Marine Compounds Research Articles

Cosmeceutical from Marine Origin and Their Collection, Isolation and Extraction: A Review

Since past year, natural products-based cosmeceuticals have gained a large amount of attention not only from researchers but also from the public due to the general belief that they are harmless. Notably, in present years, the demand for cosmeceuticals from the marine resources has been exponentially on the rise due to their unique chemical and biological properties that are not found in terrestrial resources. The recent review article delivered the importance of marine compounds, stressing new chemical entities with cosmeceutical potential from the marine natural resources and their mechanisms of action by which these compounds utilize the body functions as well as their related health benefits. The marine environments are the most important that give biologically active substances whose potential is still to be find for use as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. The marine organisms are not only an consequence renewable source of valuable bulk compounds used in cosmetic industry such as agar and carrageenan, which are used as gelling and thickening agents to increase the viscosity of cosmetic formulations. The marine molecules can also function as active ingredients, being the main compounds that determine the function of cosmeceuticals. The recent review focus on the role of marine derived compound in human skin and their collection, isolation & extraction and application.

AGGLOMERATIVE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING ANALYSIS IN PREDICTING ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COMPOUND BASED ON CHEMICAL STRUCTURE SIMILARITY

Resistance to antibiotics is increasing to alarmingly high levels. As antibiotics are less effective, more infections are becoming more complex and often impossible to treat. Numerous antibiotics discovered in marine organisms show that the marine environment, which accounts for over half of the world's biodiversity, is a massive source for novel antibiotics and that this resource must be explored to identify next-generation antibiotics. This research aimed to predict antibacterial activity in marine compounds using a computational approach to reduce the cost and time of finding marine organisms, extracting, and testing numerous unknown marine compounds' bioactivities. We used a simple unsupervised learning approach to predict the biological activity of marine compounds using agglomerative hierarchical clustering. We mixed antibiotic drug data in DrugBank Database and chemical compound data from marine organisms in literature to compile our dataset. We applied five linkage methods in our dataset and compared the best method by assessing internal validation measurement. We found that the Ward with squared dissimilarity matrix is the best method in the dataset, and ten compounds from 73 compounds of the marine compound are determined as potential marine compounds which have antibacterial activity.

Dioxinodehydroeckol: A Potential Neuroprotective Marine Compound Identified by In Silico Screening for the Treatment and Management of Multiple Brain Disorders.

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are some of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders in humans. Even after a variety of advanced therapies, prognosis of all these disorders is not favorable, with survival rates of 14-20months only. To further improve the prognosis of these disorders, it is imperative to discover new compounds which will target effector proteins involved in these disorders. In this study, we have focused on in silico screening of marine compounds against multiple target proteins involved in AD, GBM, ALS, and PD. Fifty marine-origin compounds were selected from literature, out of which, thirty compounds passed ADMET parameters. Ligand docking was performed after ADMET analysis for AD, GBM, ALS, and PD-associated proteins in which four protein targets Keap1, Ephrin A2, JAK3 Kinase domain, and METTL3-METTL14 N6-methyladenosine methyltransferase (MTA70) werefound to be binding strongly with the screened compound Dioxinodehydroeckol (DHE). Molecular dynamics simulations were performed at 100ns with triplicate runs to validate the docking score and assess the dynamics of DHE interactions with each target protein. The results indicated Dioxinodehydroeckol, a novel marine compound, to be a putative inhibitor among all the screened molecules, which might be effective against multiple target proteins involved in neurological disorders, requiring further in vitro and in vivo validations.

A Molecular Modeling Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Marine Compounds as DPP-4 Inhibitors.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose due to insulin resistance or insulin-secretion defects. The development of diabetes is mainly attributed to the interaction of several complex pathogenic, genetic, environmental and metabolic processes. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease that cleaves X-proline dipeptides from the N-terminus of several polypeptides, including natural hypoglycemic incretin hormones. Inhibition of this enzyme restores and maintains glucose homeostasis, making it an attractive drug target for the management of T2DM. Natural products are important sources of bioactive agents for anti-T2DM drug discovery. Marine ecosystems are a rich source of bioactive products and have inspired the development of drugs for various human disorders, including diabetes. Here, structure-based virtual screening and molecular docking were performed to identify antidiabetic compounds from the Comprehensive Marine Natural Products Database (CMNPD). The binding characteristics of two shortlisted compounds, CMNPD13046 and CMNPD17868, were assessed using molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, this study provides insights into the potential antidiabetic activity and the underlying molecular mechanism of two compounds of marine origin. These compounds could be investigated further for the development of potent DPP-4 inhibitors.

