Marine Casualties Research Articles

T/B APEX 3508: Best Practices for Detection and Recovery of Sunken Oil

ABSTRACT On September 2, 2015, two towing vessels collided on the Lower Mississippi River at Mile 937, near Columbus, Kentucky, resulting in the complete breach of the #3 starboard cargo tank on the T/B APEX 3508 and the release of 120,588 gallons of clarified slurry oil (CSO; Group V oil; Specific Gravity: 1.14) into the navigable waterway. The incident was classified as a Major Inland Spill in accordance with the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Contingency Plan and a Major Marine Casualty that was jointly investigated by the United States Coast Guard and the National Transportation Safety Board. Over flights conducted as far as 20 miles downriver indicated only light, sporadic sheening for 1–2 days. On-water and shoreline assessments conducted up to six miles downriver revealed no visible signs of surface oiling. Based on its properties, the vast majority of the CSO was presumed to have sunk, but its precise disposition and location was not confirmed. Using side scan sonar (SSS) technology, two distinct subsurface anomalies with an approximate combined area of 9,200 m2 were identified on the river bed in the vicinity of the incident. The anomalies were confirmed as oil by divers and direct sampling, and were then divided into 25 m grids for identification and tracking. The Unified Command evaluated best available technologies and determined that GPS guided environmental dredging would be the safest, most effective and efficient of the recovery options. The established cleanup endpoint was a maximum of 10% sporadic oil distribution in each grid. Two endangered mussel species were identified as potentially inhabiting the affected area. A diver survey was conducted in the area and concluded that bottom habitat was not likely to support the listed species. Further consultations with the resource manager indicated that proposed recovery operations posed low risk to the species. Recovery operations commenced on September 15, 2015 and concluded on September 25, 2015. Endpoint verification was conducted via SSS. In total, response operations lasted 23 days (eight operational periods), involved over 120 responders and 75 specialized response assets, and cost approximately $5 million. Approximately 2,524 m3 of dredged material (liquid and solids) were removed. After decanting, approximately 1,730 m3of oiled solids representing approximately 50 to 75% of the spilled product was recovered. This case serves as a benchmark for sunken oil detection and recovery operations, and identified many best practices that should be considered on future cases with similar spill conditions.

GIS-based Spatio-temporal Analysis of Marine Accidents Database in the Coastal Zone of Korea

ABSTRACT Acharya, T.D.; Yoo, K.W., and Lee, D.H., 2017. GIS-based spatio-temporal analysis of marine accidents database in the coastal zone of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Griffiths, T.; Lotan, A.; Suh, K.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 2nd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 79, pp. 114–118. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Maritime transportation, including the use of boats, ferries and ships for the transportation, fishing and recreational activities, currently plays an important factor in global economy and is increasing annually. With increase of maritime transportation, the occurrences of marine accident are also increased. Based on worldwide statistical database of marine accidents, Marine Casualties and Incidents (MCI) module published by Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS), the second highest number of accidents have occurred in the coastal zone around East Asian countries, China, Japan and Korea. Especially in Korea, there are many...

Analysis of Sea Accidents (2002–2015)

Abstract In the paper the issue of maritime safety is presented. Most of the modern world trade is carried by sea, where maritime safety plays a key role. The article also presents the analysis of marine casualties at the beginning of the 21st century, covering the years 2002-2015. Apparent systematic steady decline in accidents and total losses of vessels is the result of improved maritime safety.

