Marine Waste Research Articles

Fungal endo and exochitinase production, characterization, and application for Candida biofilm removal.

Chitinases are promising enzymes for a multitude of applications, including chitooligosaccharide (COS) synthesis for food and pharmaceutical uses and marine waste management. Owing to fungal diversity, fungal chitinases may offer alternatives for chitin degradation and industrial applications. The rapid reproduction cycle, inexpensive growth media, and ease of handling of fungi may also contribute to reducing enzyme production costs. Thus, this study aimed to identify fungal species with chitinolytic potential and optimize chitinase production by submerged culture and enzyme characterization using shrimp chitin. Three fungal species, Coriolopsis byrsina, Trichoderma reesei, and Trichoderma harzianum, were selected for chitinase production. The highest endochitinase production was achieved in C. byrsina after 168h cultivation (0.3 U mL- 1). The optimal temperature for enzyme activity was similar for the three fungal species (up to 45 and 55 ºC for endochitinases and exochitinases, respectively). The effect of pH on activity indicated maximum hydrolysis in acidic pH (4-7). In addition, the crude T. reesei extract showed promising properties for removing Candida albicans biofilms. This study showed the possibility of using shrimp chitin to induce chitinase production and enzymes that can be applied in different industrial sectors.

Bioactive lipid‐enriched concentrates from squid discards by one‐step and two‐step extractions with non‐halogenated solvents

SummaryThis study focused on the preparation of lipid concentrates with high contents of bioactive molecules. Different one‐step and two‐step extractions with non‐halogenated solvents (hexane, HX; isopropanol, IP) were carried out on Patagonian squid (Doryteuthis gahi) discards. As a first step, HX extractions (one, two or three times) were carried out. The resulting substrates were extracted with IP (two, three or four times). Analysis of lipid extracts included total lipid, phospholipid (PL) and tocopherol values, and fatty acid (FA) profile. HX extractions led to remarkable α‐ and γ‐tocopherol values (ca. 1400 and 23 mg kg−1 lipids, respectively); no effect (P > 0.05) of the number of HX extractions was observed. IP extracts provided high PL values (383–501 mg kg−1 lipids); the highest average values were detected with four IP extractions after three HX extractions. Values obtained for tocopherols and PLs were higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained by employing the conventional (chloroform/methanol, 1:1) lipid extraction (ca. 496 and 11 mg kg−1 lipids and 400 g kg−1 lipids, respectively). Range values detected for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid values and the ω3/ω6 FA ratio were similar to those obtained by the conventional procedure. A valuable procedure is proposed for obtaining PL‐ and tocopherol‐enriched concentrates from marine waste with non‐halogenated solvents.

Strategy To Maintain The Balance Of The Marine Ecosystem By Utilizing Recycle Economy To Face The Threat Of El Nino

Human dependence on natural resources, especially in the Blue Economy sector or marine ecosystems, has led to a dominant role in ecosystem management. The El Niño phenomenon is a serious challenge that can disrupt marine ecosystems and sustainable economies. This effort aims to reduce the negative impact of El Nino on marine ecosystems, by recycling the economy from wastes in the sea. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach to reduce the negative impact of El Niño on marine ecosystems through recycling of marine waste, creating a sustainable solution for economic growth and environmental sustainability. SWOT analysis and complex systems theory highlighted several potential strategies to stabilize the marine ecosystem, address the threat of El Niño, and boost the economy. The implementation of these strategies has a positive impact on the sustainability of the marine ecosystem and sustainable economic growth.

Marine Waste Management of Oyster Shell Waste as Reinforcement for Clay Additive Manufacturing Components

Marine Waste Management of Oyster Shell Waste as Reinforcement for Clay Additive Manufacturing Components

Mechanical, wear, fatigue, and water absorption behavior of epoxy biocomposite toughened using marine waste Sepioteuthis sepioidea pen chitosan biopolymer and pineapple plain-weaved fiber

Mechanical, wear, fatigue, and water absorption behavior of epoxy biocomposite toughened using marine waste Sepioteuthis sepioidea pen chitosan biopolymer and pineapple plain-weaved fiber

Parametric study of organic Rankine working fluids via Bayesian optimization of a preference learning ranking for a waste heat recovery system applied to a case study marine engine

