Biomass Of Marine Algae Research Articles

Marine algae biomass: A viable and renewable resource for biofuel production: A review

Global energy shortages, as well as rising greenhouse gas emissions, have fueled the search for sustainable renewable energy sources. Recent research has identified microalgae and macroalgae biofuel as one of the major renewable energy sources for environmentally friendly growth, with the potential to replace fossil-based energy sources. The primary disadvantages associated with oil crops and lignocellulose-based biofuels were absent in marine microalgae and macroalgae biofuel. Algae-based renewable energy sources are technically and economically viable, as well as cost competitive; they require no additional land, use little water, and help to reduce atmospheric CO2. Commercial extraction of macroalgae and microalgae biofuel, however, remains impossible due to a small biomass amount and costly downstream procedures. Marine algae-based biofuel production can be made viable by installing sophisticated photobioreactors and developing low-cost biomass collection, drying, and oil recovery technologies. Commercial manufacturing is also achieved through improved genetically modified approaches to stress management, as well as technological metabolic processes to increase lipid production. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as algal-bacterial interactions for improving marine algae growth and lipid production are being investigated. This review focuses on marine algae-based biofuel production and sustainability, economic values, challenges encountered during the commercialization of marine algae biofuels, potential solutions to these challenges, and practicality.

A comprehensive review of current progress in biofuel production using marine algae biomass

The world's fossil fuel resources are rapidly depleting as the global population grows and energy demands rise. Current fossil fuel supplies are insufficient to meet rising demand and are nearing depletion. Careless exploitation of fossil fuels increases greenhouse gas emissions, environmental pollution, and global warming, resulting in ecological imbalances and health risks. Consequently, contamination, rising temperatures, and high oil costs have fueled the search for renewable and alternative energy sources. This study seeks to explore renewable energy alternatives that are critical to meeting future global energy demands. Marine algae such as red algae, green algae, and brown algae are gaining popularity as economically viable and environmentally friendly sources of renewable biofuel. Several studies are currently underway to assess the ability of marine algae to produce a variety of bioproducts, including biofuels. Macroalgae, in particular, emerges as an ideal resource for biofuel production due to their lipid and carbohydrate content, coupled with low or absent lignin content. The article investigates the potential of marine algal species to promote biofuel production and discusses novel methods for improving biofuel yields. It also emphasizes the economic factors and challenges associated with sustainable biofuel production.

Marine algae biomass energy source is increasing getting approval from policy maker and community. Beside production of seaweed for biomass energy, seaweed plantation has benefit for food, cosmetic, gelatin and pharmaceutical products. Large production of biomass will require deployment of very large multibody floating structure offshore. To ensure that the system is reliable, design needs to be built, a mooring

Marine algae biomass energy source is increasing getting approval from policy maker and community. Beside production of seaweed for biomass energy, seaweed plantation has benefit for food, cosmetic, gelatin and pharmaceutical products. Large production of biomass will require deployment of very large multibody floating structure offshore. To ensure that the system is reliable, design needs to be built, a mooring component for the mooring system, need to be properly sized to provide reliable strength for position keeping. This paper present, result of hydrodynamic test carried in UTM lab to determine coefficient required for the design and simulation of mooring system for very large floating structure for offshore aquaculture structure for ocean plantation, the paper also present safety and efficiency of the mooring system. Hydrodynamic test is traditionally used to secure coefficient require for design for environment for ship structure and offshore platform hydrodynamic interaction. The case of seaweed biomass is unique because the seaweed interacts directly and moves with the environment. The obtained the coefficient is used to model the static moorings system that assess the tension, tilt, safe mass and motion of the mooring components. Interpolated time dependent currents from the towing tank are used to estimate dynamic response of the mooring as well as the draft of the mooring components, the overall analysis is use to select required mooring components of the system. The outcome of the test presented in this paper will help for future development of offshore aquaculture system and multibody system deployment and analysis

Innovative Polycomposite Fertilizer Obtained by Recycling and Processing Three Organic Wastes

The paper aims at testing an innovative organic fertilizer obtained from waste by processing a mixture of marine algae biomass, sewage municipal sludge and farmyard manure. Design of this polycomposite fertilizer is based on adequate conceptual and experimental models by taking into account the complex interactions among these three biomasses. In the first step a detail physico-chemical analysis has been performed on the composition of the three raw materials and also on the soil. In the second phase similar analyses have been carried out on representative samples of soil treated with the compost as compared with untreated soil samples. Analytical methods applied were FT-IR spectroscopy in correlation with organic/inorganic and total carbon (TOC/TIC/TC) analysis. The efficiency of applying this compost on the field at large scale has been assessed by means of fatty acid content of the oleaginous plants cultivated. Based on correlation between production quality and chemical composition of the composted soil, the optimal proportions of the mixture of the three organic wastes will be selected for designing an eco-friendly fertilizer able to improve agrochemical properties of the soil.