The main factor and counterplan for marine casualties of fishing vessel according to the type of fishing gear in Korea

The main factor and counterplan for marine casualties of fishing vessel according to the type of fishing gear in Korea

The influence of ship's stability on safety of navigation

Ship's stability is one of the most important and complex concept about safety of ship and safety of navigation and it is governed by maritime law as well as maritime codes. The paper presents the importance of ship's intact stability as part of the general concept of ship's seaworthiness. There is always a correlation between ship’ stability and safety of ship and safety of navigation. Loss of ship's stability is presented as a threat to safety of navigation. We are going to present the causes that lead to ship stability failure and their impact on safety of navigation. A study of various ship stability casualties in heavy weather conditions are going to be presented, the causes are going to be analyzed and the possible ways of stability failures are assessed. Vessel's intact stability is a fundamental component of seaworthiness so it is in the interest of all owners/operators to learn about this topic and ensure that their vessel possesses a satisfactory level of stability in order to ensure its safety as well as that of the people on board the ship. Understanding ship's stability, trim, stress, and the basics of ship's construction is a key to keeping a ship seaworthy. The findings of this study can be beneficial to the maritime safety administrations to adopt decision-making on maritime safety management, but it is also important to carry out statistics and analysis of marine casualties to help to adopt proper safety management measures. Moreover, the study can be a useful guidance for masters and officers on board vessel in order to understand the factors that contribute to ship stability failure during the voyage not only in port during loading operations and to take preventive measures to avoid to put the ship in such a dangerous situations.

항해사의 항해기기 취급 능력 향상을 위한 해기 교육 개선에 대한 연구: ECDIS를 중심으로

The main reason of marine casualties is the human error in respect of ship's operation. The human error of officers in charge of a navigational watch is related to their abilities to handle of navigational equipment. Navigational devices play a key role to help officers decide what to do for safe navigation. Thus, the abilities to handle of navigational equipment mean not only operation of devices but also entire understanding of the system such as interpretation of information obtained from devices, appropriate use of information considering navigational circumstance. Qualification of seafarers is in accordance with STCW and detailed training courses for their qualification are provided by IMO model course series. Recently, ships engaged on international voyages shall be fitted with an ECDIS not later than the first survey on or after 1 July 2018. As increasing use of ECDIS on ships, marine casualties related to ECDIS are on the rise. The primary causes of the accidents are lacking understanding of ECDIS system, wrong presentation of information on display, wrong safety setting by seafarers who use ECDIS, using small-scale chart and missing charts update. As a result of these primary causes, some problems like wrong route planning and use of limited or omitted information occur. It could be happening by inappropriate seafarers' training which is not sufficient to support improving abilities of officers to handle navigational equipment. For efficient training, it is need to develop training courses. Applying full mission simulation system to seafarers' training courses with case studies and best practices which are well-constructed scenarios based on true marine casualties can increase the effect of training. To use the simulation system, it is possible that seafarers are trained under condition that closely resemble real situation. It should be considered that IMO model course be revised depending on the level of seafarers also. It could be helpful for increasing seafarers' abilities of equipment operation in place of accumulation of experience spending much time. In the short term, effort of training courses improvement for seafarers is needed and long term, it should be tried to provide stable system and services relate to ECDIS.

최근 5년간 국내 연근해에서 발생한 해양사고에 대한 주성분분석

최근 5년간 국내 연근해에서 발생한 해양사고에 대한 주성분분석

Numerical assessment of cargo liquefaction potential

Liquefaction of fine particle cargoes, resulting in cargo shift and loss of stability of ships, has caused the loss of many lives in marine casualties over the recent past years. Since the dangers of cargo liquefaction have long been known to the shipping industry, the question of why the phenomenon is resurfacing now would be a legitimate one. With this in mind, an UBC3D-PLM model based on FEM theory in the commercial software PLAXIS is presented in this paper as a means to consider soil DSS (Direct Simple Shear) test to verify the model and a method is presented to assess cargo liquefaction potential. Shaking table tests with different amplitude, frequency and initial degree of saturation of cargoes are studied to predict time-domain characteristics. The proposed method could be used as a reference in support of a suitable regulatory framework to address liquefaction and its effect on ship stability.

