Marine Waste Research Articles

Analysis of Maritime Content in the Project for Strengthening the Profile of Pancasila Students (P-5) as an Educational Media in Getting to Know the Culture of Coastal Communities at SMP Negeri 19 Bintan (Activist School Batch 2)

The Driving School Program is a program that focuses on developing comprehensive learning outcomes, including skills (literacy and numeracy) and character, starting from school principals and teachers. This program is an evolution of the previous school conversion program. This program will also advance public/private schools in all school conditions one or two steps forward. The program is implemented in stages and integrated into the school ecosystem until all schools in Indonesia become driving schools. SMP N 19 is one of the second-generation schools in the Riau Islands, and this school is in Kelong village, located in the coastal area of Bintan. Given the conditions of coastal areas, schools choose P-5 activities tailored to the cultural conditions of coastal communities and student characteristics. Most of the students’ parents’ jobs are as fishermen. The P-5 topics chosen at this school are adapted to these conditions. The P-5 theme that has been implemented has 2 maritime themes; theme 1 is “Local Wisdom” with the title The Fun of Making Fish Traps at my School, and theme 2 is “Entrepreneurship: with the title Fish Processing and Preservation, building an entrepreneurial spirit from an early age. Theme 3 is still local wisdom with the title “My marine waste is valuable” through the P-5 themes, which are implemented as a form of school providing education to students to get to know the culture of coastal communities.

LG Chem makes recycled plastic with marine waste and supplies engineering plastics for Mitsubishi front fenders

LG Chem announced that it entered into an MOU for building a resource circulation system by recycling marine wastes with NETSPA, a leading company in resource circulation, at the Yeouido LG Twin Towers on the 12th.

Natal Dispersal and Seasonal Migration of White-Tailed Sea Eagles in Khabarovsk Krai (Russia) and Hokkaido (Japan)

White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) become sexually mature at 5–6 years and the conditions of habitats and flight paths for local and seasonal movements in the nomadic period between post-fledging and breeding territory occupation are important in terms of population demographic relevance. The purpose of this study is to elucidate post-fledging movements, seasonal migrations, and habitats of immature White-Tailed Sea Eagles by GPS tracking. GPS transmitters were attached to nestlings of White-Tailed Sea Eagles at the middle basin of Amur River (around Slavyanka; 49°50'N, 136°76'E) and Lake Chukchagir (51°59'N, 136°36'E) in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, and at Abashiri (44°1'N, 144°16'E) in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, in the breeding seasons of 2017–2022. Habitats used by GPS-tagged immatures were investigated with satellite images and field observations. The dispersion of post-fledging sea eagles from their natal nests occurred in autumn (September–October) for both sites in Khabarovsk and Abashiri. The first destinations in dispersal movements were river tributaries or lakes in floodplains in Khabarovsk (n=4) and rivers in Abashiri (n=2). Start timing and the first destination of emigration from natal sites for both breeding areas was considered to be related with upstreaming of salmonid fish for spawning. All of three juveniles fledged in Khabarovsk and tracked at least until their first winter wintered at the coastal area of Primorsky Krai, Russia, approximately 800–1,000 km south of their birthplaces, however, one juvenile took a different migration route to the wintering ground than the other two. Besides, two eagles tracked for more than two years after their birth in Khabarovsk showed the same migration routes in spring and autumn, and in the first year and subsequent years, respectively. Meanwhile, juvenile eagles fledged in Abashiri (n=2) moved to the places up to about 150 km south of their natal sites in their first winter, despite the fact that some major wintering grounds for sea eagles exist around their birthplace. Previous study reported that some colour-ringed immature White-Tailed Sea Eagles fledged at nests in Nemuro (43°19'N, 145°35'E), located approximately 100 km southeast direction of Abashiri, had been observed around their birthplaces in winter (Shiraki, 2002). Not only food availability but also genetic factor may be involved in determination of the wintering area. White-Tailed Sea Eagles over one year old from the nests in Khabarovsk (n=2) and in Abashiri (n=1) visited the vicinity of their natal sites during spring and summer. As White-Tailed Sea Eagles are known to have a tendency to nest in the natal area, young eagles might assess breeding opportunities around their natal sites. Immature White-Tailed Sea Eagles with GPS mostly stayed at habitats with food supplied from human activities, such as small fish discarded in fishery, marine waste, Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) residue left behind after hunting or killed in collisions with vehicles or trains, during winter in both of Primorsky and Hokkaido.