This work presents an analysis of environmentally friendly organic Rankine cycle (ORC) fluids and their application in a marine waste heat recovery system (WHRS) to reduce the utilization of fuel, thus reducing the emission of harmful pollutants. The proposed WHRS consists of four subsystems: steam Rankine, organic Rankine, Seebeck effect heat to electricity conversion and desalination. Among the 80 ORC working fluids analyzed, R1233zd(E), Novec 649 and SES36 exhibit the best overall performance in terms of power output, efficiency, safety and environmental impact. The results indicate that the implementation of innovative energy efficiency systems that comply with MEPC.1-Circ.896, such as this proposal, can reduce the IMO technical energy efficiency index (EEXI) up to 7.26 % and the operational carbon intensity indicator (CII) up to 14.24 %.

Making Unique Handicrafts from Shells in Lake Bird's Nest Village

Making unique handicrafts using shells in Sarang Burung Danau Village aims to process marine waste which can be used as a creative medium for PKK mothers, increasing creativity, soft skills and an entrepreneurial spirit from an early age. This activity is focused on making unique craft items using shells as the main material, stimulating creativity and economic empowerment in the village. This initiative involves collaboration between students from various universities involved in KKN Kebangsaan 2023 activities and the local community, emphasizing the exchange of knowledge, skills and cultural experiences. The method for this service activity is to conduct a workshop which directs the training participants to practice directly making handicrafts by following the work steps. Through workshops and hands-on activities, participants explore innovative craft-making techniques while using natural resources responsibly. With this type of qualitative research, the results of this activity are a source of pride for the community, creating economic opportunities and preserving traditional skills. The products produced include pencil cases, wall hangings, mirror frames and miniature birds. The aim of this research is to encourage environmental awareness by emphasizing the sustainable use of shellfish resources. The implication of this research is that it can encourage the use of local resources, in this case shellfish, more effectively. This can help reduce pressure on the environment and promote sustainable practices in the use of natural resources.

Carbonation curing behavior and performance improvement of recycled coral waste concrete

Carbonation curing can improve material properties and reduce the concrete industry's carbon emissions. This study used powder prepared from waste coral to replace ordinary Portland cement (0, 10, and 20 %). After initial curing for 24 h, the mortar was cured by sealing and carbonation. The dilution effect of coral powder substantially reduces the mechanical properties under sealing curing. Under carbonation curing, the coral powder helps develop carbonation and CO2 diffusion, reducing strength loss and increasing resistivity. XRD and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis results showed that carbonation transforms hydration products and clinker phases into different types of CaCO3, such as calcite and aragonite. The novelty of this study is that it proposes a method that organically combines carbonation curing and marine waste reuse. Provide a sustainable solution to the problem of material shortage in marine engineering construction. Moreover, the carbon footprint can be considerably reduced by replacing cement materials, improving carbonation curing efficiency, and promoting CO2 uptake.

Evaluation of distribution and management of marine debris on the Pangandaran Coast

The increasing number of tourist visits and activities of coastal communities affects the distribution of marine waste on the Pangandaran coast, resulting in waste generation that pollutes the coastal environment. This is due to a lack of awareness in disposing of waste in its proper place, a lack of cleaning facilities and a waste transport fleet by the Pangandaran district government. The aim of this research is to provide an evaluation regarding the distribution of marine waste and its management on Pantai Timur, Pantai Barat and Pantai Madasari. Using Survey Method and Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response data analysis. The research location was carried out in three locations, namely on the Pantai Timur, Pantai Barat and Pantai Madasari. The results of this research are that the distribution of marine debris on Pantai Timur, Pantai Barat and Pantai Madasari is categorized as moderate. This causes pressure on coastal areas where there is waste generation at several research stations. The most common type of waste is plastic waste with a percentage of 45-54% on Pantai Timur, 36-55% on Pantai Barat and 43-51% on Pantai Madasari. The type of waste that is least found is rubber with a percentage of 2-3%. The actions taken by Pangandaran Village and the Pangandaran Regency Environment and Hygiene Service (DLHK) are waste management using a collect-transport-dispose system, community service to clean the beach with the community on Fridays, and the availability of several rubbish bins at every distance of 10 meters. Waste management on Pantai Madasari is managed by the village government, where this authority is handed over to Village-Owned Enterprises using a collect-transport-dispose system and burned directly at the temporary disposal site (TPS).Keywords: Coastal; DPSIR; plastic; pollution; waste distribution