Data Tools to Identify Safety and Environmental Risks to the Marine Transportation System

The U.S. Coast Guard and the Puget Sound Harbor Safety Committee of Washington State have developed a comprehensive, analytical approach to identify trends in vessel traffic, vessel deficiencies, accidents, and navigation incidents to avoid marine casualties and improve the safety of the marine transportation system. This paper describes a method that allows stakeholders and organizations to use data to improve decision making. First, vessel deficiencies based on more than 20 years of marine inspection data are examined to identify the vessels and systems that have the highest noncompliance rate. Inspection data are then compared with marine casualty data to examine trends and note vulnerabilities. Finally, marine casualties and navigation incidents are plotted with geographic information system software and compared with vessel traffic density. Figures are included to illustrate how data are compared and presented. Using a holistic and layered process to understand and analyze the data, stakeholders can reduce inefficiency in resource allocation, create a risk profile, and develop targeted measures to reduce the probability of an accident. In this paper, this approach is validated at the port level and offers significant potential to be applied nationally and internationally.

Ship-to-Ship Interaction During Overtaking Operation in Shallow Water

Hydrodynamic interaction continues to be a major contributory factor in marine casualties and hazardous incidents, in particular, in the case of overtaking operations. The situation becomes even worse when the overtaking operation occurs in shallow and narrow channels, where the interaction can cause the vessels to collide and, in one case has caused the capsizal of the smaller vessel with loss of life. The aim of this article is to propose a methodology, as well as to discuss the development of a numerical program, to predict the ship-to-ship interaction during overtaking operations in shallow water. Since the vessels involved in this study have different forward speeds, an uncoupled method will be used to solve the boundary value problem. The in-house multibody hydrodynamic interaction program MHydro, which is based on the 3D Rankine source method, is used and extended here to investigate the interactive forces and wave patterns between two ships during an overtaking operation. The calculations given in this article are compared with model test results as well as published computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. Very satisfactory agreement has been obtained, which indicates that the proposed methodology and developed program are successfully validated to predict the hydrodynamic interaction between two ships advancing in confined waters. The discussions also highlight the speed effects.

Ship-to-Ship Interaction during Overtaking Operation in Shallow Water

Hydrodynamic interaction continues to be a major contributory factor in marine casualties and hazardous incidents, in particular, in the case of overtaking operations. The situation becomes even worse when the overtaking operation occurs in shallow and narrow channels, where the interaction can cause the vessels to collide and, in one case has caused the capsizal of the smaller vessel with loss of life. The aim of this article is to propose a methodology, as well as to discuss the development of a numerical program, to predict the ship-to-ship interaction during overtaking operations in shallow water. Since the vessels involved in this study have different forward speeds, an uncoupled method will be used to solve the boundary value problem. The in-house multibody hydrodynamic interaction program MHydro, which is based on the 3D Rankine source method, is used and extended here to investigate the interactive forces and wave patterns between two ships during an overtaking operation. The calculations given in this article are compared with model test results as well as published computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. Very satisfactory agreement has been obtained, which indicates that the proposed methodology and developed program are successfully validated to predict the hydrodynamic interaction between two ships advancing in confined waters. The discussions also highlight the speed effects.

내항탱커 안전관리 강화를 위한 Oil Major Vetting 시스템의 도입에 관한 연구

Marine casualties and environmental pollution have increased recently. Especially, the rate of incident of Coastal tankers is higher, but the assessment tool for safety management system is lack in this fields. However Oil Major Vetting System being professional assessment tool for tanker is widely ...

Analysis of the IMO's Role for Safe Maritime Transport System

Keeping in mind that there are only limited social, economic and administrative resources for reducing marine casualties, the result of statistical survey showed the loopholes of safe maritime transport system, and rendered that most casualties occurred in coastal waters by human errors. When the IMO Marine Casualty Investigation Code was utilized to reveal any structural vulnerability of the international measures, IMO was required to expand its roles to enhance the interface between Liveware and Environment of SHEL model. So, several risk assessment models were studied and found that Maritime Safety Audit System of the Republic of Korea could be a good example of enhancing safe interface between navigators (Liveware) and the navigational circumstances (Environment). It could be dealt with at IMO level as a tool for applying at human error enforcing waters. International cooperative research for upgrading risk assessment modes should also be future terms of reference.

