Marine Mammal Protection Research Articles

Anisakidosis

Anisakidosis is a term that collectively refers to a human infection caused by larvae of the family Anisakidae. Because Anisakis simplex was the main cause, it was originally called anisakiasis or anisakiosis, but since other parasites such as Pseudoterranova decipiens also cause similar diseases, the family name is now used as the diagnostic name. Anisakidosis cases have been increasing steadily owing to the propagation of the Japanese raw-fish-eating culture, such as sushi and sashimi, around the world; the traditional raw-fish-eating habits of individual countries; the establishment of marine mammal protection laws; and the development of endoscopic diagnostic techniques. The disease continues to occur in Korea, where most human parasites are believed to have been eradicated and is probably the most common parasitic disease encountered in clinical practice. Anisakidosis is a disease associated with acute abdominal pain. Anisakid larvae can invade the entire digestive tract and abdominal cavity and cause abdominal pain and a variety of digestive system symptoms. Thus, the history of eating raw fish is very important for its differential diagnosis. The lack of a precise understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical course of this disease may lead to unnecessary surgery. Anisakidosis may also manifest as allergic symptoms. Therefore, it is necessary to understand anisakidosis from the perspective of public health, food hygiene, and preventive medicine. Key words: Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Food hypersensitivity; Host-parasite interactions; Raw foods

Is Banning Enough? The Intricacy Inherent to Marine Mammal Conservation

Declining populations of marine mammals have led to growing concern about their conservation. As a result, a series of specific marine conservation measures have been put in place, such as banning hunting and trading or establishing protected areas. This set of rules, although having restored the populations of some species of marine mammals, have failed to address the biggest threat to their survival, which consists of the bycatch of non-target species. On this question, fisheries law which should address critical issues contains some important protection gaps. This paper seeks to elucidate the efficacy of existing global and regional legal rules in protecting marine mammals, the most endangered marine species, from over-exploitation, with a particular focus on cetaceans. To this aim, the paper explores specific norms developed by global and regional treaties and the European Union (EU) for specific species (whales, seals, small cetaceans) (‘direct protection’). An analysis of the current international and regional legal framework (fisheries law) addressing marine mammal protection less directly is also provided (‘indirect protection’). The paper builds upon the assumption that measures that simply ban hunting or fishing, as envisaged by wildlife law, must be complemented by fisheries law (‘inter-regime linkages’). Paradoxically, indirect protection represented by fisheries law can significantly affect improvement of both fish welfare, which is often neglected, and conservation. The challenge lies in the fact that current fisheries law, in spite of having progressed the field, still fails to provide an adequate response to bycatch problems. A focus on marine mammal law illustrates the problem of fisheries management. In this context, the paper proposes tangible solutions to improve fisheries law and also discusses whether the emerging concept of fish welfare can be an ‘asset’ if included in fisheries rules, contending that welfare issues must necessarily be part of future legal developments.

How we can all stop killing whales: a proposal to avoid whale entanglement in fishing gear

Abstract Whales are federally protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act; endangered species, such as the North Atlantic right whale, receive additional protection under the Endangered Species Act. However, their regulations have failed to satisfy conservation and animal welfare concerns. From 1990 to 2011 the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis, NARW) population grew at a mean of 2.8% annually. However, population trends reversed since 2011; the species is in decline, with only ∼100 reproductively active females remaining. This failure is driven by vessel collisions and increasingly fatal and serious entanglement in fixed fishing gear, whose rope strength has increased substantially. Chronic entanglement, drag, and associated morbidity have been linked to poor fecundity. Genuine solutions involve designating areas to be avoided and speed restrictions for ships and removing fishing trap ropes from the water column. A trap fishing closure for NARW habitat in the Cape Cod Bay (U.S.) area has been in place seasonally since 2015. 2017 mortalities in Eastern Canada elicited substantive management changes whereby the 2018 presence of NARW in active trap fishing areas resulted in an effective closure. To avoid these costly closures, the traditional trap fishery model of rope end lines attached to surface marker buoys has to be modified so that traps are marked virtually, and retrieved with gear that does not remain in the water column except during trap retrieval. Consumer demand for genuinely whale-safe products will augment and encourage the necessary regulatory changes so that trap fisheries conserve target and nontarget species.