Identification of natural marine compounds as potential inhibitors of CDK2 using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach

The multifunctional enzyme cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) protein is essential for cell proliferation, transcription and modulation of the cell cycle. There is a dysfunction that is connected to various diseases, such as cancer, making it an important treatment target in oncology and beyond. The goal of this study is to identify novel CDK2 ATP binding site inhibitors using in silico drug designing. To find competitive inhibitors for the ATP site, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and free-binding energy calculations were used. Natural compounds retrieved from marine sources (fungi and algae) were docked against protein, and the best-binding compounds were further evaluated using MD simulations. LIG1, LIG2 and LIG3 (ΔGPB = −19.98, −15.82 and −12.98 kcal/mol, respectively) were placed in the top positions based on their overall binding energy calculated using MMPBSA approach. Stability of the complexes was confirmed by carefully analyzing the rmsd and rmsf patterns retrieved from the MD trajectories. Several residues and areas (Leu124, Val123, Phe80, Leu83, Glu81, Arg 126, Asn132, Leu134, Gln131, Lys88 and Glu195) appear to be critical for inhibitor retention across the active pocket, according to RMSD and RMSF. The dynamics of the ligands inside the active pocket were mapped using principle component analysis. It has been observed that LIG1-3 appear to be the best possible inhibitors due to their high binding energies, interaction pattern and retention inside the active pocket. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Computational study of potential inhibitors for fat mass and obesity-associated protein from seaweed and plant compounds.

BackgroundOver the past three decades, with substantial changes in lifestyle, the tendency to gain weight has increased, which is resulting in significant consequences affecting an individual’s well-being. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is involved in food intake and energy expenditure and plays a crucial role in regulating homeostasis and controlling energy expenditure by hindering signals that generate from the brain. Edible seaweeds have been shown to enhance satiety owing to their health benefits.MethodsExtensive screening of plant-derived anti-obesity compounds and seaweed compounds was conducted and validated for ADME properties and toxicity prediction. Further, the top ranked compounds were docked against the FTO protein to identify potential inhibitors and were subjected to molecular dynamic simulation studies to understand the binding stability of ligand protein complex. Finally, MM/PBSA studies were performed to calculate the binding free energy of the protein-ligand complexes.ResultsThrough the virtual screening of 1,210 compounds, 443 compounds showed good docking scores less than −7.00 kcal/mol. Drug likeness screenings of 443 compounds showed that only 369 compounds were in accordance with these properties. Further toxicity prediction resulted in 30 non-toxic compounds. Molecular docking studies revealed four top ranked marine compounds. Finally, RL074 (2-hydroxyluzofuranone B) and RL442 (10-acetoxyangasiol) from marine red alga Laurencia sp showed good stability from molecular dynamic simulation studies. MM/PBSA results revealed that BT012 (24ε-hydroperoxy-6β-hydroxy-24-ethylcholesta-4,-28(29)-dien-3-one), an oxygenated fucosterol from brown alga Turbinaria conoides, possessed higher binding energy. Hence, with all the data obtained it could be concluded that three seaweed compounds, BT012, RL074 and RL442, may act as a potential anti-obesity lead compound in targeting FTO.

