Marine Incidents Research Articles

A Study on the Revision of the Notification Form and Procedures of Marine Incident

A Study on the Revision of the Notification Form and Procedures of Marine Incident

Fatigue in ferry shipping employees: the role of work-family conflict and supervisor support

BackgroundFatigue is a concern in ferry shipping as it has a negative impact on crew members health and plays a major role in marine incidents and accidents. Research within land-based occupational settings has found that work-family conflict is an important risk factor for fatigue and that support from leaders constitutes a possible resource with the potential to buffer a negative impact from work-family conflict. Though, the working conditions of ferry shipping are likely to interfere with employee’s family life those two factors have received little attention in research on seafarers’ health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the direct associations between work-family conflict as well as leaders’ support with fatigue in employees of the Danish ferry shipping industry. Further, the study aimed at testing whether support could buffer potential detrimental associations between work-family conflict and fatigue.MethodsThe study design was cross-sectional, and 193 respondents answered to a self-administered questionnaire. Fatigue was measured with the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory. Perceived work-family conflict and perceived supervisor support were assessed with two subscales from the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. The association of potential risk factors with fatigue was determined using hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses.ResultsAfter controlling for confounding, work-family conflict was found to be positively associated with four of the five subdimensions of fatigue; lack of energy, physical discomfort, lack of motivation and sleepiness, while more support from supervisors was related to less lack of energy, physical exhaustion and lack of motivation. Further, supervisor support was found to moderate the effect from work-family conflict on the physical subdimensions of fatigue.ConclusionAlthough restricted by its cross-sectional design and a limited sample, this study provides support for the independent relevance of work family conflict and support from nearest superior for employee fatigue in ferry shipping. Further, there was evidence for a moderating role of such support on the negative impact of work-family conflict on the physical aspects of fatigue. Shipping companies may consider commencing initiatives which reduce conflicts between family life and work obligations, and that leader support may be a relevant component in such initiatives.

A REAL-TIME DRONE MAPPING PLATFORM FOR MARINE SURVEILLANCE

Abstract. Marine incidents have caused serious casualties and damaged on property, and situational awareness and actions are needed to reduce further extensive damage for marine surveillance. The importance of an attempt for maritime monitoring using UAV has been raised, and a platform should be prepared to respond immediately to urgent situations. In this research, a real-time drone image mapping platform is proposed for marine surveillance that receives marine images acquired and transmitted by drones and processes them in real time. The platform proposed in this study is divided into 1) UAV System, 2) Real-time image processing, 3) Visualization. UAV system transfers data from a drone to the ground stations. Real-time image processing module generates individual orthophotos followed by directly georeferencing in real time and detecting ships on the orthophotos. Visualization module enables to visualize the orthophotos. The overall mapping time of 3.26 seconds on average was verified for processing image mapping, and ship detection time for a single image was estimated to be within about 1 second, which corresponds to an environment in which an emergency must be handled. In conclusion, a real-time drone mapping platform that is introduced in this study can be evaluated as being available for maritime monitoring that requires swift responses.

Influence of the human factor for the technical condition of critical equipment of ships and marine incidents in relation to the requirements of the International Safety Management Code (ISM Code).

The article discusses the impact of the human factor on failures of selected critical equipment in the aspect of ship safety. The analysis of occurrences was carried out on the basis of selected cases of marine incidents in relation to the requirements of the ISM Code. The publication presents the ship audit results which have been carried out in connection to the analyzed incidents and near mis situations at the vessels. The need to modify the provisions of the ISM Code requirements with regard to the element of supporting human decisions was presented.

Applications of ocean currents data from high-frequency radars and current profilers to search and rescue missions around Taiwan

ABSTRACTTo enhance the immediacy and accuracy of search and rescue missions conducted by Taiwan Coast Guard Administration (TCGA), this study examines the characteristics of ocean currents and estimates the drifting trajectory of objects for two cases of marine incidents. Two methods are used to predict object’s drift tracks: the first one is simply calculating the advection driven by currents and the second method adopts a Monte Carlo based software, SARMAP. Ocean currents data from a high-frequency radar system comprised of 18 radar units surrounding Taiwan supplemented by bottom-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) data and wind data are used as the primary oceanic environment data. The estimated ending points of drifting for both cases of missing persons in water by using both methods are consistent with the actual recovery locations. Our analyses demonstrate that ocean currents data, if properly used, can be very useful for rapid response in marine search and rescue.

