Marine Casualties Research Articles

Spatial patterns and characteristics of global maritime accidents

Maritime safety has become one of the top concerns of the global maritime sector in recent years. This paper explores the spatial patterns and characteristics of maritime accidents on a global scale. Maritime accident data dating from 2003 to 2018 from the Marine Casualties and Incidents (MCI) module of the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) was collected and manipulated and descriptive analyses were conducted subsequently to obtain the overall profile of global maritime accidents. Geospatial techniques of Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and K-means clustering method were introduced and parameters specifically used in this study were identified. These geospatial techniques were utilized to a) create a number of KDE maps of global maritime accidents, and b) subdivide these accidents into six classes and profile characteristics of maritime accidents within each class. Maritime accidents are more likely to occur around the United Kingdom, Denmark, Singapore, and Shanghai of China. This may be due to the large cargo volume, the high density of routes, the poor geographical conditions of the sea area and the poor climate conditions in these areas. Distributions of maritime accidents by time, initial event, and ship type are found to be diverse in different accident classes.

The causes and counterplan for marine casualties of fishing boats according to the fishing types

The causes and counterplan for marine casualties of fishing boats according to the fishing types

Mapping and analysis of maritime accidents in the Russian Arctic through the lens of the Polar Code and POLARIS system

Over the last decade, more than 500 maritime accidents have been reported in the Arctic, and the political will of the Russian government to develop the Northern Sea Route (NSR) for the exportation of raw materials may lead to a rise of such events. However, data on insurance claims in the Russian Arctic are rather sketchy and not up-dated which has hindered accurate analysis so far.Based on empirical data collection throughout the period 2004–2017, the study gathers, classifies and maps certain ‘marine casualties’ and ‘incidents’ that occurred along the NSR until the Polar Code enforcement. Three maritime events are scrutinized through the lens of the Polar Code risk mitigation tools and POLARIS system in order to determine if the joint use of these new prophylactic instruments would have prevented their occurrence.As preliminary results, the research identifies the primary causes of identified maritime accidents that occurred in the Russian Arctic and provides their categorization in accordance with IMO standards. It appears that serious ‘marine casualties’ represent the greatest number of insurance claims. Shedding light on the type of risk occurrence a ship may face along the NSR, it brings valuable implications for maritime operators who are still awaiting historical data for more realistic risk assessment. Finally, it demonstrates that the combination of the Polar Code and POLARIS system is an appropriate tool for risk mitigation and encourages stakeholders to implement best practices for Arctic shipping in their common interest.

Eye Tracking for Assessment of Situational Awareness in Bridge Resource Management Training.

The purpose of this study is to experiment eye tracking in situational awareness assessment in Bridge Resource Management training of ship officers who play a critical role in maritime accidents. The maritime industry focuses on human factor developing and improving regulations including training requirements to prevent marine casualties. The mandatory Bridge Resource Management training as per international regulations includes assessment of situational awareness of trainees in full mission ship bridge simulators. The study involves capturing and analyzing eye movement data from maritime cadets and ship officers with sea experience in a simulation exercise. An eye tracking analysis software and eye tracking glasses are used for the study. Inferential and descriptive analyses were both used to validate the results. Significant differences were found between fixation duration measurements of novice cadets and experienced officers. Heat map visualizations also revealed differences in focuses of attention among participants. The evaluations of the certified simulator assessors are considered as the ground truth, and the results were compared to and discussed accordingly. The results show that the eye tracking technology is a valuable complementary tool for assessment of situational awareness in a simulator environment, utilized with the existing conventional observation and performance measurement methods. The study reveals that eye tracking provides the assessor with novel data in simulator based maritime training, such as focus of attention, which contributes to the evaluation of the situational awareness. The study, therefore, contributes to maritime education aiming to improve the effectiveness of Bridge Resource Management training. It also contributes to scientific research on eye movement in maritime field by proposing the integration of eye tracking in the Bridge Resource Management training.