First evidence of dermo-protective activity of marine sulfur-containing histidine compounds

Among natural products, ovothiol (ovo), produced by marine invertebrates, bacteria, and microalgae, is receiving increasing interest for its unique antioxidant properties. Recently, ovo has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in an in vitro model of endothelial dysfunction and in an in vivo model of liver fibrosis.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ovo and its precursor 5-thiohistidine (5-thio) in comparison with ergothioneine (erg), in human skin cells and tissues upon inflammation. We used both an in vitro and ex vivo model of human skin, represented by a keratinocytes cell line (HaCaT) and skin biopsies, respectively. We observed that ovo, 5-thio, and erg were not cytotoxic in HaCaT cells, but instead exerted a protective function against TNF-α -induced inflammation. In order to get insights on their mechanism of action, we performed western blot analysis of ERK and JNK, as well as sub-cellular localization of Nrf2, a key mediator of the anti-inflammatory response. The results indicated that the pre-treatment with ovo, 5-thio, and erg differently affected the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. However, all the three molecules promoted the accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus of HaCaT cells. In addition, gene expression analysis by RTqPCR and ELISA assays performed in ex vivo human skin tissues pre-treated with thiohistidines and then inflamed with IL-1β revealed a significant downregulation of IL-8, TNF-α and COX-2 genes and a concomitant significant decrease in the cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α production. Moreover, the protective action of ovo and 5-thio resulted to be stronger when compared with dexamethasone, a corticosteroid drug currently used to treat skin inflammatory conditions.Our findings suggest that ovo and 5-thio can ameliorate skin damage and may be used to develop natural skin care products to prevent the inflammatory status induced by environmental stressors and aging.

From seaside to bedside: Current evidence and future perspectives in the treatment of breast cancer using marine compounds.

To date, only few marine natural compounds have been proved to be active in breast cancer (BC). The main marine-derived drugs that have been studied for the treatment of BC are tubulin-binding agents (eribulin and plocabulin), DNA-targeting agents (cytarabine and minor groove binders—trabectedin and lurbinectedin) and Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs). Notably, eribulin is the only approved cytotoxic drug for the treatment of advanced BC (ABC), while cytarabine has a limited indication in case of leptomeningeal diffusion of the disease. Also plocabulin showed limited activity in ABC but further research is needed to define its ultimate potential role. The available clinical data for both trabectedin and lurbinectedin are of particular interest in the treatment of BRCA-mutated tumours and HR deficient disease, probably due to a possible immune-mediated mechanism of action. One of the most innovative therapeutic options for the treatment of BC, particularly in TNBC and HER2-positive BC, are ADCs. Some of the ADCs were developed using a specific marine-derived cytotoxic molecule as payload called auristatin. Among these, clinical data are available on ladiratuzumab vedotin and glembatumumab vedotin in TNBC, and on disitamab vedotin and ALT-P7 in HER2-positive patients. A deeper knowledge of the mechanism of action and of the potential predictive factors for response to marine-derived drugs is important for their rational and effective use, alone or in combination. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of marine-derived drugs for the treatment of BC, although most of them are not approved, and the opportunities that could arise from the potential treasure trove of the sea for novel BC therapeutics.

Marine Compounds for Melanoma Treatment and Prevention.

Melanoma is considered a multifactorial disease etiologically divided into melanomas related to sun exposure and those that are not, but also based on their mutational signatures, anatomic site, and epidemiology. The incidence of melanoma skin cancer has been increasing over the past decades with 132,000 cases occurring globally each year. Marine organisms have been shown to be an excellent source of natural compounds with possible bioactivities for human health applications. In this review, we report marine compounds from micro- and macro-organisms with activities in vitro and in vivo against melanoma, including the compound Marizomib, isolated from a marine bacterium, currently in phase III clinical trials for melanoma. When available, we also report active concentrations, cellular targets and mechanisms of action of the mentioned molecules. In addition, compounds used for UV protection and melanoma prevention from marine sources are discussed. This paper gives an overview of promising marine molecules which can be studied more deeply before clinical trials in the near future.