Biopolymer from Marine Waste Biomass and Its Applications- A Review

Biopolymer from Marine Waste Biomass and Its Applications- A Review

Structural stress analysis of hybrid heat exchangers in the S-CO2 power cycle for marine waste heat recovery

Due to its high thermodynamic efficiency and small equipment size, the S-CO2 Brayton power cycle is a leading candidate for ship waste heat utilization. The hybrid heat exchanger formed by diffusion bonding of fins and etched plates can be used for heat exchange between the high temperature flue gas and the high pressure S-CO2. However, the law of structural strength is not clear for the hybrid heat exchanger. It is critical to carry out structural stress analysis. In this study, to assess the structural strength of the hybrid heat exchanger, the FEM was used and compared with a currently used method from ASME codes. The results show that the thermal stress caused by the temperature gradient is independent of the absolute temperature value. The change in the supercritical carbon pressure in the etched channel affects the mechanical stress more than the exhaust gas in the fin channel. Under design conditions, thermal stress and mechanical stress are equally important to the total stress of the hybrid heat exchanger. Moreover, the total stress is not a simple numerical superposition of thermal stress and mechanical stress but instead indicates a complex effect. From the FEM results, the etched channel exit that withstands a higher pressure load is the weakest point in the hybrid heat exchanger core. The FEM is a more comprehensive means for structural assessment than the ASME codes. This research can provide guidance for structural stress analysis of hybrid heat exchangers

Formulating an Excise Duty on Plastic: A Strategy to Manage Marine Plastic Waste in Indonesia

Plastic excise duty is one of the programs prescribed to combat the marine waste problem in Indonesia. This article presents an insight into the formulation of the government regulations needed to implement plastic excise duty. Initially planned to be implemented by 2018, the program is still in the process almost five years later. This article aims to identify the core issues discussed in the process, the stakeholders playing the central role, and their perspectives by interviewing key informants involved in the inter-ministerial committee. This research identified four ministries as definitive stakeholders as representatives of fiscal, industrial, and environmental groups. These groups have distinct interests in five core issues discussed during the negotiation process: the urgency of implementing an excise duty, its goals, scope of implementation, rate of tariff, and the settings for earmarking. This research found that environmental consideration was the central premise during the interministerial negotiation. However, the government’s hesitation to immediately implement an excise on plastic bags shows that currently, the government tends to prioritize economic considerations

Microstructural investigation of mortars incorporating cockle shell and waste fishing net

Large amounts of cement and natural aggregates are used annually to produce concrete, and the high energy consumption required for the production of these materials is considered to be a major environmental concern globally. This study investigates the effect of marine wastes, such as cockle shells and waste fishing nets, on the microstructural characteristics of cement-based materials. Crushed cockle shells were used as a substitute for fine aggregates, and ground waste fishing nets were utilized as a fiber replacement to enhance the flexural performance of cementitious materials. Varying amounts of cockle shell and waste fishing net were washed and then used as substitutes for fine aggregates and fibers, respectively, in cement mortar specimens. 10, 20, and 30 wt% of cockle shells were substituted for fine aggregates, and the waste fishing net of 1.0 % of the total volume was also considered in the mixtures. The compressive and flexural strength of the specimens were measured to examine the effect of marine waste replacement on the mechanical properties of cement-based composites. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and micro-computed tomography were utilized to investigate the microstructural characteristics of the materials with different substitution ratios of cockle shells and waste fishing nets. The obtained results confirm that properly washed and processed cockle shell powder can be used as an alternative to fine aggregates for conventional cement-based composites, and waste fishing nets can be utilized as a reinforcement for improving the flexural performance of cement mortar.