Factor assessment of marine casualties caused by total loss

Total-loss marine accident, the most serious type of ship mishap, not only incurs huge economic losses to shipping companies, but is also usually accompanied by casualties and ecological damage. It is therefore crucial to identify the relationship between the main factors and casualties of total-loss marine accidents for the purpose of reducing such incidents and the casualty rate to maintain maritime safety. This paper collates the data of total-loss marine accidents of ships of 100 gross tonnage or above between 1998-2018 based on the Lloyd's List Intelligence Casualty Statistics. The casualties have been divided into three grades for research purpose, establishing a partial proportional odds logistic model. The model shows that foundering and collision of vessels play a significant part in causing casualties in total-loss marine accidents. On the other hand, in hull damage and stranding accidents, crew members have a high chance of survival. While setting up an ordered logistic model, a problem arose - independent variables wouldn't pass the parallel line test. This paper uses the proportional odds model in an innovative way to improve the logistic model application in the field of marine accidents.

A Distributed Spatial Method for Modeling Maritime Routes

In this work we propose a novel spatial knowledge discovery pipeline capable of automatically unravelling the “roads of the sea” and maritime traffic patterns by analysing voluminous vessel tracking data, as collected through the Automatic Identification System (AIS). We present a computationally efficient and highly accurate solution, based on a MapReduce approach and unsupervised learning methods, capable of identifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of ship routes and most crucially their characteristics, thus deriving maritime “patterns of life” at a global scale, without the reliance on any additional information sources or a priori expert knowledge. Experimental results confirm high accuracy of results and superior performance in comparison to other methods, with the entire processing duration completing in less than 3 hours for more than a terabyte of non-uniform spatial data. Finally, to clearly demonstrate the applicability and impact of our proposed method, we evaluate its ability to detect real world “anomalies”, such as maritime incidents reported in the European Marine Casualty Information Platform. Numerical results show the advantages of our scheme in terms of accuracy, with an achieved anomaly detection accuracy of higher than 93%, by detecting 313 out of 335 relevant maritime incidents.

Use of Eye Tracking for Assessment of Electronic Navigation Competency in Maritime Training.

The purpose of this study is to experiment an assessment method using eye tracking technology in simulator based electronic navigation training of ship officers who play a critical role in maritime accidents. The maritime industry focuses on human factor developing and improving regulations, training requirements and technology to prevent marine casualties. The mandatory use of simulations in maritime training as per international regulations includes competency assessment as a vital process. The study involves capturing and analyzing eye movement data from ship officers with sea experience in simulation exercises for assessing competency. A system including an eye tracking analysis software and eye tracking glasses is used for the study. Inferential and descriptive analysis were both used to validate the results. Significant differences were found between electronic navigation competencies of expert and novice ship officers. The results show that the eye tracking technology is a valuable tool for assessment of electronic navigation competency. Comparing novice and expert ship officers’ data proves that eye tracking provides in-depth data which is not obtainable by the available observation methods used in simulation training. The findings show that eye tracking provides the assessor novel data, such as focus of attention, which enables evaluation of the cognitive process and competency. The study, therefore, contributes to maritime education aiming to improve the effectiveness of simulator based maritime training which is vital for maritime safety. It also contributes to scientific research on eye movement in maritime field by proposing the integration of eye tracking in competency assessment in electronic navigation training as a part of simulation based maritime education.

Numerical study on coupled effect of a vessel loaded with liquefied nickel ore

Liquefaction of granular bulk cargo could result in cargo movement and loss of stability of ships, causing the loss of many lives in marine casualties in recent years. To ensure shipping safety, experimental tests and numerical methods have been adopted to reveal the coupled mechanism between liquefied cargo movement and ship motions. In the present study, a numerical model based on a CFD solver and non-Newtonian constitutive equations was established to solve the sloshing of liquefied nickel ore. Validations were carried out by comparing with available experimental data. A nonlinear simplified body surface method is proposed for the external ship response. The two problems are coupled through a coupling strategy. Different wave frequencies and amplitudes were considered and analyzed. Finally, the main reasons for the ship capsizing were deduced and concluded.