Нормативное регулирование использования и охраны морских млекопитающих в России

We discuss the main provisions of the national legislation on the use and protection of marine mammals. In the absence of a special legislative act, legal issues are regulated by the laws “On Environmental Protection”, “On the Animal World”, “On Fishery and the Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources”, which include marine mammals in the more general legal concept of “aquatic biological resources”, this approach remains in subordi-nate legislation. The assigment of marine mammals into a separate legal category will contribute to the improvement of legal ways of their conserva-tion and regulation of marine activities that affect the habitat (shipping, wind power facilities, extraction of aquatic bioresources, oil and gas). There is a need to develop and adopt rules for veterinary and sanitary examination (in relation to wild capture species); rules for assistance, rehabilitation and re-lease into the natural habitat of marine mammals affected by anthropogenic factors; rules of detention in captivity; recommendations for the observation of whales and other marine mammals. The author’s conclusions contribute to the achievement of the UN sustainable development goals, the promotion of the concept of “Blue economy” and the conservation of marine mammals as a global natural heritage.

Поиск решений по устранению правовых пробелов в нормативном правовом регулировании обращения с морскими млекопитающими

We center on the finding solutions to address legal gaps in the handling of marine mammals. As it is known, recently the problem of cruel treatment of marine mammals in the Khabarovsk Territory has received wide publicity. However, this problem has developed a long time ago. For several years, with the existence of gaps in legislation in the field of protection and use of marine mammals, there is an illegal fishing and trade of marine animals for lucrative purposes. We discuss the effectiveness of the recent change in criminal legislation in this area. We study the positive experience of the in-terdepartmental group work for the gray whale population protection. We conduct the analysis of the representatives experience of the Altai-Sayan ecoregion in the combat against the suppression of illegal transactions using Internet resources in relation to wildlife objects. We note the desire of large Internet companies to combat the illegal trade of wild animals, including ma-rine mammals. We proposed the cooperation formation between government authorities related to the field of international trade for the detection of marine mammals trade cases. We also propose recommendations on the customs authorities participation in working groups, organized activities to identify offenses against marine mammals.

Measurement of Sounds Emitted by Certain High-Resolution Geophysical Survey Systems

Scientific questions regarding the impact of anthropomorphic noise in the marine environment have resulted in an increasing number of regulatory requirements and precautionary mitigation strategies to reduce the risks associated with high-resolution marine geophysical surveys performed in waters subjected to government jurisdiction. An example of regulatory frameworks includes the Marine Mammal Protection Act in the United States and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008/56/EC in the European Union. Regulatory compliance often requires an assessment of the potential ecological risks before initiating a marine geophysical survey. However, the acoustic source data needed to estimate the risk associated with the operation of a given high-resolution survey system are frequently lacking. A comprehensive measurement program was performed to quantify the characteristics of sounds radiated by a variety of commercial marine geophysical survey systems, including boomers, sparkers, airguns, chirp sub-bottom profilers, sidescan sonars, and swath-bathymetric sonars [Crocker and Fratantonio, “Characteristics of high-frequency sounds emitted during high-resolution marine geophysical surveys,” Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI, USA, NUWC-NPT Tech. Rep. 12, 203, 2016]. Calibrated acoustic source data, including source levels, source spectra, and beam patterns, were acquired for a total of 18 different marine geophysical survey systems. The data support modeling to estimate the potential ecological impacts resulting from the operation of certain high-resolution marine geophysical survey systems.