Analysis of law enforcement on Marine Debris in Indonesia

Marine debris one of the source of marine pollution that will damage marine ecosystems and be harmful to human health. To deal with marine debris, the government has formed a national action plan for marine debris 2018-2025 as the implementation of Presidential Regulation No. 83 of 2018 concerning the handling of marine debris. Law enforcement is one of the strategies in the action plan, but in practice, law enforcement cannot implemented effectively. The absence of sanctions given to the garbage throwers and the absence of socialization of the rules regarding marine debris make there no deterrent effect and therefore increase the amount of marine debris in Indonesia. This study uses a normative juridical approach with analytical descriptive research to describe and analyze the use of international legal instruments nationally. The results of this study are that strict rules must be made, especially the imposition of sanctions on the perpetrators of marine waste disposal so that it will have a deterrent effect, sanctions can be in the form of fines or criminal sanctions. The government also must socialize to the public regarding the provision of these sanctions, so that there is good cooperation between government and community.

Handicrafts Made from Marine Garbage in East Bintan District, Bintan Regency, Riau Archipelago

Crafts made from marine waste are an innovation carried out by craftsmen from East Bintan District, Bintan Regency, Riau Islands. The results of the handicrafts are fish bone boats, flowers from fish scales, flower vases and ornaments made of shells, key chains made of shells and gong gongs, as well as replicas of cherry blossoms made of fish scales. The research method used in this paper is descriptive qualitative. Primary data obtained through field observations and interviews. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained by utilizing literature sources from online searches. This research contributes to the mapping of handicrafts made from marine debris in the archipelago. In the Bintan Regency area, craftsmen carry out their activities independently. Meanwhile, the support received from the district government, in this case Dekranasda, is in the form of marketing handicrafts at the Dekranasda Bintan gallery. Meanwhile, training regeneration for craftsmen has not been carried out on a massive scale.

Analisis Yuridis Pencemaran Laut Yang Disebabkan Limbah Plastik

Indonesia is referred to as a maritime country because the location of the archipelago becomes a sea traffic lane. Marine pollution is the entry or inclusion of living things, substances, energy, and/or other components into the marine environment by human activities so that they exceed the established quality standards of the marine environment. Marine pollution, especially that caused by plastic waste is a threat that really must be handled seriously. The purpose of the study was to determine the juridical basis and responsibility for marine waste pollution. The method of analysis is normative legal research, using a law approach, a case approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials used in the research were collected by conducting searches and documentation studies, either through e-books, libraries and internet media. The results of the study show that the forms of legal liability for perpetrators who pollute the marine environment in Indonesia include administrative responsibility, civil liability, andcriminal liability. The application of imprisonment and fines is cumulative, not an alternative. So it is necessary both, namelyimprisonment and fines, not one of them. Currently, there is still a need for firm and real action from the government and publicawareness to tackle the problem of plastic waste in the sea.

A Top-Down Procedure for Synthesizing Calcium Carbonate-Enriched Chitosan from Shrimp Shell Wastes.

