Piracy Occurred in East Africa

How Do Navy Escort Influence the Pirate Behavior? A Comparative Analysis of Maritime Piracy Occurred in East Africa

Istoricheskie aspekty stanovleniya i razvitiya rossijskogo ugolovnogo zakonodatel'stva o morskom piratstve. Chast' 2

The article examines the historical aspects of the prohibition of acts of maritime piracy in Russian legislation. The author examines the changes in the relevant legal norms since the mid-twentieth century and the promising directions of their development.

Examining the Loopholes in the criminal justice system of Iran and Indonesia in relation to piracy crimes

Due to the chaos produced by piracy in Indonesia, Southeast Asian sea areas have become hazardous for ships. On the other hand, Iran's shortage of modern maritime laws has rendered it impossible to defend Iran's rights in the region's waters. This study seeks to investigate the piracy-related gaps in the Iranian and Indonesian criminal justice systems. Using an analytical-comparative methodology, this study examined the issue theoretically. The required data and information were gathered using the library method, books, and articles. According to the results of the investigations, the most significant common flaws in the maritime law of Iran and Indonesia are the lack of specialized maritime judges and experts, the disparity in the punishment of pirates, the lack of educational facilities regarding naval law, the lack of careful and appropriate attention to the maritime conventions, and the disparity in the punishment of pirates. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested that the navies of Iran and Indonesia hold joint courses for officers, particularly young officers, to cooperate in combating maritime terrorism and piracy and exchange information in order to combat naval terrorism and piracy, as well as train and trade marine science lawyers and judges.

UNCLOS Definition of Piracy: Is it still Relevant for Modern Piracy?

Nowadays, piracy as one of crimes at sea has formed in different ways compared to the historical counterparts. On the past, the act of piracy consisted of first approaching the ship, then fighting it, and finally seizing it before escaping in another vessel. Meanwhile, in recent times, more sophisticated kinds of piracy are launching their assaults with the help of cutting-edge technology. However, due to UNCLOS's restricted definition of piracy, it is challenging to combat such modern forms. According to experts, one of the greatest barriers to tackling piracy is its restricted and vague definition. This research aims to analyse the applicability of the UNCLOS definition of maritime piracy considering its new developments. This research method consists of doctrinal and library-based research. The previous and recent cases are contrasted to investigate definitional issues. The study revealed that UNCLOS's ambiguous and unclear definition of piracy has caused problems. Regarding contemporary piracy, the UCLOS approach is insufficient to combat well-organized pirate attacks in the modern world.

فاعلية الدول العربية في تحقيق الأمن البحري في ظل قواعد القانون الدولي

With the beginning of the twenty-first century, forms of threat to the maritime security were renewed in many marine areas in the world. The Arab region, especially in the Horn of Africa, was a theater for these threats as a result of numerous and varied reasons which contributed to the increased risks to maritime security, leaving a great impact on the international community in general and the Arab States in particular. Because of these serious effects, the international community, with its various tools, rushed to face these threats to maritime security, including (maritime terrorism, maritime piracy and armed robbery of ships, environmental pollution and illegal fishing), using the renewal of its legal and material means. These means and tools have helped in reducing a lot of perils associated with maritime security. The Arab countries had a limited role in this field in comparison to the rest of the international efforts since the international community exerted considerable efforts in facing the risks of maritime security through the provision of military capabilities and the establishment of international centers involved in this aspect. It also provided material support, prepared studies and conferences concerned with facing the risks for security and established maritime training centers in addition to participation of the private sector especially the transportation and oil companies and marine insurance.