Spatiotemporal patterns of overlap between short-finned pilot whales and the U.S. pelagic longline fishery in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: An assessment to inform the management of fisheries bycatch

Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) depredate pelagic longlines along the shelf break of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. The mortality and serious injury of short-finned pilot whales in the U.S. pelagic longline fishery recently exceeded Potential Biological Removal levels defined under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act, and bycatch mitigation techniques developed to date have been unsuccessful. We examine the spatial and temporal characteristics of pilot whale habitat use and longline fishing effort, quantify spatiotemporal patterns of pilot whale bycatch based on environmental factors, and assess the potential for a spatial management approach to mitigate pilot whale bycatch. We assess patterns of overlap and bycatch of pilot whales and longlines by applying Area Under the Curve and Williamson’s Spatial Overlap Index analyses to telemetry data from short-finned pilot whales, along with longline fishing effort and Pelagic Observer Program (POP) fisheries observer data from 2014 and 2015. We found that proximity to the 1000 m isobath, season, and sea surface temperature (SST) were important variables influencing pilot whale-longline overlap and POP bycatch rates. Pilot whale density was consistently highest immediately inshore of the 1000 m isobath, but longline effort varied seasonally relative to the 1000 m isobath. Resultant seasonal patterns in pilot whale-longline overlap relative to the 1000 m isobath were strongly and significantly correlated with POP bycatch rates; the highest bycatch rates primarily occurred in fall and winter months, when longline effort shifted inshore near the 1000 m isobath. We observed differences in the distribution of logbook and POP longline sets relative to the 1000 m isobath; POP sets were more dispersed relative to this feature while the overall distribution of longline effort was typically focused at the 1000 m isobath. Since bycatch primarily occurred close to the 1000 m isobath, more bycatch might be observed if the observer effort better reflected the overall distribution of longline effort. In winter months, POP bycatch occurred in cooler waters than most observations of tagged pilot whales, and therefore the relationship between bycatch and SST during winter months requires further exploration. Together, our results suggest that a spatial management approach could be effective in reducing pilot whale bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery, and an improved understanding of the relationships between pilot whale bycatch and dynamic variables might allow high-risk regions for pilot whale bycatch to be further delineated.

Blind equalization and automatic modulation classification of underwater acoustic signals

It is useful to passively characterize the underwater acoustic communications environment for a variety of purposes, including interference avoidance and enforcement of restrictions protecting marine mammals. Automatically determining the modulation of a received waveform can permit sonar or communications operations within the same bandwidth with a minimum of collisions, and it can identify a particular system operating outside its permitted regime. The characterization system needs to both determine the modulation and an unknown, time-varying channel impulse response since the transmitter and receiver are not coordinating. In this work, we demonstrate the use of blind equalization along with Convolutional Neural Networks for automatic classification of underwater signals. Our current research focuses on classification of constant modulus signals and demonstrates an approximate 30 percent improvement in modulation classification, compared to approaches without equalization, and a significant reduction in the amount of data needed for training. We considered BPSK, QPSK, MSK, FSK and 8-PSK modulations using simplified synthetic channels simulated via MATLAB to demonstrate our results. Future work is aimed at demonstrating classification improvement using realistic channel models simulated via the Sonar Simulation Toolkit, real underwater channels gathered from data collects, and additional underwater acoustic signal types.

Assessment of safety zones for marine mammals at noise exposure from industrial activity in the Russian Arctic

E&P of hydrocarbon along with shipping are the main sources of manmade noise in the ocean. But very few information on the noise from industry activities in Arctic is currently available. Over the next decade we expect the increasing level of anthropogenic sound in the Russian Arctic due to planned large scale construction of Oil&Gas projects including the Shtokman project in the Barents Sea, one of the world's largest natural gas deposits. Noise from seismic surveying, pile driving and construction can damage hearing or disquiet marine mammals. To protect marine mammals from pulsed noise of seismic survey, pile driving and chronic continuous noise at different stages of the Shtokman project construction we estimated the sizes of safety zones with SPL thresholds of 180 dB (zone of injury) and 120 dB for continuous noise (behavior disturbance). Modeling of the transmission loss was done by Normal Mode and PDPE models based on the environmental characteristics in the Barents Sea and real spectra of noise sources—construction vessels and seismic airgun array. The results demonstrate changes in the Safety Zones footprints depending on the stage of construction, season, specific environmental conditions like ice cover interface or presence of gas saturated sedimentary layer.