Chitosan is used in medicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, water treatment, and food due to its superior biocompatibility and biodegradability. Nevertheless, the complex and relatively expensive extraction costs hamper its exploitation and, implicitly, the recycling of marine waste, the most abundant source of chitosan. In the spirit of developing environmental-friendly and cost-effective procedures, the present study describes one method worth consideration to deliver calcium-carbonate-enriched chitosan from shrimp shell waste, which proposes to maintain the native minerals in the structure of chitin in order to improve the thermal stability and processability of chitosan. Therefore, a synthesis protocol was developed starting from an optimized deacetylation procedure using commercial chitin. The ultimate chitosan product from shrimp shells, containing native calcium carbonate, was further compared to commercial chitosan and chitosan synthesized from commercial chitin. Finally, the collected data during the study pointed out that the prospected method succeeded in delivering calcium-carbonate-enriched chitosan with high deacetylation degree (approximately 75%), low molecular weight (Mn ≈ 10.000 g/ mol), a crystallinity above 59 calculated in the (020) plane, high thermal stability (maximum decomposition temperature over 300 °C), and constant viscosity on a wide range of share rates (quasi-Newtonian behavior), becoming a viable candidate for future chitosan-based materials that can expand the application horizon.

Antioxidants, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Activities of Purified Chitinase of Talaromyces funiculosus Strain CBS 129594 Biosynthesized Using Crustacean Bio-Wastes

Talaromyces funiculosus strain CBS 129594 was optimized to promote chitinase activity under solid state fermentation using crustacean bio-wastes. The aim of the study was to use purified chitinase as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The results showed that the maximum enzyme yield (2.98 ± 0.2 U/g substrate) was obtained at 1:2 crab shell chitin with the inoculation size (2.5 × 106v/v) after seven days of incubation, pH 6.5, using 0.20% of soybean meal, malt extract, and yeast extract and 100% cane and beet molasses as supplementation. The enzyme was purified with an overall yield of 7.22 purification fold with a specific activity of 9.32 ± 0.3 U/mg protein. The molecular mass of the purified chitinase was 45 kDa. The highest chitinase activity was detected at pH 6.5 and 40 °C. The purified chitinase was activated by Ca2+, Cu2+, Na+, Mn2+, and Mg2+. On the other hand, the enzyme activity was inhibited in the presence of Hg2+, Ag2+, and Li+ at 10 mM, while Zn2+ and Co2+ caused no effect compared to media without any metals. The scavenging of 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2.2-pheny-l-1-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) increased with increasing the concentrations of the purified chitinase enzyme (100, 200, 300, and 400 µg/mL) which ranged from 48.7% to 57.8% and 8.87% to 63.73%, respectively. The IC50 value of DPPH radicals and ABTS of purified chitinase produced by T. funiculosus strain CBS 129594 was 199 and 306 μg/mL concentration, respectively. The purified chitinase inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), and fungi (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans). The highest concentrations of purified chitinase (1000 µg/mL) caused the higher toxicity of cancer cell line MCF7 (97%), HCT116 (88.2%), and HepG2 (97.1%). In conclusion, we can conclude that chitinase can be produced from marine waste and can be used as an antioxidant, antibacterial activity, cancer therapy, and ecofriendly biocontrol agent.

Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan from Marine Waste and its Applications on Food and Agriculture Products

Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan from Marine Waste and its Applications on Food and Agriculture Products

친환경 전기추진 어선의 경제적 타당성 분석에 관한 연구

Purpose – While domestic marine leisure activities during COVID-19 recently increased, marine leisure, which benefits us significantly, is increasing with national interest, and fishing preferences are currently increasing.
 Design/Methodology/Approach – Problems that may arise due to the increase in the fishing population can occur due to indiscriminate fishing, which can lead to environmental pollution because of reduced fishery resources, marine waste, bait use, food intake, and human excrement. Accordingly, in order to replace environmental pollution greenhouse gases of Korean fishing boats, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries aims to reduce 20,000 tons of CO₂ emissions in the fishing industry by 2030.
 Findings – In this study, as a result of a study on economic feasibility analysis of the fishing boat, the cost-benefit analysis calculation result of the fishing boat as an internal combustion engine fishing boat showed that the BCR was 0.8, and this value was less than 1. In the net present value analysis, the recovery amount by net present value was about -181,065,000 won. The internal rate of return (EIRR) was estimated at 10. When the business was operated as an internal combustion engine fishing boat of a fishing boat, the value of the result without economic feasibility was obtained. As a result of calculating the cost-benefit analysis as an electrically propelled fishing boat of the fishing boat, the BCR was 1.8, and this value was greater than 1. The net present value analysis was found to be about 882,015,000 won based on the net present value. The internal rate of return (EIRR) was estimated to be 14. Therefore, when the project was operated as an electrically propelled fishing boat, a result with economic feasibility was obtained.
 Research Implications – In conclusion, as a result of analyzing the economic feasibility of the fishing boat with an internal combustion engine, it was found that there was no economic feasibility. As a result of economic feasibility analysis as an electrically propelled fishing boat, it was found to have economic feasibility.