Calculation of binding affinity of JAK1 inhibitors via accurately computational estimation

Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) is a tyrosine kinase that is involved in the initiation of responses to a number of different cytokine receptor families. The JAK1-dependent pathway is a therapeutic target, and several JAK inhibitors have been developed thanks to intensive research. However, since the ATP binding sites of JAK family members are quite alike, JAK1 inhibitors can thus be less selective, resulting in unanticipated adverse effects. Despite this, minor variations in the ATP-binding site have been extensively used to find a variety of small compounds with different inhibitory properties. Stronger binding affinity of JAK1 inhibitors is believed to be able to reduce the negative effects, leading to better treatment results. Therefore, a thorough computational search that can effectively identify ligands with extremely high binding affinity for JAK1 to serve as promising inhibitors is required. Here, a method combining steered-molecular dynamic (SMD) simulations with a modified linear interaction energy (LIE) model has been developed to evaluate the binding affinities of known JAK1 inhibitors. The correlation coefficient between the estimated and experimental values was 0.72 and a root-mean-square error was 0.97 kcal•mol−1, revealing that the SMD/LIE method can precisely and quickly predict the binding free energies of JAK1 inhibitors. Furthermore, three marine fungus-derived compounds, namely hansforesters E, hansforesters G and tetroazolemycins B, were identified to be particularly promising JAK1 inhibitors, accordingly. These findings show that the SMD/LIE method has a lot of promise for in silico screening of possible JAK1 inhibitors from a vast number of compounds that are now accessible. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Marine Natural Products in Clinical Use.

Marine natural products are potent and promising sources of drugs among other natural products of plant, animal, and microbial origin. To date, 20 drugs from marine sources are in clinical use. Most approved marine compounds are antineoplastic, but some are also used for chronic neuropathic pain, for heparin overdosage, as haptens and vaccine carriers, and for omega-3 fatty-acid supplementation in the diet. Marine drugs have diverse structural characteristics and mechanisms of action. A considerable increase in the number of marine drugs approved for clinical use has occurred in the past few decades, which may be attributed to increasing research on marine compounds in laboratories across the world. In the present manuscript, we comprehensively studied all marine drugs that have been successfully used in the clinic. Researchers and clinicians are hopeful to discover many more drugs, as a large number of marine natural compounds are being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies.

Discovery of pH-Selective Marine and Plant Natural Product Inhibitors of Cathepsin B Revealed by Screening at Acidic and Neutral pH Conditions.

Dysregulation of cathepsin B, which involves the translocation of the enzyme from acidic pH lysosomes to the neutral pH cytosol, followed by the initiation of cell death and inflammation, occurs in numerous brain disorders. The wide difference in the acidic pH (4.6) of lysosomes compared to the neutral pH (7.2) of the cytosol suggests that screening at different pH conditions may identify pH-selective modulators of cathepsin B. Therefore, a collection of pure marine and plant natural product (NP) compounds, with synthetic compounds, was screened at pH 4.6 and pH 7.2 in cathepsin B assays, which led to the identification of GER-12 (Crossbyanol B) and GER-24 ((7Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-7,9,12-trien-5-ynoic acid) marine NP inhibitors at acidic pH but not at neutral pH. GER-12 was effective for the reversible inhibition of cathepsin B, with an IC50 of 3 μM. GER-24 had an IC50 of 16 μM and was found to be an irreversible inhibitor. These results show that NP screening at distinct biological pH conditions can lead to the identification of pH-selective cathepsin B modulators. These findings suggest that screening efforts for molecular probes and drug discovery may consider the biological pH environment of the target in the disease process.

Dual Role of Chitin as the Double Edged Sword in Controlling the NLRP3 Inflammasome Driven Gastrointestinal and Gynaecological Tumours.

The role of NLRP3 in the tumour microenvironment is elusive. In some cancers, the activation of NLRP3 causes a worse prognosis and in some cancers, NLRP3 increases chances of survivability. However, in many cases where NLRP3 has a protumorigenic role, inhibition of NLRP3 would be a crucial step in therapy. Consequently, activation of NLRP3 would be of essence when inflammation is required. Although many ways of inhibiting and activating NLRP3 in cancers have been discussed before, not a lot of focus has been given to chitin and chitosan in this context. The availability of these marine compounds and their versatility in dealing with inflammation needs to be investigated further in relation with cancers, along with other natural extracts. In this review, the effects of NLRP3 on gastrointestinal and gynaecological cancers and the impact of different natural extracts on NLRP3s with special emphasis on chitin and chitosan is discussed. A research gap in using chitin derivatives as anti/pro-inflammatory agents in cancer treatment has been highlighted.