The Blackfish Effect: Corporate and Policy Change in the Face of Shifting Public Opinion on Captive Cetaceans

In February 2010, a captive killer whale (Orcinus orca), or orca, killed his trainer at SeaWorld Florida. A cascade of events followed, including successful federal enforcement action against SeaWorld for employee safety violations. In 2012 and 2015, nonfiction books about SeaWorld's history with orcas were published; however, the 2013 documentary Blackfish has done the most to raise public awareness of captive orca welfare and trainer safety. It spawned a massive social media response, leading to the so-called "Blackfish Effect." SeaWorld's visitor numbers declined, business partners ended their relationships, and stock price plummeted. In 2012, Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta applied for a permit to import 18 wild-caught beluga whales from Russia; the permit was denied in 2013, the first time a public display permit had ever been denied in the history of the US Marine Mammal Protection Act. In 2014 and 2016, the California legislature considered bills phasing out captive orca exhibits in the state; the 2016 bill passed and became law in January 2017. In November 2015, a similar bill was introduced (and reintroduced in March 2017) in the US House of Representatives. In March 2016 SeaWorld announced it would end its orca breeding program company-wide and in January 2018 the Vancouver Aquarium announced it would no longer display cetaceans. Shifts in public perception of captive cetacean display strongly suggest policy makers should reconsider the legislative and regulatory status quo.

Coyote (Canis latrans) use of marine resources in coastal California: A new behavior relative to their recent ancestors

Coyotes ( Canis latrans) are known to consume marine foods, but the importance and persistence of marine subsidies to coyotes is unknown. Recent access to a marine subsidy, especially if gained following apex predator loss, may facilitate coyote expansion along coastal routes and amplify the effects of mesopredator release. Our goal was to quantify and contextualize past and present marine resource use by coyotes on the central coast of California via stable isotope analysis. We measured δ13C and δ15N values in coyotes, their competitors, and their food resources at two modern sites, seven archaeological sites spanning in age from ~3000 to 750 BP, and from historical (AD 1893–1992) coyote and grizzly bear hair and bone sourced from coastal counties. We found evidence for marine resource use by modern coastal California coyotes at one site, Año Nuevo, which hosts a mainland northern elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris) breeding colony. Seals and sea lions account for ~20% of Año Nuevo coyote diet throughout the year and this marine subsidy likely positively impacts coyote population size. Isotopic data suggest that neither historic nor prehistoric coyotes consumed marine-derived foods, even at sites near ancient mainland seal rookeries. Marine resource use by some contemporary California coyotes is a novel behavior relative to their recent ancestors. We hypothesize that human alteration of the environment through extirpation of the California grizzly bear and the more recent protection of marine mammals likely enabled this behavioral shift.

The Preservation of Two Leopard Seals (Hydruga leptonyx), Ten Years Apart

Discussing the process from death to display for two significant Rāpoka, leopard seals, (Hydrurga leptonyx) undertaken as preservation projects by the Otago Museum. The first of these is a large female which died within the takiwa (district) of Kāti Huirapa Rūnaka ki Puketeraki in 2008. This seal was significant in the sense that it was the first marine mammal preservation project undertaken by the museum in collaboration with local iwi in the following the Ngāi Tahu Treaty of Waitangi settlement, where iwi regained the management rights of kā kararehe o takaroa (marine mammals) remains within the Marine Mammal Protection Act framework. This preservation project became a successful model for collaboration between iwi, government wildlife organisations, researchers and the museums when a marine mammal dies in the Otago Region. In 2017 the death of a neonate leopard seal pup, significant given its birth on St Kilda Beach, Dunedin within the takiwa of Te Rūnanga o Ōtākou sees the Otago Museum working to preserve this important leopard seal. This talk discusses the parallels and differences between the two projects, the importance of collaboration, recent applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) scanning preservation methods as well as using more traditional methods of taxidermy and skeltonisation. The guiding principles have been to preserve voucher information for the future, educate visitors about this Antarctic species, to expose our local community to the ongoing links between Māori and the natural world, and to demonstrate how wildlife management, science, museums and practitioners in indigenous knowledge can successfully collaborate in the practical and interpretive context of curation.