The Urgency Of Green Ship Recycling Methods And Its Regulations In Indonesia From The International Law Perspective

One of the critical problems for ships utilization is the limited operative life which affect its efficiency. Therefore, ship owners tend to send these ships for recycling. On the one hand, ship recycling industry can absorb labour and become a source of state revenue. Nevertheless, these activities significantly affect the preservation of the marine environment if not appropriately managed. Marine waste pollution is an essential issue in global context. Regrettably, as a country with a massive shipping intensity and geographically a strategic location, Indonesia does not have a comprehensive national policy regarding recycling ships weighing for 500 GT or more. The government allows conventional ship recycling methods that are not environmentally friendly and sustainably, which contradicts Indonesia's commitment to supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Thus, Indonesia is vulnerable to claims regarding poor pollution management due to ship dismantling activities. The claim could be addressed to the state’s responsibility, which refered to international instruments such as conventions and guidelines in terms of preventing pollution to neighboring countries originating from ship breaking and dismantling activities that lack regulation and measures. This article argues the urgency to reform the current national ship recycling regime in the future to apply a greener method by alluding to international general principles, customary and jurisprudence.

Crabs Marine Waste-A Valuable Source of Chitosan: Tuning Chitosan Properties by Chitin Extraction Optimization.

Chitin extraction from crab shells was studied experimentally and optimized aiming to obtain chitosan with predefined deacetylation degree and molecular mass. To find out the optimum operating conditions that ensure the obtaining of a chitosan with highest deacetylation degree and specific molecular mass four parameters were varied: the concentration of NaOH and the temperature for deproteinization step, respectively HCl concentration and the number of acidic treatments for the demineralization stage. The experiment was carried on following Taguchi orthogonal array L9, and the best combination of factors was found using the desirability function approach. The optimization results showed that 5% NaOH concentration and low temperatures lead to a chitosan with high deacetylation degree. High molecular mass chitosan is obtained when a single step acidic treatment is used, while a chitosan with low molar mass is obtained for multiple acid contacts and higher HCl concentration.

Feasibility of using Waste Brine/Seawater and Sea Sand for the Production of Concrete: An Experimental Investigation from Mechanical Properties and Durability Perspectives

The anti-corrosion property of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) makes the concrete produced with marine wastes (waste brine after desalination) and resources (seawater and sea sand) a promising green structural material which can be a sustainable solution to fresh water and river sand scarcity in marine and offshore construction. To evaluate the feasibility of using waste and marine resources in concrete, this study investigated the mechanical properties and durability of brine-sea sand concrete (BSC) and seawater-sea sand concrete (SSC) with three different water-to-cement ratios and compared them to the corresponding ordinary concrete (OC). The results demonstrated that the increased salinity had a minor effect on the 28-day compressive strength, but a significant effect on the large-size capillary pore structure. The semi-quantitative analysis of the concrete phase based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that BSC and SSC had larger mass fractions of the amorphous phase (mainly C-S-H), ettringite and gypsum during hydration. At last, the comprehensive performance of three different concrete mixtures was evaluated by five indexes (workability, alkali environment, compressive strength, carbonization resistance, and sulfate resistance). The results show that it is feasible to use brine/seawater and sea sand to replace freshwater and river sand for marine structural concrete reinforced with FRP.