Marine Compounds with Anti-Candida sp. Activity: A Promised “Land” for New Antifungals

Candida albicans is still the major yeast causing human fungal infections. Nevertheless, in the last decades, non-Candida albicans Candida species (NCACs) (e.g., Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis) have been increasingly linked to Candida sp. infections, mainly in immunocompromised and hospitalized patients. The escalade of antifungal resistance among Candida sp. demands broadly effective and cost-efficient therapeutic strategies to treat candidiasis. Marine environments have shown to be a rich source of a plethora of natural compounds with substantial antimicrobial bioactivities, even against resistant pathogens, such as Candida sp. This short review intends to briefly summarize the most recent marine compounds that have evidenced anti-Candida sp. activity. Here, we show that the number of compounds discovered in the last years with antifungal activity is growing. These drugs have a good potential to be used for the treatment of candidiasis, but disappointedly the reports have devoted a high focus on C. albicans, neglecting the NCACs, highlighting the need to perform outspreading studies in the near future.

Multiple Myeloma: Possible Cure from the Sea.

Simple SummaryMultiple myeloma (MM) is a complex white blood cell (plasma cell, PC) cancer. The aetiology of MM is still unknown, and it is still an incurable disease despite efforts by the scientific community. The high level of PC genetic heterogeneity renders MM a complex puzzle to be solved. Combinations of drugs are generally used to treat MM patients, with a general increase in overall survival. Relapsed and refractory MM patients are the generation of patients who resist or do not respond to first-line therapy and need additional treatments. Exploring new sources, such as marine organisms, for drug discovery is fundamental to fighting MM. Various studies have shown that marine natural products (MNPs) might have antiproliferative and cancer-specific cytotoxic properties, giving MNPs a pivotal role in anticancer drug discovery. This review recaps updated frontline treatment options, including new ones developed from MNP research.Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer that occurs in the plasma cells (PCs), a type of white blood cell. Despite the progress of several current treatments that prolong the overall patient’s survival, most MM cases are incurable. For this reason, many efforts have been undertaken by the scientific community in the search for new treatments. BLENREPTM and Aplidin® are two marine-derived drugs currently in use for MM. In addition, other natural products have been identified from marine organisms, tested for their possible anticancer properties, and are in preclinical or clinical trials for MM, including cytarabine, a compound in use for leukaemia treatment. Between the most successful marine compounds in fighting MM, there are molecules with specific targets, such as the elongation factor 1-alpha 2 and proteasome inhibitors, and compounds conjugated with antibodies that recognise specific cell types and direct the drug to the correct cell target. Active compounds belong to different chemical classes, from cyclic peptides to alkaloids, highlighting the importance of screening the plethora of compounds produced by marine organisms. In this review, we summarise the current state of art of MM therapies focusing on the marine natural product emerging roles.

Anticancer effects of marine compounds blocking the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway.

The abnormal expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) target genes is closely related to the occurrence, metastasis, and invasion of tumor cells and is an inhibitor of their apoptosis. In recent years, the unique biodiversity in the marine environment has aroused great interest. Many studies indicate that some marine compounds exert anticancer effects on most common human tumors by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. In this study, 26 marine compounds that reduce cancer cell survival by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway were reviewed. They were derived from a wide range of sources, including sponges, fungi, algae and their derivatives or metabolites. These marine compounds exert antitumor effects through the canonical, noncanonical and atypical NF-κB signaling pathways; however, most of their anticancer targets and mechanisms remain unclear, and more research is needed in the future. Our article provides comprehensive information for researchers investigating the bioactivities of marine compounds and developing marine-derived anticancer drugs.