In Situ Functionalization of Iron Oxide Particles with Alginate: A Promising Biosorbent for Retention of Metal Ions.

In this study, alginate extracted from marine algae biomass was used for the functionalization of iron oxide particles obtained in situ. This procedure ensured a complete recovery of the alginate from the aqueous solution obtained after extraction and allowed the preparation of a new biosorbent. The obtained iron oxide microparticles functionalized with alginate (Alg-Fe3O4-MPs) were analyzed (FTIR spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy), and their biosorptive performance was tested for the removal of Cu(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) ions. The optimal conditions were established as pH = 5.4, adsorbent dosage of 2 g/L, contact time of minimum 60 min and room temperature (23 ± 1 °C). The retention of metal ions was quantitative (99% for Cu(II), 89% for Co(II) and 95% for Zn(II)) when the concentration of metal ions was less than 0.80 mmol M(II)/L. The Langmuir model was found to be the best fitted model for the equilibrium data, while biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order model. Biosorption processes were spontaneous (ΔG0 < 0), endothermic (ΔH0 > 0), and accompanied by an increase in entropy (ΔS0 > 0). The high maximum biosorption capacity of Alg-Fe3O4-MPs and its good regeneration highlight the potential of this biosorbent for applications in decontamination processes.

Biosorption of Cu and Zn in a Batch System via Dried Macroalgae Halimeda opuntia and Turbinaria turbinata

Biosorption is the most favourable technique for the treatment of heavy metals as it is fast, powerful, and low cost, it takes place in a wide range of temperatures as well as it can be used for almost all types of heavy metals. In this study, the biosorption technique adsorbs Cu2+ and Zn2+ on the dried macroalgae (Halimeda opuntia and Turbinaria turbinata) in a batch system. Experimental parameters affecting the biosorption process are initial metal ion concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 25 mg/L), pH between (4.5 and 5.2), biomass dosage (1 gm) and agitation speed 150 rpm applied at contact time (30, 60 and 120 min). The significant-high average removals of Cu2+ by H.opuntia (&gt; 96%) were recorded in concentrations of 10, 15 and 25 ppm at 120 min and the highest average removals by T.turbinata (81.07%, 78.32% and 74.7%) were recorded in concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 ppm at 120 min. The lowest average removal of Cu2+ 89.22% was recorded by H.opuntia and 49.9% was recorded by T.turbinata in a concentration of 25 ppm at 30 min. In the same way, significant-high average removals (&gt;94%) were recorded in a concentration of 10 ppm at 120 min for H.opuntia and in a concentration of 5 ppm by at 60 min for T.turbinata. In conclusion, the dead biomass of marine algae can provide a promising and low-cost technique for removing heavy metal pollutants in medical industries.

Subtidal Marine Algal Community and Endangered Species in Dokdo and Ulleungdo, Two Oceanic Islands in the East Sea of Korea

Dokdo and Ulleungdo islands harbor diverse marine algae and are therefore uniquely well-suited for research on marine algae distribution and ecological changes. However, these two islands are largely inaccessible and thus their associated marine ecosystems are much less studied than other regions. Therefore, our study sought to examine the species composition and biomass of subtidal marine algae at 11 locations in both islands in the spring of 2014. A total of 164 species comprising 20 green, 48 brown, and 96 red algae, were identified, and these were classified into three phyl a, 50 families, and 100 genera. Cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling plots revealed that all surveyed sites except the Landing place and Hokdomgul (Dokdo) were similar in species composition. Community indices were measured based on the biomass of the collected species. The abundance index ranged from 10.57 to 23.19, and the evenness index ranged between 0.21 and 0.48. The diversity index was high (4.70) in Neunggeol, Ulleungdo, and low (3.69) in Hokdomgul, Dokdo. The present study provides baseline data for the conservation of subtidal communities and endangered species, as well as for future monitoring of changes in subtidal vegetation in response to global warming.