Utilization of diamondback puffer (Lagocephalus guentheri) biomass for the production of bioactive oligopeptides and their inflammation suppressing effects invitro

Development of new anti-inflammatory drugs has always been of prime interest due to various side effects exerted by common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Hence, due to the biochemical diversity and efficient anti-inflammatory activities of bioactive peptides from oceanic sources, their demand is increasing. In this study, the common diamondback puffer fish (Lagocephalus guentheri) muscle (PM) and visceral (PV) mass waste was used to produce enzymatic hydrolysates using trypsin, alcalase and papain digestion which were further used to obtain inflammation suppressing peptides. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed abundant essential amino acids like arginine, alanine, tyrosine, and glutamic acid in muscle as well as visceral part. The data obtained by the anti-inflammatory assays such as albumin denaturation inhibition and membrane stabilization assay of hydrolysates showed that alcalase 12th hr and 6th hr showed highest activity for PM and PV respectively. Further, out of the fractions obtained through ultrafiltration, 10-3 kDa showed higher anti-inflammatory activity which was subsequently purified with gel filtration chromatography. Moreover, the purified active peaks were analysed using LC-MS/MS to acquire a peptide sequence of MEPLGQG (731 Da) and LLHA (453 Da) for PMpep and PVpep respectively. In vitro studies revealed non-cytotoxic effects of peptide and pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression post LPS-stimulation in RAW264.7 cells. Thus, the puffer fish and other marine waste can be exploited for the isolation of potential nutraceutical and therapeutic compounds.

Impact of process parameters in drilling of glass epoxy composite with clam shell and cenosphere filler: A comparative analysis

Drilling is one of the secondary machining techniques most frequently utilised when Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) materials are assembled into a structure. The present work examines the drilling GFRPs and analyses hole quality based on the different traditional parameters: feed rate, spindle speed, and drill tool diameter. However, the hybridization of glass fiber- reinforced polymers (GRPs) by incorporating fillers as secondary reinforcement in the present piece of research has introduced new challenges for hole drilling and achieving the desired surface finishes. The delamination at the hole entrance and exit, considering the drill diameter of the HSS twist drill (6, 8, 10 mm), feed rate (0.04, 0.08, 0.12 mm/rev), cutting speed (1000, 1200, 1400 rpm), and filler content (0, 10, 20 wt.%) in GFRP, are the major factors are considered. The fillers used are clamshell powder and cenosphere, which are marine waste and thermal power plant waste, respectively. The present paper aims to study the effect of these fillers on the drilling-induced damages to the holes in terms of delamination factor, surface roughness, and dimensional accuracy of the hole (taper error, circularity error) of GFRPs. The most widely preferred Taguchi experimental design has been used for optimising the process parameters to obtain minimum delamination, surface roughness, and hole error. The study also aims to develop a correlation between feed rate, cutting velocity, drill diameter, and filler content with the delamination factor, surface roughness, taper error, and circularity error in a GFRP material. The observed results show that clamshells filled GFRP shows lower delamination, surface roughness, circularity error, and taper error compared to cenosphere filled GFRP composites under the same process parameters. It indicates the positive impact of the fillers in the drilling of GFRP, where the main objective is to reduce drilling-induced defects.

Analisis solusi untuk mengurangi timbulan sampah di kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Muara Angke

Introduction: In 2020, marine waste in Indonesia reached 521,540 tons, mostly due to marine activity, with the mangrove ecosystem being the most affected. Even though various parties have tried to clean and collect waste in the SMMA Area (Angke Mangrove Wildlife Reserve), the problem of waste generation is still an unresolved environmental problem. The increasing amount of waste in the area can disrupt mangrove restoration efforts and disrupt the regeneration of natural ecosystems. Result: According to research observations, in the SMMA environment, especially during high tide, there is still a generation of waste consisting of plastic, styrofoam, wood, cloth, and electronic waste. Plastic and styrofoam waste comes from food and drink packaging, and other types of waste, such as wood and plywood, can come from rivers or from activities around SMMA. Waste generation in mangrove environments includes fabric and polymer waste, such as pampers and clothing. Because it interferes with air aeration in the root system, plastic waste is the main cause of damage to the growth of mangrove vegetation. Waste in the SMMA mangrove ecosystem is defined as specific waste that appears irregularly, contains hazardous waste, and comes from various sources, such as household waste and building waste. Conclusion: Waste control in the SMMA area is regulated by PP Number 27 of 2020, which emphasizes the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling. Waste sorting, collection, transportation, processing, and final processing are all part of this effort. Good waste management in the SMMA area is very important to prevent environmental pollution, protect human health, and maintain the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem.