Conserving and recovering vulnerable marine species: a comprehensive evaluation of the US approach for marine mammals

AbstractHuman-caused mortality due primarily to bycatch in fisheries is considered a major threat to some long-lived, slow-growing, and otherwise vulnerable marine species. Under many jurisdictions these species are designated as “protected”, and fisheries are subject to a management system that includes monitoring and assessment of bycatch impacts relative to management objectives. The US management system for marine mammals is one of the most sophisticated in the world, with a limit on human-caused mortality computed using the potential biological removal (PBR), formula. Fisheries are categorized according to their impact relative to PBR, and take reduction teams established to develop take reduction plans (TRPs) when bycatch exceeds PBR. The default values of the parameters of the PBR formula were selected in the late 1990s using management strategy evaluation (MSE), but the system, in particular the classification of fisheries, has yet to be evaluated in its entirety. A MSE framework is developed that includes the PBR formula, as well as the processes for evaluating whether a stock is “strategic”, assigning fisheries to categories, and implementing TRPs. The level of error associated with fisheries classification was found not to impact the ability to achieve the conservation objective established for a stock under the US Marine Mammal Protection Act (i.e. maintain or recover the stock to/at optimum sustainable population). However, this ability is highly dependent on the life history and absolute abundance of the species being managed, as well as on the premise that bycatch is reduced if bycatch is estimated to exceed the PBR. The probability of correctly classifying fisheries depends on both the coefficient of variations (CVs) of the estimates of bycatch and the marine mammal stock’s abundance because classification depends on the ratio of the estimate of bycatch by fishery-type to the stock’s PBR, and the precision of the former depends on the bycatch CV and the latter on the abundance estimate CV. Moreover, the probability of correctly classifying a fishery decreases for smaller populations, particularly when a fishery has low to moderate impact.

Offshore Installation Activities and Marine Mammals’ Protection

During installation activities of four platforms in the Italian sector of the northern Adriatic Sea, in addition to the technical performance, special attention had to be dedicated to the protection of marine mammals from the noise produced. Acoustic and visual methods were applied 24 hours a day during the months of installation to monitor the movement of marine mammals. Project installation activities, especially piling and mooring, raise underwater noise level concentrated in a relatively limited area, which can interfere with the normal life of marine mammals. The goal of the research conducted in the framework of this paper is to describe the working methodology, the measures of marine mammals’ protection and to present the final monitoring results.

Conflict and consensus in stakeholder views of seal management on Nantucket Island, MA, USA

With recovery of seal populations after their near extirpation from the coastal waters of Massachusetts, USA, controversy has emerged over seal-fishery interactions. To assess stakeholder attitudes toward management of seal-fishery conflicts and marine mammal protection, questionnaires were administered to the general public, on-site anglers, and tourists on Nantucket Island. All three groups agreed that the interests of the ecosystem should be the top management consideration and supported marine mammal protection. Opposition to lethal management was found among all groups, with tourists most opposed, followed by the public and on-site anglers. While non-lethal management received more support than lethal management, some support for leaving seals alone was found, particularly among tourists. No differences were found among stakeholder groups for non-lethal methods of seal management, with the exception of the scenario of using non-lethal methods to reduce population levels. These findings suggest that management of seal-fishery conflicts must respect ethical and ecological concerns to promote co-existence.

Protecting marine mammals, turtles, and birds by rebuilding global fisheries.

Reductions in global fishing pressure are needed to end overfishing of target species and maximize the value of fisheries. We ask whether such reductions would also be sufficient to protect non-target species threatened as bycatch. We compare changes in fishing pressure needed to maximize profits from 4713 target fish stocks-accounting for >75% of global catch-to changes in fishing pressure needed to reverse ongoing declines of 20 marine mammal, sea turtle, and seabird populations threatened as bycatch. We project that maximizing fishery profits would halt or reverse declines of approximately half of these threatened populations. Recovering the other populations would require substantially greater effort reductions or targeting improvements. Improving commercial fishery management could thus yield important collateral benefits for threatened bycatch species globally.