Kelp-derived N-doped biochar activated peroxymonosulfate for ofloxacin degradation

N-doped carbon materials have been proven to be effective catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Marine algae biomass is rich in nitrogenous substances , which can reduce the cost of N-doping process and can obtain excellent N-doped catalysts cheaply and easily. In this study, kelp biomass was selected to prepare N-doped kelp biochar (KB) materials. The high defect degree, high specific surface area, and participation of graphite N make KB have excellent catalytic degradation ability. The KB degraded 40 mg/L ofloxacin (OFL) close to 100% within 60 min, applied with PMS. Through quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the degradation process dominated by non-radical pathways was determined. At the same time, O2·- and 1O2 were closely related, and a significant impact of quenching O2·- on the reaction was observed. The non-radical approach made the system excellent performance over a wide pH range and in the presence of multiple anions. The experiments of reusability confirmed the stability of the material. Its catalytic performance was restored after low-temperature pyrolysis. This research supports the use of endogenous nitrogen in biomass. It provides more options for advanced oxidation process application and marine resource development.

Isolation and determination of phenolic compounds from freshwater Cladophora glomerata

Marine algae biomass has gained widespread interest in the world of science and many industries. The growing number of publications proves that these algae are an interesting and essential natural resource. This interest is due to the presence of a variety of biologically active compounds that give algae extracts a broad spectrum of biological and functional properties. However, there is little data on the chemical composition of algae obtained from freshwater. This work focuses on the isolation and determination of phenolic compounds from freshwater algae of the species Cladophora glomerata. Different types of extraction and extractants were used to isolate these bioactive compounds. For the first time, the impact of the extraction type and the kind of solvent on the efficiency of antioxidant isolation from freshwater algae was determined. Three types of extraction and five different solvents with different polarity were used to isolate antioxidants, including phenolic compounds. The obtained results show that the microwave-assisted extraction with water was the most effective for isolation of phenolic compounds and antioxidants. The extracts were analysed for the assessment of their antioxidant activity, which is one of the commonly described properties of phenolic compounds. The analysis was carried out using colourimetric and spectrophotometric methods as well as the method of high-performance liquid chromatography. Regardless of the extraction method and extractant used, both phenolic acids and flavonoids, were determined in all tested extracts. Nine phenolic compounds (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, myricetin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin) were identified using qualitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. These studies show that algae extracts have great potential in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical or agricultural industries. They can be valuable components of many products that protect against free radical attack and also prevent diseases associated mainly with oxidative stress.

대사공학적으로 설계된 재조합 효모를 이용한 2,3-부탄다이올의 최신 생산 전략

2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is a chemical building block with wide industrial applications for food flavors, cosmetics, synthetic rubber and biosolvents. <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> can be used as a host which is an alternative to 2,3-BDO producing bacteria. To produce 2,3-BDO with high yield and titer, it is required to engineer <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic> by intensifying 2,3-BDO biosynthetic pathway and deleting competing pathway such as ethanol and glycerol pathway. Also, 2,3-BDO production from lignocellulosic and marine-algae biomass can make the 2,3-BDO production more economical and sustainable. These processes can be obtained by facilitating assimilation of carbon sources including xylose, cellobiose and galactose in <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic> along with 2,3-BDO biosynthetic pathway. These cutting-edge technologies of metabolic engineering enable <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic> to be a promising microbial host for 2,3-BDO production with industrial applications.

Residual Marine Algae Biomass - An Important Raw Material for Obtaining a Soil Biostimulator-Regenerator

This paper highlight a study regarding the valorification of residual marine algae biomass along Romanian Black Sea Coast, which recorded in the last summer period an accumulation of a large seaweed biomass quantities. The valorization of this waste was conceived as a result of theirs nutritional potential for improvind degraded soils of Dobrudja region, Romania and as complex capitalization of this biomass. It was establish the biotechnological process for the new biosolid nutrient composite obtaining. The parameter physical-chemical results of raw material used for biofertilizer obtaining, emphasized an increased organic charge compared with the inorganic compounds. Also, an increased value of total organic nitrogen and an optimum pH limits, was registered. Regarding the nutrients concentrations values, it could be noticed that the new biosolid fertilizer contains organic matter and valuable nutritive elements (N, P) could be contributed to the enhancement of the soil quality. The new biosolid biostimulator-regenerator obtained from natural residues bring a complex of nutrients for degraded soils by the presence of organic residual compounds, through the proteins, lipids, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and mineral salts content, necessary for plants nutrition and improvement of soils quality.

Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation Capacity on Marine Algae Biomass from Romanian Black Sea Coast

Knowledge of environmental pollution with an impact on health is essential for a sustainable environment and useful for people. The coastal areas of the world�s seas and oceans are polluted with different pollutants from technological sources and from other sources of socio-human activities. The pollutants studied are heavy metals Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb. In the paper are presented researches regarding the heavy metal concentrations determined in samples from marine water, sediments and algal mass, harvested from six stations from different areas of the Romanian Black Sea in two different years 2017 and 2018. The analyses were performed in the Chemistry Laboratories of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University in Constanta, by a spectrophotometric method using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer ContrAA-700, Analytic Jena AG. For marine water in 2018 the following concentrations were obtained: Zn ] Pb ] Cu ] Cd and in 2017 the order was different: Zn ] Cu ] Pb ] Cd. For sediments in 2017 the order of concentrations is Cu ] Zn ] Pb ] Cd and in 2018 the highest values in the sediment are recorded by the next high values Cu ] Pb ] Zn ] Cd. Constant climate change and increased eutrophication in recent years have led to a massive increase in marine biomass in the Black Sea. For seaweed samples there are accumulations in the order of Zn ] Cu ] Pb ] Cd in both years. Bioaccumulation factors in water BCF water, were higher in algae for Zn and Cu. From the analysis of bioaccumulation factors, it can be noticed that seawater algae accumulate heavy metals from seawater and sediment (confirmed by BCF water ] 1 or BCF sed. ] 1). The accumulation of heavy metals in seaweed shows the existence of pollutants and marine pollution factors. Marine algae are the best biomarkers of pollution.

Wastewater Treatment Using Marine Algae Biomass as Pollutants Removal

The valorification of the marine biomass is an important resource for many industries like pharmaceutical, supplying raw material for the extraction of bioactive substances (vitamins, sterols and collagen), cosmetics, biofertilizers and wastewater treatment. In the last years a special attention has been given to the use of macroalgae. The aim of this study was to emphasize the capacity of two representative green algae species frequent presents on the Romanian shore, Ulva lactuca (L.) and Cladophora vagabunda (L.) Hoek, to remove two usual detergents from wastewater. The green algae washed, dried at room temperature, macerated to powder were introduced into different filter paper for comparison, then immersed in waste water treated with different concentrations of detergents. Tap water was used for the experiment. The results show that Ulva lactuca (L.) species is suitable than Cladophora vagabunda (L.) Hoek species, for wastewater treatment.

The opportunities for obtaining of the biogas on methane fermentation from marine algae biomass and water plant biomass

The aim of the research was to try to obtain of the biogas on a laboratory scale from marine algae biomass and water plant biomass. The research was conducted in 2016 year and samples were taken from the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. In laboratory work, algae and plant species were first identified. The next, in order to subject them to methane fermentation processes and to obtain biogas,partial mechanical treatment of the biomass was conducted. Dry matter content and dry organic matter content were also determined. The research has shown different production of the biogas depending on the various species of the algae and plants. The percentage composition of the biogas was also determined (% CO2and % CH4). In this research some kinds and species of algae and aquatic plants were distinguished:Scytosiphon cf. S. tortilis, Fucus vesiculosus, Cladophora, Audouinella, Potamogeton perfoliatus. Production of biogas from selected algae and water plants oscillated between 0.023 dm3·g-1and 0.303 dm3·g-1. The highest content of the methane in biogas was obtained from the mixture of Ectocarpus from spring and autumn harvest (values oscillated from 80.7 % to 81.2 %), while the highest percentage share of carbon dioxide in the biogas was characterized by the mixtureFucus vesiculosusandAudouinella(22 %). Due to a small amount of the research in this field, more research is needed.