From Legal to Customary Approach: Seeking an Alternative Policy on the Coastal Area Solid Waste Management in Jambi, Indonesia

The waste issue in coastal areas is an important and urgent problem for maritime regions like Indonesia. The task of the government in coastal areas is more complex than in mainland areas because the problem of coastal waste is more complex, and it causes more environmental impacts. This article analyzes waste management policies in the coastal areas of Jambi Province, especially in East Tanjung Jabung Regency. The research uses literature study as the primary method, supported by qualitative field studies on government and community paradigms on waste management regulations. The study shows that the East Tanjung Jabung Regency Government has a waste management policy, but none specifically concerns coastal or marine waste. However, the waste management program in the coastal area has not been implemented due to various technical reasons, especially geographical conditions, which are difficult to reach from the district capital. These constraints are caused by the positive regulation paradigm, in which the laws in Indonesia are hierarchically stopped at the district/city level so that waste management work is concentrated in the district government. The village government has the right to issue village regulations, but innovation in village regulations still needs improvement, especially in Jambi Province. This condition allows the decision maker to uphold the customary approach as a local alternative policy.

Making Biocarno Fertilizer from Marine Organic Waste to Increase the Income of the Abadi Fisherman Farmer Group in Kuala Indah Village

Management of marine organic waste can also be used as a solution to reduce marine waste and prevent global warming considering that the sea has many roles in supporting the life of living creatures and maintaining the ecosystem. The organic fertilizer that will be produced will be called "Biocarno Fertilizer" with good quality. The aim of this activity is to form or develop the Abadi Fishermen Farmer Group which is economically and socially independent, helps create peace and comfort in social life, and increases the skills and income of Farmer Group members in producing Biocarno Fertilizer independently. The result of this activity is the completion of community service in the form of counseling and outreach carried out by the service team to partner farmer groups, namely making Biocarno fertilizer by mixing several raw materials such as marine organic waste, cow dung, rice straw, Azolla, EM4 and molasses as a bioactivator. composting process. The next planned stage that must be carried out is to monitor and evaluate the progress of compost maturation over the next month, then samples of the mature compost will be taken to be taken to the laboratory for nutrient analysis so that farmers can modify the compost raw materials to produce quality compost according to the standards determined by SNI 19-7030-2004.

Dynamics of microbial populations in the composting process of marine organic waste

It is estimated that marine waste consist of 60% organic material. Therefore, waste must be handled using a composting process. The main determining factor in the composting process is the microorganisms associated with the C/N ratio. Therefore, this research was conducted to observe the dynamics of microbial populations during the decomposition of marine organic waste. The research method for calculating microbial populations (bacteria and fungi) is the dilution method using a colony counter with the Pour Platedilution technique (CFU/g). The results showed that the microbial population, both fungi and bacteria, fluctuated from week 1 to 10 of the composting process. This is related to the temperature during the composting process and the C/N ratio. The highest population of bacteria and fungi was found in the sixth week of composting at 300 x 107 CFU/g where the process entered the thermophilic phase with a C/N of 55.

Chemical versus Natural Biocide Compounds - Minireview on Antifouling Coatings

Marine biofouling is an old problem, known and studied for centuries, since the beginning of navigation. The accumulation of marine biofouling begins on the submerged portion of an ocean-going vessel or on any installation (equipments, pipes, platforms, etc.) within minutes of contact with seawater. Over time, this accumulation increases the ship's resistance, leading to increases in the physical resistance of the ship in the water, with negative consequences on fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, high maintenance costs (due to corrosion), and a negative impact on the marine environment (due to the release of toic bioactive compounds into the environment and the transfer of invasive species). These environmental issues were identified and recognized by the IMO, which in the early 1990s, through the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), adopted a resolution recommending that member governments adopt measures to eliminate TBT-based antifouling paints. These recommendations have led to the identification, development, and application of new antifouling technologies that could provide the maritime industry with a significant potential opportunity with an innovative, cost-effective, and efficient approach to the effects of marine biofouling. Our study aimed to make a small incursion in time, through the specialized literature on methods used to combat marine fouling, to highlight new research approaches to the identification and use of natural biocides to replace chemical ones. The targeting of research directions towards the identification of the most environmentally friendly antifouling compounds, in particular natural marine compounds, has been a focus of international researchers in recent years. To achieve this goal, going back to nature is currently the best option, as it could provide us with very effective models for research and development of antifouling coatings. In the development and modeling of new antifouling paints, the influence of the physical-chemical parameters of seawater (pH, salinity, temperature) on the chemical components (active groups) of the biocides used should not be ignored. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of developing new antifouling paint technologies using biodegradable, non-toic, and environmentally friendly compounds according to international legislation. In recent years there has been an increasing emphasis in research studies on the combination of natural biocides (obtained through the valorization of marine wastes) with natural or synthetic hydrogels whose action is to minimize the attachment of marine fouling.