Water absorption behaviour of glass fibre-reinforced polymer composite with clamshell and cenosphere fillers

This article deals with the effect of filler material on the water absorption behaviour of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. The fillers are cenosphere and clamshell which are industrial waste and marine waste, respectively. The composite with six layers of fibre is prepared using the most common way of hand lay-up process. Different contents of filler, that is, 0, 10 and 20 wt.% of clamshell and cenosphere are added in the glass fibre-epoxy polymer. These are the wastes that have the potential to be an important filler in polymer matrix composite (PMC). The water absorption behaviour of the glass composites is studied and found that filler content plays a significant role in the water absorption property. The addition of both fillers improves the water resistance of the composites. The diffusion mechanism of water absorption of the present composites follows the non-Fickian type. Composites with cenosphere filler show better water resistance when compared to composites with clamshell filler. The effect of moisture absorption on the tensile strength of composites is also investigated which shows that the tensile strength of the composites is degraded after water immersion. The degradation of the tensile strength in the composite is lower in the case of saline water when compared to distilled water. Tensile strength of the composite is increased with the addition of filler and is highest in glass fibre-epoxy composite at 20 wt.% for both clamshell and cenosphere fillers. 20 wt.% of clamshell filler in the composite shows better tensile strength when compared to 20 wt.% of cenosphere in the composite.

Simultaneous Upcycling of Biodegradable Plastic and Sea Shell Wastes Through Thermocatalytic Monomer Recovery

Development of effective upcycling methods for biodegradable plastic waste (for example, straws made of polylactic acid (PLA)) has emerged. In this study, a catalyst derived from sea shell waste (SSC) was used for a thermocatalytic conversion of biodegradable straw (BDS) for the recovery of monomer (for example, lactic acid). In effect, a strategy for simultaneously upcycling of biodegradable plastic waste (for example, straws made of polylactic acid (PLA)) and marine waste (for example, sea shell waste) was proposed. The SSC mainly consisted of calcium carbonate; thus, it had basicity with no acidity. Notably, a temperature of 500 °C and an SSC/BDS mass ratio of 0.5 led to the highest lactic acid recovery from BDS in this study. In particular, the use of SSC under the above-mentioned temperature and SSC/BDS mass ratio resulted in a 130 times higher lactic acid recovery than noncatalytic BDS conversion, most likely because the base sites present on SSC catalyzed the thermal cracking of PLA polymer bond. However, coke deposition was the major deactivation pathway of SSC during the thermocatalytic BDS conversion. In essence, SSC has the potential to be a catalyst used to thermocatalytically recover high-value chemicals from biodegradable plastic waste. In addition, this study can offer insight into developing waste conversion processes for the simultaneous upcycling of biodegradable plastic and marine wastes.

Effect of the Dry-Wet Cycle on the Performance of Marine Waste Silt Solidified by Calcium Carbide Residue and Plant Ash

This research aims to investigate the potential of engineering waste marine silt stabilized by a self-developed stabilizing chemical additive called PZ-1 as a subgrade filler. PZ-1 is composed of calcium carbide residue (CCR) and plant ash (PA) under an optimal composition ratio determined by coupling particle swarm optimization with a support vector machine (PSO-SVM). The effect of curing agent dosage (wg), temperature (wT), number of dry-wet cycles (Ndw), and organic matter content (wo) on the micro-macro behavior of the stabilized silt were investigated via the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) test, and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) test. The experimental results demonstrate a significant positive effect of PZ-1 on the unconfined compressive strength (qu) of marine engineering waste silt with curing agent contents of 0~8%. It was also found that strength improvement of the stabilized silt can be attributed to the formation of gelling substances such as C-S-H and calcite. The water resistance of the stabilized silt can be enhanced by increasing the dosage of the curing agent. Moreover, the organic matter content and ambient temperature have significant effects on the dry-wet cycle tolerance of solidified soil, among which temperature exhibits a more obvious impact.