Marine Accidents Research Articles

Occupational Health and Safety Behavior in the Fisherman Group of Muara Tembulih Village, Ngambur District, Pesisir Barat

Background: Occupational health and safety is a right for workers in the formal and informal sectors, as well as for fishermen. Fishermen are very vulnerable to work accidents. This is caused by fishermen's lack of knowledge about occupational health and safety. As many as 80% of marine accidents are caused by human error and other causes are negligence by maritime transportation organizers and related agencies, as well as inadequate marine transportation safety equipment. Based on the background of this problem, this research was carried out to find out work health and safety behavior among fishermen groups in Muara Tembulih Village, Pesisir Barat Regency. Method: This research uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The independent variables in this research are fishermen's knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. The dependent variable of this research is the occupational health and safety behavior of fishermen groups. Result: The results of this research are that fishermen define occupational health and safety as traditional knowledge about safety when fishing, based on empirical experience passed down from generation to generation from their ancestors and combining knowledge obtained through government outreach. Fishermen in realizing occupational health and safety behavior with simplicity and knowledge are quite good, in bad weather conditions fishermen prefer not to go to sea due to the high risk. Fishermen are aware of the importance of occupational health and safety for fishermen, therefore fishermen bring personal protective equipment before going to sea as an alternative to bad conditions at sea. Including considering bad weather, fishermen prefer to return to their home villages for safety. Fishermen's actions in realizing occupational safety and health behavior from observations are still simple.

Predictive Model for Hydrostatic Curves of Chine-Type Small Ships Based on Deep Learning

Capsizing accidents are regarded as marine accidents with a high rate of casualties per accident. Approximately 89% of all such accidents involve small ships (vessels with gross tonnage of less than 10 tons). Stability calculations are critical for assessing the risk of capsizing incidents and evaluating a ship’s seaworthiness. Despite the high frequency of capsizing accidents involving them, small ships are generally exempt from adhering to stability regulations, thus remaining systemically exposed to the risk of capsizing. Moreover, the absence of essential design documents complicates direct ship stability calculations. This study utilizes hull form feature data—obtained from the general arrangement of small ships—as input for a deep learning model. The model is structured as a multilayer neural network and aims to infer hydrostatic curves, which are required data for stability calculations.

A Statistical Analysis of Ship Accidents (1990–2020) Focusing on Collision, Grounding, Hull Failure, and Resulting Hull Damage

In this work, over a thousand maritime casualty reports were reviewed in order to fully investigate and assess selected 213 marine accidents concerning the collision, grounding, and hull failure of ships, which occurred during the time period of 1990–2020, worldwide. Ship type and vessels’ main characteristics, as well as the cause of accidents, were categorized and analyzed statistically. The statistical software IBM SPSS© Statistics v.29 was employed for the investigation of a possible association between the above set criteria. Furthermore, the location and the extent of hull damage was extracted for all incidents, providing valuable insights into the resulting consequences for vessel integrity. These data are essential for estimating the accident’s impact on the viability of the ship, crew, and cargo. According to the main results obtained, significant correlations are deduced regarding the analyzed parameters. In collision accidents, these include the ship type, the location of the damage, visibility and age of the ship, the impact of the accident, and the type of casualty. In the case of grounding incidents, correlations emerge involving the type of ships, day/night period, the width of the resulting damage, the type of casualty, and the cause of accidents.

A Study on the Influence of Animated AcciMap: A System Analysis of Marine Accidents

A Study on the Influence of Animated AcciMap: A System Analysis of Marine Accidents

Assessing the Variability of Extreme Weather Events and Its Influence on Marine Accidents along the Northern Coast of Tanzania

Assessing the Variability of Extreme Weather Events and Its Influence on Marine Accidents along the Northern Coast of Tanzania

The Web of Human Factors on Maritime Accidents in Nigeria: Empirical Perspective

The maritime industry is perhaps the most complex international industries with huge and high- risk whose incidents have high potential for the occurrences of accidents. A very large proportion of these accidents have been attributed to human factors elements. This study elucidates the dominants human factors elements that have contributed to marine accident in the Nigeria navigational waters. A descriptive survey was carried out and data collected using well- structured questionnaires distributed to 1000 respondents, out of which 821(82.1%) was retrieved. An appropriate statistical tool (SPSS Softwares-2010 Chicago version) was employed for predictors/independent variables at level of significance ? =0.05. The socio-demographic results showed that majority (78.4%) of the respondents are of sound mind with over 10 years of working experience. It was found that there is a significant difference in the influences of dominant human factors elements on marine accidents in Nigeria navigational waters since Fcomputed (17.345)? Fcritical(1.8799).Moreso, there is a strong and positive relationship between the human factors elements and marine accidents in Nigeria, since R=0.813 and 66.1% of the variance in marine accidents can be explained by variations in the human factors elements. In addition, there is a predictable influence of the integral human factors elements on marine accident in Nigeria navigational waters. Furthermore, since, the P-value is 0.02 for the multiple logistic regressions and there are differential AOR of the predictors on human factors elements marine related accidents; The generated model is efficient on human factors mitigation for marine accident reduction in Nigeria navigational waters. Six(6) out of the ten(10) identified human related factors/error namely crew fatigue, unruly behavior, unsafe vessel speed, commercial pressure from management, lack of maintenance culture, organizational structure/inadequate safety culture wer