Are Marine Accident Really Accident? Fallacy of Random Marine Accidents in Dry Cargo Fleet

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relation between marine casualty and dry bulk cargo freight rate according to the existence of spurious accident phenomenon in the dry cargo vessel accidents. According to the conventional expectation, the volume of marine accidents is a random process since it is accidently occurred and not a man-made outcome. Under this circumstance, it is expected that the volume of marine accidents should be statistically uncorrelated with the freight market rates and positively correlated with the fleet size. However, the existence statistics on dry cargo marine accidents indicate high level of negative correlation with freight markets (-0.95 for no. of vessels and -0.79 for the volume of accidents in dwt) and also high level of negative correlation with the fleet size (-0.81 for the volume of accidents in dwt). The asymmetric interaction between the widely accepted facts and the statistical foundations is the main concern of this paper which is named the “Fallacy of Random Marine Accidents (FRMA)”. The possible reasons of the FRMA phenomenon are considered to be based on the man-made marine accidents because of the financial collapse or as the well known term the credit default risk.

視界制限状態における航法の適用と運動ベクトル

Campaigns for preventing marine casualty in restricted visibility are carried out every year, but these type of accidents to continue occur. Awareness campaigns suggest using radar suitably, observing the conduct of vessels in restricted visibility, among other precautions. However, other studies have pointed out that some navigators improperly understood how to apply rule in restricted visibility and how to use vector modes on the radar screen. When taking these situations into account, this study investigates how navigators are applying rule in restricted visibility and their understanding of vector mode. The study was conducted by questionnaires, and the results suggest the following: (1) Many navigators confuse conduct of vessels in sight of one another and conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.(2) Some navigators understanding of vector mode is dubious. In the final part of paper, measures for preventing marine casualties are discussed.

설문에 의한 6급 항해사 면허 면접시험 응시자의 성향 분석

The propensity analysis for oral exam candidates of sixth class deck officer's license was conducted to serve as a basic data for improving the ability of seamanship and a stable workforce supply using a questionnaire. A general information of them was identified as 64.4% of offshore fishing, 56.8% of over 50, 56.6% of less middle school education, 55.6% of under 100 gross tonnage, 81.2% of over 10 years experience, 85.6% of deck department, which means they are from mainly less than 100 gross tonnage of offshore fishing vessel, less educated, and long term experienced in the deck job. The reason why they took the test was mainly due to their will (71.1%). And 52.7% of them took the test for the first time, 52.7% of answers responded they are lack of knowledge about a written exam and text of KIMFT in preparation data for an oral exam 23.3%. Given the fact that 83.3% of respondents experienced marine accidents on board, the need for marine casualty reduction education was verified. Even after obtaining a license, they showed a higher preference of boarding that they embarked before the examination. Also, 61.7% of them have a plan for long-term boarding at least three years, thus leading to supply of workforce in coastal and offshore areas.

어선의 업종에 따른 해양사고의 특징과 예방 대책

Marine casualties originated from fishing vessel occupied about 70% of the whole marine casualties in Korea from 2001 to 2010, this ratio was not much changed as it was before. Therefore a pragmatic counterplan to decrease of casualties in fishing vessel is indispensable for reduction of the nationwide marine casualties. But since the casualties occurred by fishing vessel may have a different causes and counterplan according to the operating type of it, in this paper, fishing vessels classified into 12 types by operating method and inspected the causes and counterplan for that. The operating type of fishing vessel occurred the specific casualties more were jig boat in collisions and fire explosion, trap fishing boat, mixed fishing boats and inshore gill netter in collisions, stow netter in machinery damages and capsizing, offshore gill netter in machinery damages, fish carrier in collisions. It must be emphasized that the higher ranked types of vessels, especially jig boat have to take special care to the approaching vessels under way, trap fishing boat to rear look out and mixed fishing boat must keep on safety speed and be taken an education for advance the skill of operating radar as well. For all 12 types of fishing vessel, it is necessary for an operator to make strict precaution on the other vessel under way systematically and keep the regulation for preventing collisions, and for an engineer on watch to make a check the electricity and the engines periodically for reduction the fire explosion and machinery damages.