통계 분석을 통한 준해양사고와 해양사고의 연관성에 관한 연구

통계 분석을 통한 준해양사고와 해양사고의 연관성에 관한 연구

A Study on the Effective Implementation of a Marine Incident System

A Study on the Effective Implementation of a Marine Incident System

An Analysis of Causes of Marine Incidents at sea Using Big Data Technique

An Analysis of Causes of Marine Incidents at sea Using Big Data Technique

A study of the distribution of marine incidents in the harbours and waters surrounding Taiwan

This research aims to discover information underlying the historical records of marine incidents in order to develop an effective marine traffic management system and rescue resource allocation system in the harbours and waters surrounding Taiwan. Data were collected from the official records of the Taiwanese Ministry of Transportation and Communications and the Coast Guard Administration of Taiwan. Data analysis and Google Earth were utilized to determine the locations of the occurred incidents. The results revealed that on an annual basis, the proportion of marine incidents outside of harbours was much higher than the incidents that took place within harbours. The results also showed that the rate of increase for marine incidents significantly decreased outside of harbours, but increased within harbours, both for commercial vessels and fishing boats from 2005 to 2009. Certain events, such as collisions/contacts, groundings/standings, mechanical malfunctions/failures, and fires/explosions accounted for more than half of the occurred accidents. Finally, the identification of incident locations provides visual evidence to elucidate precisely where the problems are and where rescue resources should be optimally allocated. Recommendations and implications for marine traffic management policy were discussed.

Characteristic of double bottom responses under powered-hard grounding scenario with idealised rock indenter

The grounding phenomenon included in a load-type accident has been classified as a top-two marine incident, particularly accounting for the oil spills that occur after it takes place. This study aims to present a numerical analysis for estimating ship responses under a hard grounding scenario. This analysis was validated through a pioneering penetration experiment that was re-calculated using the finite element method. In the grounding simulation, the sea floor rock was idealised as a conical indenter penetrating the ship structure. Crashworthiness criteria were considered as the structural response in this work. It was determined that the crushing of the centre girder opened tears in two of the double-bottom compartments. An estimation based on the indenter geometry showed that a steep angle of the conical indenter is capable of producing deeper damage and more visibly initial failures to the centre girder than a blunt indenter under a powered hard grounding scenario.

Characteristic of double bottom responses under powered-hard grounding scenario with idealised rock indenter

The grounding phenomenon included in a load-type accident has been classified as a top-two marine incident, particularly accounting for the oil spills that occur after it takes place. This study aims to present a numerical analysis for estimating ship responses under a hard grounding scenario. This analysis was validated through a pioneering penetration experiment that was re-calculated using the finite element method. In the grounding simulation, the sea floor rock was idealised as a conical indenter penetrating the ship structure. Crashworthiness criteria were considered as the structural response in this work. It was determined that the crushing of the centre girder opened tears in two of the double-bottom compartments. An estimation based on the indenter geometry showed that a steep angle of the conical indenter is capable of producing deeper damage and more visibly initial failures to the centre girder than a blunt indenter under a powered hard grounding scenario.

疲労と海難について : IMO/ILO合同委員会における検討及び研究の動向

疲労と海難について : IMO/ILO合同委員会における検討及び研究の動向

Zoning of Natural and Man-Made Disasters for Relief and Rescue Centers Site Selection Using the Model Logic (Case Study: Guilan Rural Area)

Guilan Province with vast forest resources and abundant rainfall which sometimes causes flooding, fires, road accidents and earthquakes, besides its tourist attraction, high population density and dispersion of rural areas has faced with the problems that necessitate emergency response centers against unexpected disaster with a balanced and equitable access. In order to select stationary and mobile station sites the potential risks were identified at first and then danger zones were determined. Nine major risks including floods, earthquakes, mass movements, fires, road accidents, snow and blizzards, marine incidents, avalanches and war were paired compared using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Then proper sites were determined based on required standards for establishing relief and rescue centers using the model LOGIC. Finally, 49 and 34 points were proposed for establishing stationary and mobile centers, respectively. Also the radius of effective range for each center was calculated based on a maximum response time to the incident.

