Abstract
Discharging wastewater containing heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd into water bodies can cause toxicity in plants and aquatic animals and some of them will be unable to survive except algae. Wastewater treatment method to remove heavy metal contaminants includes chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane, filtration, adsorption using activated carbon. However, these methods are either expensive or have other disadvantages such as high energy consumption and inefficiencies when existing heavy metals are at trace concentration. Biosorption using algae biomass can be an alternative method to eliminate heavy metals. The objective of the project is to investigate the capability of Marine Algae (MA) and Freshwater Algae (FA) bi-omass in adsorbing heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd from water medium using synthetic water and industrial water. MA and FA were obtained from the eastern coast of Pulau Ubin and local fish farm respectively. After being fully washed with deionised water, dried in a furnace for 105°C, they are grinded to pass 1 mm2 of siever. MA and FA were characterised using FTIR to determine their functional groups. An industrial water was collected from industrial discharge from metal fac-tories in northern side of Singapore. Effect of adsorption time, adsorbent concentra-tion, and pH were studied. The result showed that FA and MA had a higher capability in adsorbing a total metal of about 40 ppm level from an industrial water, or 4 times than synthetic water concentration, at the same adsorbent dosage of 50 mg. In con-clusion, the presence of various functional groups, hydroxyl, carboxylic and amine groups, in all MA and FA samples had enabled the algae biomass to adsorb heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn from synthetic and industrial water. Due to their bio-sorptive properties and fast adsorption capability, algae could be a potential method for cleaning up surface water or post-treatment of wastewater and minimise the cost of eutrophication.
Highlights
Many countries have undergone rapid urbanisation and industrialisation over the last few decades
The present study aims to investigate the capability of Marine Algae (MA) and Freshwater Algae (FA) in adsorbing heavy metals such as copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in water medium using spiked deionised water and real water sample from industrial discharge
The result showed that carboxylic functional group may be responsible for the heavy metal adsorption onto FA surface
Summary
Many countries have undergone rapid urbanisation and industrialisation over the last few decades. It is important to remove heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Cadmium (Cd) which are common heavy metals that can be found in wastewater discharge. When lead is absorbed into the body, it causes risk of kidney damage and high blood pressure for adults. Copper sulfate can infiltrate the water supply through its use in mining industries. As copper sulfate is extremely soluble in water, it can seep into water bodies and supplies [2]. Consuming high concentration of copper sulfate can cause multiple organs to fail and death. High amounts of cadmium can damage kidney and cause kidney stones to form and osteoporosis to occur [4]. High amounts of zinc can cause nausea, diarrhea, internal bleeding, vomiting and abdominal cramps [5]
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