A fortunate marine algae biomass, Sargassum cinereum for removal of Pb(II): Studies on thermodynamics, kinetics and characterization

A fortunate marine algae biomass, Sargassum cinereum for removal of Pb(II): Studies on thermodynamics, kinetics and characterization

The effect of an organic waste compost on the agro-chemical characteristics of the soil, and the mineral composition of the sunflower leaves

Abstract Aiming to increase the use of natural resources and unexplored opportunities in industrial and agricultural practices, the marine algae biomass, that causes serious environmental problems in the Romanian Black Sea coast, was used in association with another two organic wastes, farmyard manure from cattle-breeding farms and sewage sludge resulted from the waste water treatment, to produce a compost suitable as organic fertilizer for plant cultivation in ecologic farming systems. Four variants of compost, first representing equal parts (33.33%) of those three components, and the other three proportions of 50% of each component, the difference being ensured in a ratio of 25% of each of the other two components, have been tested in a field experiment to assess their effects, both on the agro-chemical properties of the soil and on the sunflower plants development and crops. Until the phase of sunflower calathidia formation, the compost containing 50% farmyard manure influenced the best plant development in terms of height and number of leaves, then, at the end of vegetation period, the best plant development took place under the influence of compost prevalent in marine algae. The mobile forms of N and P were statistically differentiated depending on the dose of compost, the maximum dose generating the lowest content levels in the soil, as a result of higher absorption of these chemical elements in plants. The content of P and Ca in sunflower leaves recorded significant differences.

Alternative utilization of algal biomass (Ulva sp.) loaded with Zn(II) ions for improving of soil quality

This study focused on the alternative utilization of marine algal biomass (Ulva sp.), first as biosorbent for the removal of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution and then as fertilizer for the improvement of soil quality, by its supplementation with Zn(II) as essential microelement. The biosorption experiments performed in batch systems at room temperature (22 ± 0.5 °C) showed that maximum removal efficiency of Zn(II) onto marine algae biomass is obtained in an initial solution with pH of 5.5, 8.0 g L−1 biosorbent dose, and 2 h of contact time. Under these conditions, the biosorption capacity reached 29.63 mg Zn(II) g−1 biomass. The desorption experiments have indicated that Zn(II) can be quantitatively released from loaded biomass using solutions of common inorganic salts and suggests the possibility of using Zn(II)-loaded biomass as fertilizer. This possibility was tested using an aric antrosol sample. After 8 weeks of treatment with Zn(II)-loaded biomass, the Zn(II) content in the soil sample increased over four times. Therefore, the marine algae loaded with Zn(II) can be a viable alternative of fertilizers and can be successfully used to increase soil quality.

Biosorption of Heavy Metal by Algae Biomass in Surface Water

Discharging wastewater containing heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd into water bodies can cause toxicity in plants and aquatic animals and some of them will be unable to survive except algae. Wastewater treatment method to remove heavy metal contaminants includes chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane, filtration, adsorption using activated carbon. However, these methods are either expensive or have other disadvantages such as high energy consumption and inefficiencies when existing heavy metals are at trace concentration. Biosorption using algae biomass can be an alternative method to eliminate heavy metals. The objective of the project is to investigate the capability of Marine Algae (MA) and Freshwater Algae (FA) bi-omass in adsorbing heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd from water medium using synthetic water and industrial water. MA and FA were obtained from the eastern coast of Pulau Ubin and local fish farm respectively. After being fully washed with deionised water, dried in a furnace for 105°C, they are grinded to pass 1 mm2 of siever. MA and FA were characterised using FTIR to determine their functional groups. An industrial water was collected from industrial discharge from metal fac-tories in northern side of Singapore. Effect of adsorption time, adsorbent concentra-tion, and pH were studied. The result showed that FA and MA had a higher capability in adsorbing a total metal of about 40 ppm level from an industrial water, or 4 times than synthetic water concentration, at the same adsorbent dosage of 50 mg. In con-clusion, the presence of various functional groups, hydroxyl, carboxylic and amine groups, in all MA and FA samples had enabled the algae biomass to adsorb heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn from synthetic and industrial water. Due to their bio-sorptive properties and fast adsorption capability, algae could be a potential method for cleaning up surface water or post-treatment of wastewater and minimise the cost of eutrophication.

藻類海洋バイオマスの生産システム：藻類海洋バイオマスを用いた産業化

藻類海洋バイオマスの生産システム：藻類海洋バイオマスを用いた産業化

藻類海洋バイオマスを取り入れた地域モデル：海洋プラットフォームの利活用による複合植物工場の提案

1．はじめに 我が国の国土面積は約37万km2と世界の陸地面積の約400分の1にすぎない。さらに国土における人間の生活に使用できない森林，原野，湖，沼等の面積の割合は8割に及んでいる。このため日本人は，狭い陸地を最大限に活用するとともに，古くから沿岸域を埋め立てたり干拓など