Population growth and status of california sea lions

ABSTRACTThe California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) population in the United States has increased steadily since the early 1970s. The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA) established criteria for management of marine mammals based on the concept of managing populations within the optimal sustainable population (OSP), defined as a range of abundance from the maximum net productivity level (MNPL) to carrying capacity (K). Recent declines in California sea lion pup production and survival suggest that the population may have stopped growing, but the status of the population relative to OSP and MNPL is unknown. We used a time series of pup counts from 1975 to 2014 and a time series of mark‐release‐resight‐recovery data from 1987 to 2015 for survival estimates to numerically reconstruct the population and evaluate the current population status relative to OSP using a generalized logistic model. We demonstrated that the population size in 2014 was above MNPL and within its OSP range. However, we also showed that population growth can be dramatically decreased by increasing sea surface temperature associated with El Niño events or similar regional ocean temperature anomalies. In this analysis we developed a critical tool for management of California sea lions that provides a better understanding of the population dynamics and a scientific foundation upon which to base management decisions related to complex resource issues involving this species. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Call types of Bigg’s killer whales (Orcinus orca) in western Alaska: using vocal dialects to assess population structure

Bigg’s killer whales (Orcinus orca; i.e. ‘transient’ ecotype), as apex predators, are important to the dynamics of marine ecosystems, but little is known about their population structure in western Alaska. Currently, all Bigg’s killer whales in western Alaska are ascribed to a single broad stock for management under the US Marine Mammal Protection Act. However, recent nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that this stock is likely comprised of genetically distinct sub-populations. In accordance with what is known about killer whale vocal dialects in other locations, we used the spatial distribution of group-specific call types to investigate the population structure of Bigg’s killer whales in this part of Alaska. Digital audio recordings were collected from 33 Bigg’s killer whale encounters throughout the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands in the summers of 2001–2007 and 2009–2010. Recorded calls were qualitatively classified into discrete types and then quantitatively described using 12 structural and time-frequency measures. Resulting call categories were validated using a random forest approach. A total of 36 call types and subtypes were identified across the entire study area, and regional patterns of call type use revealed three distinct dialects which correspond to proposed genetic delineations. Our results suggest that there are at least three acoustically and genetically distinct sub-populations in western Alaska, and we present an initial catalogue for this area describing the regional vocal repertoires of Bigg’s killer whale call types.

Managing U.S. Atlantic large whale entanglements: Four guiding principles

Fatal entanglements in fishing gear threaten marine mammal populations worldwide. The management of entanglements of large whales, such as the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), with commercial fisheries, is a challenge given the species’ small population size, economic consequences of regulations, and the general lack of data on entanglements. The U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) requires development of programs to limit marine mammal entanglement in commercial fishing gear. Following a retrospective look at implementing aspects of the MMPA, a set of guiding principles were developed with associated best practices useful in reducing fatal large whale entanglement in fishing gear. Among these are: 1) involve stakeholders early in the decision making process; 2) establish a transparent management strategy that includes critical needs to guide research; 3) use a variety of tools such as an established process for receiving new information and ideas; and 4) incorporate adaptive management which considers the constraints of dynamic (rapid) changes to some fixed fishing gear. Efforts to reduce worldwide marine mammal bycatch will typically occur in a data-limited environment as experienced with U.S. Atlantic large whale entanglements. The guiding principles will remain as key tools for reducing large whale bycatch in fisheries as they build upon common practices. These insights developed over two decades of management can potentially help others to address similar bycatch problems.

Revisions to the sound exposure guidelines for fish and sea turtles report

Anthropogenic underwater sounds can impact aquatic life. Adherence to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) requires a risk assessment of the potential effects from underwater noise. Procedures for evaluating the risk to marine mammals (MMPA) are increasingly sophisticated, and quantitative science-based criteria for mammals were published in 2007 by Southall et al. The need for equivalent criteria for fishes and sea turtles (ESA and MSA) led to the creation of our expert working group co-led by Professors Arthur Popper and Richard Fay, pillars in the USA for everything fish. While Professor Tony Hawkins, a pillar in the EU for everything fish, brought his own unique perspectives and broad expertise of fish hearing studies and sound exposure. The results from our working group are described from its inception in 2004 to the 2014 publication of its findings as an ANSI/ASA report. The report determined broad sound exposure guidance based on the best available scientific information for fishes and sea turtles in a series of tables specific to a sound source. It is important to maintain current information and portions of the tables have recently been revised.