해양사고의 효율적 대응을 위한 수색구조조정 개선방안 연구

KCG, responsible Agency of maritime SAR operation has been known to address the marine casualties well, however, it was criticized because KCG failed to take prompt and effective response to the recent Ferry disaster at the very early stage. In this regards, the authors analyze the characteristics of marine incident with historical data, and also review and examine the national SAR system focusing on SAR coordination and human resources to make recommendation and suggestion in order to minimize the loss of lives to future marine incidents. As a result, KCG shall augment its capabilities, inter alia, fast libeboats and rescue helicopters for prompt response to marine incidents at the coastal waters, and KCG shall re-adjust the establishment of Rescue Coordination Center to improve operational problems of current system in accordance with IMO guidance, KCG is required to introduce mandatory training, qualification and certificate system to enhance the professionalism of SAR personnel.

Прiоритезація актуальних питань освоєння Антарктики

The maintaining provisions of the Antarctic Treaty and the values of Antarctica as а "natural reserve devoted to реасе and science" demands urgent and rigorous attention facing а series of pressures including the implications of а changing Antarctic climate and increasing human activity аnd associated impacts. The Antarctic Treaty System, with its growing membership, must prove сараblе of responding to these pressures. Focusing оn matters of priority and scheduling its work accordingly is therefore both timely and necessary. Thus the concept of а Multi-year Strategic Work Plan (Strategic Plan) for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (АТСМ) has been discussed bу Parties since АТСМ XXXI in Kyiv (2008) аnd approved at АТСМ XXXVI in 2013. This article aims to describe the main principles of the Strategic Plan as well as an approach to assigning relative priorities consisted of two stages: identification of issues; and applying а risk-based approach to assigning relative priority to issues. А review of the previous ATCM's agenda suggests that the issues demanding the attention of the Treaty Parties could fall into three distinct thematic areas, nоtаblу: effective protection of the changing Antarctic environment; effective management of human activities in Antarctica; and effective operation of the Antarctic Treaty System. In applying Risk-Based Methodology to the ATCM's issues (which are routinely used in many  environmental impact assessments), risk matrices are commonly used to determine the likelihood of an impact occurring and the consequence of the impact if it did occur. Such matrices set out the "consequences" and "likelihood" of risks on opposing axes. Each axis of the matrix is rated between 1 (low) аnd 5 (high). In the context of ATCM's work рlаn, the "likelihood" dimension might refer to the likelihood of аn event with negative consequences occurring (such as а major marine incident) or the likelihood of delays/inaction which could produce negative consequences (such as failing to implement Treaty decisions in good time). The "consequence" dimension might encompass the negative effects that could result for Antarctica or for the effective operation of the Antarctic Treaty System. For further discussion а compendium tablе of priorities illustrating how such an approach works  is provided.

THE GROWTH IN ENERGY ACTIVITIES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA – ARE WE TRULY PREPARED?

ABSTRACT Stretching from Singapore and the Strait of Malacca chokepoint in the southwest to the Strait of Taiwan in the northeast, the South China Sea is one of the most important energy trade routes in the world. Almost a third of global crude oil and over half of global liquefied natural gas (LNG) passes through the South China Sea each year. Coupled with the significant economy growth from China, that is the world's largest oil importer, protecting the flow of oil becomes a prime consideration of the South East and East Asia governments. All of these factors make the South China Sea to hold one of the highest potential for oil spill, be it by quantity of oil or frequency of energy activities. In the region, our industry faces increasing political challenge due to the disputed territorial waters and hence if an incident affecting multiple countries such as an oil spill occurs, the response may be chaotic if not adequately prepared for. The duty is on industry to work with regional governmental groups to promote joined-up response that is sufficiently robust and flexible to deal with both marine and well-control incidents. Other factors that could pose a major challenge are the understanding of response tool kits and prioritization given to national environmental laws and regulations which will vary amongst the affected administrations. Has there been sufficient investigation into the range of national laws which could help/hinder inter-regional approach? What about each of the area contingency plan along the South China Sea? Is there sufficient data on the crude oil characteristics in this region and the availability of Stockpile of equipment along this stretch of the trade route? This paper provides an overview of the oil industry's response to the growing energy activities in the South China Sea using case studies to illustrate the situations that are still occurring in practice.