In vivo subchronic effects of ciguatoxin-related compounds, reevaluation of their toxicity

Ciguatoxins are marine compounds that share a ladder-shaped polyether structure produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, and include maitotoxins (MTX1 and MTX3), ciguatoxins (CTX3C) and analogues (gambierone), components of one of the most frequent human foodborne illness diseases known as ciguatera fish poisoning. This disease was previously found primarily in tropical and subtropical areas but nowadays, the dinoflagellates producers of ciguatoxins had spread to European coasts. One decade ago, the European Food Safety Authority has raised the need to complete the toxicological available data for the ciguatoxin group of compounds. Thus, in this work, the in vivo effects of ciguatoxin-related compounds have been investigated using internationally adopted guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Intraperitoneal acute toxicity was tested for maitotoxin 1 at doses between 200 and 3200 ng/kg and the acute oral toxicity of Pacific Ciguatoxin CTX3C at 330 and 1050 ng/kg and maitotoxin 1 at 800 ng/kg were also evaluated showing not effects on mice survival after a 96 h observation period. Therefore, for the following experiments the oral subchronic doses were between 172 and 1760 ng/kg for gambierone, 10 and 102 ng/kg for Pacific Ciguatoxin CTX3C, 550 and 1760 ng/kg for maitotoxin 3 and 800, 2560 and 5000 ng/kg for maitotoxin 1. The results presented here raise the need to reevaluate the in vivo activity of these agents. Although the intraperitoneal lethal dose of maitotoxin 1 is assumed to be 50 ng/kg, without chemical purity identifications and description of the bioassay procedures, in this work, an intraperitoneal lethal dose of 1107 ng/kg was obtained. Therefore, the data presented here highlight the need to use a common procedure and certified reference material to clearly establish the levels of these environmental contaminants in food.

Natural Marine Products: Anti-Colorectal Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo.

Colorectal cancer, a malignant tumor with high mortality, has a poor prognosis due to drug resistance and toxicity in clinical surgery and chemotherapy. Thus, finding safer and more efficient drugs for clinical trials is vital and urgent. Natural marine compounds, with rich resources and original chemical structures, are applied widely in anticancer treatments. We provide a systematic overview of recently reported marine compounds such as alkaloids, peptides, terpenoids, polysaccharides, and carotenoids from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The in vitro studies summarized the marine origins and pharmacological mechanisms, including anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-migration, anti-invasion, the acceleration of cycle arrest, and the promotion of tumor apoptosis, of various compounds. The in vivo studies outlined the antitumor effects of marine compounds on colorectal cancer model mice and evaluated their efficacy in terms of tumor inhibition, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. The clinical studies summarized the major chemical classifications and targets of action of the clinical drugs that have entered clinical approval and completed approval for marine anticancer. In summary, we present the current situation regarding the application of natural anti-colorectal cancer marine compounds and prospects for their clinical application.

Marine biorefinery: an environmentally sustainable solution to turn marine biomass and processing wastes into value-added products and profits

Marine biorefinery: an environmentally sustainable solution to turn marine biomass and processing wastes into value-added products and profits

Insight into the Potential Cyanobacterial Metabolites and their Screening Strategies

Cyanobacteria are the first oxygenic photosynthesis performing prokaryotes. They are considered to have fast growth, amenability to genetic modifications towards photo-autotrophy. Have the ability to grow under heterotrophic conditions with minimum available sunlight to obtain energy by utilizing organic carbon as its substrate. Cyanobacteria are diversely spread in marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitats which differ from each other concerning their structural and functional metabolism. It produces bioactive compounds which are toxic to animals as well as humans which are produced in freshwater habitats whereas marine species of cyanobacteria produce secondary metabolites which are involved in the production of new drugs and also show potential in various fields such as Biotechnological applications, pharmacology, agriculture sustainability, and environmental remediation. Cyanobacteria also produce non-toxic compounds which help in protecting plants by producing phytohormones, siderophores, and UV protective or absorbing compounds. Marine cyanobacterial bioactive compounds are involved in several bioactivities such as antiviral, antialgal, antiprotozoal, antifungal activities, etc. Freshwater species are involved in forming harmful cyanobacterial blooms which are highly toxic to animals as well as humans (Ex: cyanotoxins, hepatotoxins, etc). Different strategies are used to detect the cyanobacterial compounds under in-vivo and in-vitro cultures. To analyze the quality and safety of water, screening methods are necessary to detect possible toxic compounds present in the environmental habitats. Screening methods include microscopy assay, physiological methods, chemical methods, biochemical-based methods, and molecular-based methods. All these methods of screening help in characterizing, identifying the cyanobacterial toxins and also have a few limitations in their reliability, sensitivity, and limit in the detection of the compounds.