Maritime and port terrorism – aphenomenon analysis

Background: In theera of theglobal threat of terrorist attacks, seaports implement anumber of measures to eliminate them. As part of these activities, in addition to threat definition and risk analysis, they also take into account applicable normative documents, both international and national. However, many of these documents equate port terrorist threats with maritime terrorism, which until now has not been clearly defined. It would therefore seem desirable to define terrorist acts threatening seaports as aseparate form of terrorism. Consequently, theresearch problem closed with thequestion: Is maritime terrorism thesame as port terrorism and what factors distinguish them from each other? Objectives: Theaim of this paper is not only to present thetheoretical issues of thesubject, but above all to articulate thefactors that distinguish threats of maritime terrorism from threats of port terrorism and to prove that these are two different issues (problems). Methods: Theoretical research methods were used in this study, i.e. analysis of theliterature, analysis of theacts of maritime terrorism that have occurred so far, and inference, which is acognitive factor of thesubject under analysis. Results: Theresults of theresearch indicate that there are significant differences between aterrorist attack on thehigh seas and aterrorist attack on aseaport regarding not only theconsequences but also thescale of thethreat.

Is maritime security gender-blind?

Contemporary maritime security challenges such as maritime piracy, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing and fisheries crimes, significantly affect communities and individuals. Utilising a gender lens and a more holistic approach that highlights the land-sea nexus in contemporary maritime insecurities, this article transcends existing stereotypes and prevailing assumptions surrounding the masculine character of the maritime domain, to examine how both women and men are affected in this context. The article conducts a gender analysis and mapping of women’s and men’s roles as (maritime) security providers, as well as victims and crime perpetrators through two developed case studies, namely of maritime piracy in Somalia and IUU fishing and fisheries crimes in Indonesia. Key findings of the analysis indicate that a clear relationship and established links exist between gender and maritime security studies. Both women and men have a role to play as security providers, victims and crime perpetrators in the context of contemporary maritime security challenges, but geographical spaces and maritime zone delimitations largely define the ways in which they are currently affected. It finally identifies the need to better integrate the land-sea nexus in contemporary maritime security to improve our understanding of existing challenges and inform / change prevailing cultures and stereotypes surrounding the role of gender within this context.

Tensions and Cooperation in Realizing Maritime Security in the Mediterranean Sea: The Examples of Maritime Terrorism and Irregular Migration

Abstract Maritime security is of vital importance to all coastal States in the Mediterranean. Whereas States in the region continue to understand maritime security differently, this article will show that there is a strong security interconnectedness in the Mediterranean Sea. Threats and criminality in one country often spill over across the Mediterranean affecting all other coastal States. Accordingly, this article will emphasise the importance of interstate cooperation in achieving maritime security in the Mediterranean. In doing so, it will focus on two ongoing threats – maritime terrorism and irregular migration – that originate from only a handful of littoral States but have been affecting maritime security across the Mediterranean. The discussion will show that in spite of the common threats, the unique landscape and jurisdictional framework in the Mediterranean have caused tensions between the coastal States, hindering the interstate cooperation required to achieve maritime security in the region.

TINDAK PIDANA PERDAGANGAN ORANG (HUMAN TRAFFICKING) SEBAGAI TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

Human trafficking is one of the transnational crimes that is a threat to global security which is one type of transnational crime coupled with illicit drug trafficking, maritime piracy, arms smuggling, money laundering, terrorism, international banking crimes and cybercrimes. The forms of trafficking in persons are divided based on the purpose of delivery, based on the victim, and based on the form of exploitation. Because of the massiveness of this crime, the United Nations formulated a protocol called the Palermo Protocol. In Indonesia, there are also special regulations regarding the criminal act of trafficking in persons, namely Law Number 21 of 2007. Although there are already laws and regulations that regulate this crime, in fact it is still not able to provide a sense of justice as well as security and comfort for victims of the crime of trafficking in persons. Other legal protections are still needed for victims of this crime.

Determinants of COVID-19 Infections on Sea-Going Ships and Their Socio-Economic Consequences for Seafarers and Shipowners in Terms of Modeling Ship Emergency Procedures