ВОЛОКОННО-ОПТИЧНИЙ ПРИСТРІЙ КОНТРОЛЮ ВАГИ ДЛЯ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНИХ ПОРОМІВ

Increasing the safety requirements for shipping and shipping ferries requires continuous monitoring of the loading of trains on board specialized vessels. The International Maritime Organization considers it most appropriate to prevent marine casualties resulting from the loss of stability of the vessels. According to IMO studies, numerous ferry accidents were caused precisely by the fact that the weight was incorrectly indicated. Weighing of all trains, which are transported by sea ferries, in the near future will be a reality for companies-operators of freight transport. In order to find ways to improve the situation with heavy control operations on the ferries, the designs of the most common types of weight measuring devices have been analyzed. It has been assumed that a constructive implementation on the basis of fiber-optic and mechanical elements should provide to a measuring device: the absence of additional measures to protect the surface of weighing sensor in conditions of dynamic deformations of ship's hull during loading; the possibility of compensation of fluctuations of the environment temperature; the reliability, sensitivity and simplicity of circuit design solutions of devices of the known types. The circuit design of the weighing instrument, aimed at further improvement of the process of automation of weight control operations is developed. The proposed weight measuring device is characterized in that a weight measuring probe, which is a cylindrical sealed enclosure made of invar with plugs, which contains compensating and measuring fiber optic coils, is located in the regular drilling of the rail. The application of the proposed weighing system, in addition, will increase the level of automation of the measurement and control of weight, increase the discipline of freight traffic, improve the efficiency of technological control and safety of maritime navigation in general.

해상교통위험성평가모델을 이용한 자율운항지원시스템 개발

Most of the marine casualties caused by ship are collision, and most of them are analyzed human error due to recognition of inappropriate situation of the operator. In this study, we consider not only the prevention of collision of existing ship due to human errors, but also the development of system for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships(MASS) to be introduced in the future. In order for MASS to operate safely at sea, it is necessary to keep international regulations for preventing collisions at sea. A Maritime traffic risk assessment model was applied to study autonomous navigation support system of ship. It was developed by combining the psychological burden of duty officer’s collision judgment and the dynamic ship domain, taking into account the speed and length of the ship. Simulation results that take into account the special situation of international regulations for preventing collisions at sea are very similar to the actual results. This system can be applied not only for autonomous navigation but also as a collision avoidance support system for existing vessels.

Aktualna problematika uloge obalne straže Republike Hrvatske u istraživanju pomorskih nesreća

Aktualna problematika uloge obalne straže Republike Hrvatske u istraživanju pomorskih nesreća

해양사고 조사제도의 비교법적 연구

The purpose of this study is to improvement marine casualties investigation system to enhance the prevention function of marine accident in the Republic of Korea that compare and analyze marine casualties investigation system which each country operates differently. The International Maritime Organization recommends a unified method of investigation to prevent of marine accidents. The Republic of Korea should compensate for the types and procedures of marine casualties investigation required by international conventions. and If necessary, the relevant provisions shall be amended for strengthen the independence of the Special Investigations Department so that investigations can be carried out to prevent through identification of causes of accidents.

An Analysis of Marine Casualty Reduction by SMART Navigation Service: Accident Vulnerability Monitoring System (SV10)

An Analysis of Marine Casualty Reduction by SMART Navigation Service: Accident Vulnerability Monitoring System (SV10)