디지털 포렌식 기법을 이용한 해양사고 조사 방법론

해양사고 조사의 결과는 원인규명은 물론 가해자 및 피해자의 과실여부와 과실정도를 판단하는 중요한 결정기준이 되고 있다. 그러나 해양사고는 해양이라는 특수한 환경에서 발생하기 때문에 사고현장의 보존, 사고 재연 및 목격자 확보 곤란 등 원인규명의 어려움이 있다. 이러한 해양사고의 특징으로 국제해사기구에서는 최근 발달된 전파통신 및 항해기술을 해상인명안전 협약에 도입하여 일정 규모 이상의 선박에 항해자료기록장치와 선박자동식별장치의 설치를 의무화하였고, 국제적으로 통일된 사고조사와 공조를 위해 발효한 새로운 해양사고 조사코드에서는 각 체약국에게 항해자료기록장치의 분석역량을 갖추도록 권고하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 선박용 블랙박스인 항해자료기록장치의 데이터 유형을 분석하고 디지털 포렌식 절차와 기법을 활용하여 사고원인을 효율적으로 조사할 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. The results of investigations into marine incidents have become an important basis in determining not only possible causes, but also the extent of negligence between the perpetrator and victim. However, marine incidents occur under special circumstances i.e. the marine environment, and this leads to difficulties in identifying causes due to problems in scene preservation, reenactment and acquisition of witnesses. Given the aforementioned characteristic of marine incidents, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) has adopted mandatory regulations on the carriage of Voyage Data Recorders (VDRs) and Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) for ships of a certain gross tonnage and upwards, so as to reflect recent developments in radio communication and marine technology. Adopted to provide an international standard for investigations and to promote cooperation, the Code of the International Standards and Recommended Practices for a Safety Investigation into a Marine Casualty or Marine Incident (Casualty Investigation Code) recommends member states to build capacity for analysis of VDR data. Against this backdrop, this paper presents methods for efficient investigations into the causes behind marine incidents based on data analysis of VDR, which serves as the black box of ships, as well as digital forensic techniques.

An Empirical Survey on the Role of Human Error in Marine Incidents

Error is a part of being human. Despite the fact that organizations are trying to reduce errors to the zero level, this goal is unachievable. As long as human operation is taking place in a complicated environment, errors will occurred, and the possibility would be increased under the conditions of stress, extra loading work, and fatigue. One of the most important transportation modes is marine transportation. The sea is an unsafe place that kills many by a simple event. Every year there are thousands of marine accidents that result in injuries, casualties, marine pollution and massive financial loss. To reduce the number of accidents, there should be more attention to factors such as suitable training of human resource, proper implementation of national and international laws and regulations, vessels and the equipment onboard them, port facilities, and also the utilities for marine search and rescue. In this research 1816 marine accidents have been studied in five Iranian shipping companies. 17 factors are known to be effective in occurrence of human error in these accidents. Four factors of the most influence are negligence, poor training, inadequate tools, and lack of skill and experience.

An experimental study on the flooding of a damaged passenger ship

Some recent marine incidents have shown that damaged Ro-Ro ferries can be extremely vulnerable to loss of stability. After an abrupt ingress of water caused by a maritime accident, flooding of the spaces below the car deck may endanger the ship and eventually lead to its sinking within a short period of time. The flooding stages depend upon many factors pertaining to the vessel, the accident, and the environment. Some of these factors interact during the flooding. An experimental investigation using an International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) Ro-Ro ferry was carried out to provide a thorough insight into the flooding physics. Both transient and progressive phases are found to be highly dependent upon water and air behaviours. The damage area, the time of damage creation and the air ventilation level inside damaged compartments are key factors in determining the final ship state.

Area Sensitivity Consideration in a Cargo Ship Grounding Incident – A Case Study

ABSTRACT At 10:20 PM, on November 10th, 2008, the Panamanian-registered cargo ship, M/V Morning Sun, grounded outside of Shihmen Township, Taipei County, Taiwan. The ship carried 493 tons of fuel oil and 66 tons of diesel. The grounding caused a 200-ton oil spill that impacted 3-kilometers of shoreline. The spill occurred during a violent weather in winter time in a highly sensitive locale with important geological formation, a local fishing port, and a power plant coolant inlet. The response consisted of shore protection strategies, using local manpower and the ship's crew, and ship dismantling work. This case study reviews the response and discusses the results for further improvement of marine incident response in Taiwan, including the considerations of ship dismantling, use of local manpower, sensitive area pre-planning, and retaining responder expertise.