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many negative socio-economic consequences for seafarers and shipowners of such importance that, on the one hand, it inspired and, on the other hand, it became an impulse to undertake research in this direction. It seems that avoiding at least some consequences would be possible if both shipowners and ship masters operated based on safety management procedures strictly adapted to the pandemic situation. Of course, many crisis management procedures have been developed in maritime practice so far. Still, they mainly relate to such events as maritime incidents, maritime accidents, maritime disasters, oil spills, terrorist attacks, or sea piracy. However, they do not consider the specificity of a crisis situation created for the safety of the ship’s crew by the global pandemic. Its appearance made all maritime transport entities, especially shipowners, aware of the lack of preparation for such an eventuality. Based on the general recommendations of international organizations, such as the WHO (World Health Organization) or the IMO (International Maritime Organization), they began developing and implementing urgent procedures for handling ships under COVID-19 conditions. Since the recommendations were formulated generally and the pandemic spread very quickly, the prevention and response procedures for a ship found to be affected by COVID-19 were developed ad hoc and, therefore, were often flawed. Consequently, it was concluded that it is worth creating a universal model of the procedure for dealing with a sea-going ship in pandemic conditions and reducing the adverse socio-economic consequences for shipowners and seafarers. This became the primary goal of the research undertaken in this direction, and this goal was closely related to the adopted central research hypothesis. The substance of the matter comes down to the fact that knowledge of the factors causing coronavirus infections will allow the development and implementation of effective procedures for handling ships in pandemic conditions. It will also reduce the risk and consequences of coronavirus infections. COVID-19 infections can be caused by many factors that are beyond the control of the shipowner and the ship’s captain. Still, there are also those factors that they can control and thus eliminate or at least reduce the risk of contracting the coronavirus by the crew. Thus, their correct identification, ranking their importance in terms of the risk of infection, and then focusing on the elimination of the most important of them is the basis for building a universal model, in the sense of the possibility of applying to any sea-going ship in pandemic conditions. The work includes RCA (Root Cause Analysis), stratification analysis, weighted Ishikawa diagram, and Lorenz-Pareto chart. The primary sources of information used in the research came from the literature review, the analysis of normative acts, the analysis of documentation and procedures on board ships in pandemic conditions, questionnaire research, direct and focus interviews, and participant observation.

The impact of neurotechnology on maritime port security—hypothetical port

Maritime port security is a key approach for mitigating threats and vulnerabilities in ports and port facilities. Maritime piracy, armed robbery, terrorism, and disruptive technologies are all growing concerns that pose a significant threat to global trade and destroy key coastal habitats, compounding security situations and increasing pressure on excessive human use. At the same time, upended maritime port security created unprecedented challenges across the maritime sector. This necessitates the development of improved technology solutions to alleviate these burdens. In light of the new technological eras, advances in neuroscience as an interfacing technology allowing direct information exchange between humans and robots hold the potential to improve many industries imperatively. This interfacing technology is enabling bidirectional communication between humans and robots that could be utilized to connect the brain to a neural network for securing the maritime ports for the resilience to support the potential disruptions. This paper presents a descriptive-analytical approach to demonstrate the advantages that neurotechnology creates to foster deeper recognition of threatening intruders' activities to maritime ports' security. Additionally, the use of advanced technologies for the reduction of the on-scene human element's burden will be addressed.

The Effectiveness of Indomalphi Trilateral Cooperation in Reducing Maritime Piracy by Abu Sayyaf Group in the Sulu-Sulawesi Sea

This article aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the maritime patrol regime (Indomalphi regime) in reducing piracy cases of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) in the Sulu Sea and Sulawesi Sea involving Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Referring to the concept of regime effectiveness, it was found that the Indomalphi regime was proven effective in reducing the number of maritime cases in the Sulu and Sulawesi seas. The effectiveness of the regime is formed by a combination of four positive factors: (1) the regime is not classified as benign, indicating no inconsistencies, asymmetries, and cumulative splits in the formation of the Indomalphi regime; (2) the regime has a good problem-solving capacity because of epistemic community support that tightly integrated into the regime; (3) level of collaboration between the regime members is high, indicated by member’s compliance to the standard operating procedure (SOP) of the Indomalphi’s patrols even though there is no sanctions mechanism; (4) the regime facing a political context which provides an advantage with indicated by smooth cooperation during the process of Indomalphi cooperation even the three countries have sovereign sentiments and maritime territorial conflicts.KEYWORDSAbu Sayyaf Group; Indomalphi; Maritime Piracy; Regime Effectiveness; Sulu-Sulawesi Sea