TYPES AND ABUNDANCE OF MARINE DEBRIS IN THE CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM OF PASUMPAHAN ISLAND, WEST SUMATRA

Debris has long been a worrying problem, especially in the marine environment. Human activities and marine tourism activities cause coral reef ecosystem damage. The research was carried out in June - September 2022 to determine the type and abundance of marine debris, lifeforms, and condition of coral cover, as well as the relationship between the abundance of marine debris and coral cover on Pasumpahan Island, West Sumatra. The research method used was a survey, and the data obtained was analyzed descriptively. The research location was divided into three observation stations by placing three transects at each station. Based on the research results, six types of marine waste were found, with abundance ranging from 0.01 to 0.085 units/m2. The coral lifeforms found are Acropora branching, Acropora encrusting, Acropora submassive, Coral encrusting, Coral foliose, Coral millepora, Coral mushroom, and Coral massive, with a percentage of live coral cover ranging from 1.00-36.48%. A strong negative relationship exists between the abundance of marine debris and the percentage of coral cover in Pasumpahan Island, West Sumatra

Dual green hemostatic sponges constructed by collagen fibers disintegrated from Halocynthia roretzi by a shortcut method

Recently, biomacromolecules have received considerable attention in hemostatic materials. Collagen, an ideal candidate for hemostatic sponges due to its involvement in the clotting process, has been facing challenges in extraction from raw materials, which is time-consuming, expensive, and limited by cultural and religious restrictions associated with traditional livestock and poultry sources. To address these issues, this study explored a new shortcut method that using wild Halocynthia roretzi (HR), a marine fouling organism, as a raw material for developing HR collagen fiber sponge (HRCFs), which employed urea to disrupt hydrogen bonds between collagen fiber aggregates. This method simplifies traditional complex manufacturing processes while utilized marine waste, thus achieving dual green in terms of raw materials and manufacturing processes. FTIR results confirmed that the natural triple-helical structure of collagen was preserved. HRCFs exhibit a blood absorption ratio of 2000–3500 %, attributed to their microporous structure, as demonstrated by kinetic studies following a capillary model. Remarkably, the cytotoxicity and hemolysis ratio of HRCFs are negligible. Furthermore, during in vivo hemostasis tests using rabbit ear and kidney models, HRCFs significantly reduce blood loss and shorten hemostasis time compared to commercial gelatin sponge and gauze, benefiting from the capillary effect and collagen's coagulation activity. This study provides new insights into the design of collagen-based hemostatic biomaterials, especially in terms of both raw material and green manufacturing processes.

The plastic homes of hermit crabs in the Anthropocene

Plastic is the most pervasive element of marine waste, with harmful impact on wildlife. By using iEcology (i.e., internet Ecology, use of online data sources as a new tool in ecological research), we report on the emergence of a novel behaviour in hermit crabs related to the use of plastic or other anthropogenic materials as protective shells. We analysed images posted on social media to identify 386 individuals with artificial shells — mainly plastic caps (85 %). We report that 10 of the world's 16 terrestrial hermit crabs use artificial shells, a behaviour observed on all of the Earth's tropical coasts. Four non-exclusive mechanisms may drive individual choice for artificial shells: sexual signaling, lightness of artificial shells, odour cues, and camouflage in a polluted environment. Further research is needed to determine the impact of this behaviour on hermit crab evolutionary trajectories.

Sustainable synthesis and characterization of nano-triple superphosphate from solid marine wastes

Today, it is vitally important to develop an environmentally sound source for the manufacturing of phosphate fertilizers, as the availability of mineral rock phosphate is diminishing day by day.