Reduction plan of marine casualty for small fishing vessels

Reduction plan of marine casualty for small fishing vessels

Numerical investigation of solid bulk cargo liquefaction

Liquefaction of fine particle cargoes such as unprocessed nickel ore and iron ore, resulting in cargo shift and loss of stability of ships, has caused the loss of many lives in marine casualties over the recent few years. In the paper, the DEM liquefaction model is presented, followed by experimental data to validate the model by given three assumptions: each sphere is regarded as a hypothetical assembler of particles; the radius of the particle can be scaled with the elastic-plastic strain according to the stress on the particles in PFC based on the UBCSAND model; various friction coefficients are used to represent various moisture contents. The whole liquefaction process can be addressed by this model to capture the characteristics of the cargo from initial state to liquefied state, and the interaction between cargo shift and the response of the 2D rectangular structure. A parametric investigation is undertaken to identify the key parameters (frequency, amplitude and moisture content) that trigger cargo liquefaction.

An analysis on marine casualties of fishing vessel by FTA method

An analysis on marine casualties of fishing vessel by FTA method

Design of Application Schema and Feature Catalogue for Marine Casualty Based on S-100

Design of Application Schema and Feature Catalogue for Marine Casualty Based on S-100

Numerical investigation of rolling response of a 2D rectangular hold, partially filled with moist bulk cargo

Liquefaction of mineral ores, such as iron ore and nickel ore fines, resulting in cargo liquefaction and hence displacement (‘cargo shift’) leading to loss of ship stability, has been a major cause of marine casualties. In the paper, rolling response in regular waves for a 2D rectangular hold, partially filled with moist bulk cargo is investigated, by applying a simulation approach based on an adapter that couples a CFD code and a DEM (‘Discrete Element Method’) code. A parametric investigation is undertaken to identify the key parameters that trigger cargo and ship instabilities.

Factor and trend analysis of total-loss marine casualty using a fuzzy matter element method

World shipping activities are operated in a complex and risky environment. The global marine casualty governance and shipping safety problems are issues of common concern of all maritime countries. Total-loss marine casualties are the nightmares and the most serious shipping accidents to the world, which may cause huge economic losses, the loss of lives, and severe marine environmental pollution. This study develops a fuzzy matter element method to analyse the main contributing factors of world total-loss marine casualty, the evolution trend of the total losses caused by different contributors is also evaluated with the proposed models. In this paper, according to the practice of the world shipping industry, we firstly select ten main contributors of the world shipping total losses, and the evaluation framework and mathematical models are established based on fuzzy matter element theory. Then the paper introduces the detailed evaluation procedures and methods. Finally, we select the historical data of world total-loss marine casualty from 2001 to 2015 for an empirical study of the proposed models, verifying practicability and validity of the method introduced in this paper. The results of this study are beneficial to government departments and policy makers in proposing reasonable and effective strategy to control and prevent the total-loss marine casualty in world shipping industry.

Determining the contribution of distraction factors on Malaysian seafarers using a systematic average mean value

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the distraction factors based on their contributions in affecting seafarers’ physical and psychological well-being. Design/methodology/approach A systematic average mean value technique incorporated with quantitative data collection is applied to determine the contributions of the involved factors in establishing the distraction problems among seafarers. Findings Element of “Food and nutrition” is recorded as the highest contributing factor to Malaysian seafarers, for deck and engine department, respectively, in establishing the distraction-related problem among five other factors involved. Research limitations/implications This paper is only providing a scope of knowledge regarding the contribution of potential distraction factors existing on board the offshore ships. However, the potential distraction factors and their contributions, respectively, are very dynamic and may vary, depending on the situation of a particular area and who are being involved. Practical implications The result assists the shipping industry in recognizing the actual causes of the occurrences of marine casualties and incidents related to human factors. Social implications The benefits are addressed to seafarers’ community where their well-being and work performances could be enhanced, thus reducing the occurrences of marine casualties and incidents. Local community at the shores also will be less threatened by marine pollution caused by the accidents of ships at sea. Originality/value The result provides a scope of knowledge regarding distraction-related factors in shipboard operation and also the introduction to a systematic assessment approach to determine and rank the parameters by using the systematic average mean value technique which is also a straightforward method and can be applied in any other circumstances.