Web-based Implementation for Marine Casualty Information on Google Map

Safety navigation of vessels is always the most important issue in maritime field. Recently, according to increasing the use of electronic equipment onboard, the requests for safety related information services have been growing up. To support this, International Hydrographic Organization suggests the concept of common maritime data structure. Since 2010, S-100 standard and relative product specifications have been defined as a part of that concept, covering the electronic navigational chart data and safe navigation related data. In this paper, we introduce an empirical application of S-100 standard, applied to marine casualty information. We analyze marine casualty cases reported in Korea for recent four years, make XML documents with schema design and then implement an application to present the marine casualty information on google map.

Development of a Fuzzy Model for Iranian Marine Casualties Management

Marine Accident investigation multidimensional and complex, so this study aimed to provide a systematic approach to determining the degree of the most influential parameters (dimensions) in accident occurrence in order to improve marine safety in the direction of good governance. In this paper, two-phase procedures are proposed. The first stage utilizes the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) to determine the critical factors of Marine Accident Investigation by interviewing the pertinent authorities. In the second stage, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) is applied to pair fuzzy numbers as measurable indices and finally to rank by degree each influential criterion within accident investigation. This study considers 1 goal, 4 aspects, and 31 criteria (parameters) and establishes a ranking model that allows decision-makers to assess the prior ordering of reasons and sort by the most effective parameters involved in marine accident occurrence. The empirical study indicated that People, working and living conditions, effect is considered the highest ranking aspect, and Ability, skills, and knowledge of workers is considered the most important evaluation criterion overall by experts. These results were derived from fuzzy Delphi analytical hierarchy processing (FDAHP). A demonstration of the prior ordering of accident-causing parameters by authorities was addressed as well. Therefore, ranking the priority of every influential criterion (parameter) will help marine transportation decision makers emphasize the areas in which to improve in order to prevent future marine accidents.

디지털 포렌식 기법을 이용한 해양사고 조사 방법론

해양사고 조사의 결과는 원인규명은 물론 가해자 및 피해자의 과실여부와 과실정도를 판단하는 중요한 결정기준이 되고 있다. 그러나 해양사고는 해양이라는 특수한 환경에서 발생하기 때문에 사고현장의 보존, 사고 재연 및 목격자 확보 곤란 등 원인규명의 어려움이 있다. 이러한 해양사고의 특징으로 국제해사기구에서는 최근 발달된 전파통신 및 항해기술을 해상인명안전 협약에 도입하여 일정 규모 이상의 선박에 항해자료기록장치와 선박자동식별장치의 설치를 의무화하였고, 국제적으로 통일된 사고조사와 공조를 위해 발효한 새로운 해양사고 조사코드에서는 각 체약국에게 항해자료기록장치의 분석역량을 갖추도록 권고하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 선박용 블랙박스인 항해자료기록장치의 데이터 유형을 분석하고 디지털 포렌식 절차와 기법을 활용하여 사고원인을 효율적으로 조사할 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. The results of investigations into marine incidents have become an important basis in determining not only possible causes, but also the extent of negligence between the perpetrator and victim. However, marine incidents occur under special circumstances i.e. the marine environment, and this leads to difficulties in identifying causes due to problems in scene preservation, reenactment and acquisition of witnesses. Given the aforementioned characteristic of marine incidents, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) has adopted mandatory regulations on the carriage of Voyage Data Recorders (VDRs) and Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) for ships of a certain gross tonnage and upwards, so as to reflect recent developments in radio communication and marine technology. Adopted to provide an international standard for investigations and to promote cooperation, the Code of the International Standards and Recommended Practices for a Safety Investigation into a Marine Casualty or Marine Incident (Casualty Investigation Code) recommends member states to build capacity for analysis of VDR data. Against this backdrop, this paper presents methods for efficient investigations into the causes behind marine incidents based on data analysis of VDR, which serves as the black box of ships, as well as digital forensic techniques.