The Input of Human errors as constituents to Marine Accidents in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A Quantitative Approach

The number of causalities, injuries, loss of life and properties accompanied with marine pollutions per year recorded from marine accident is quite alarming in Niger Delta. A very large proportion of these accidents have been attributed to human errors. This study elucidates the main human factors or errors that have contributed to the incidence of marine accident in the Niger Delta navigational waters. A descriptive and quantitative survey was carried out and data collected using well-structured questionnaires distributed to 400 respondents, out of which 287(71.8%) was retrieved. An appropriate statistical tool (SPSS Softwares-2010 Chicago version) such as multiple logistic regressions using The Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) was employed for predictors/independent variables at 95% confidence interval. The socio- demographic results showed that majority (78.4%) of the respondents are of sound mind with over 10 years of working experience. The P-value is 0.02 for the multiple logistic regressions; there exist a statistically significant relationship within the predictors (independent variables) and incidence of marine accident in the Niger Delta. The constituents of Human errors do not contribute equally towards marine accident incidence. Six(6) out of the ten(10) identified human related factors/error namely crew fatigue, unruly behaviour, unsafe vessel speed, commercial pressure from management, lack of maintenance culture, organisational structure/inadequate safety culture were frequent human causes of marine accident and are significantly related to safety performance. The highest ranking human error/factor is unsafe vessel speed of about 3.01 times higher odds of occurrence of marine accident while the least human factor is the influence of drugs and alcoholism with just 1.01 times higher odds. It is advisable for mariners to have positive and robust safety culture in place. Employers should recognise, encourage and reward Staff with impressive s

Analysis of ship accident resulting from bad weather conditions in the port of Khor Al-Zubair, Iraqi crane accident Aba Thar: a case study

The Arabian Gulf region is regarded as one of the world's most significant commercial areas, with large-scale and continuous marine shipments of commodities and goods to and from the Gulf. Iraqi ports are one of the most important ports in the Gulf, and they are a vital source of revenue for the Iraqi economy because of the money they bring in, as any stoppage of operations or damage to the ports may lead Iraq to lose a significant amount of money and halt shipping operations. Maritime accidents are one of the most significant concerns that have resulted in the suspension of maritime navigation and loading and unloading activities in Iraqi ports since there are various forms of marine accidents and many causes. With this study, we will look at maritime accidents caused by bad weather, as there have been many recent marine mishaps and ship collisions caused by bad weather, resulting in the loss of life and equipment and halting marine activities. We'll look at a few incidents, the meteorological conditions that contribute to them, and the link between them and the most likely cause of the accident. We will study an accident that occurred in the port of Khor Al-Zubair in 2018, which is considered one of the most important ports of Iraq, as it contains berths for importing and exporting goods, as well as on many of the Iraqi oil export berths, the accident of the Iraqi crane, Aba Thar. This report advises Iraqi port officials to limit activity in severe weather to reduce accidents that lead to loss of life and equipment and significant economic losses to the country. Keywords: Khor Al-Zubair, Maritime accidents, Aba Thar, Bad weather, The Arabian Gulf

Using FRAM for Causal Analysis of Marine Risks in the Motor Vessel Milano Bridge Accident: Identifying Potential Solutions

The levels of informatization, automation, and intelligence are continuously improving; however, the risks associated with the increased design and operational complexity of ship systems are increasing. Large-scale ship accidents can occur for several reasons. Existing accident analysis methods that examine marine accidents from the perspective of causal one-to-one correspondence have limitations in systematically analyzing complex marine risks during cause identification for the prevention of similar accidents. This study focuses on a systematic causality analysis of the factors related to human error in marine accidents that may occur during the arrival and departure of mega container ships. In particular, a representative case of the Motor Vessel (MV) Milano Bridge crane contact accident at Busan New Port is considered. To explore the complex organizational–technical, human–technical, and organizational–human relationships relevant to this case, human factors (seafarer, pilot, etc.) that are closely related to the linked causes were analyzed using the functional resonance analysis method. This study aims to reduce human error and prevent marine accidents, including pilotage.

ANALYSIS FOR PHYSICAL ERGONOMIC FACTORS IN OIL TANKER CASE STUDY

Over the next five years, shipping industry is predicted to grow at a 3.4% annual rate. However, marine accidents are on the rise, threatening both safety and expenses. Marine accidents happen for a variety of causes, including ergonomic issues, ergonomics is the study of how individuals interact with other components of a system, and it employs theory, concepts, data, and approaches to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. This paper aimed to assess physical ergonomic elements and reviewed the previous studies related to ergonomic factors, particularly those related to the marine industry; furthermore, a variety of physical ergonomic factors were selected to be evaluated in a tanker ship as case study. Using statistical analysis to assess physical ergonomic elements in other merchant ships and to compare the results to case study result for finding out the level of similarity, it was discovered that the majority of physical ergonomic factors were unsatisfactory, including severe consequences as a result of poor workplace design such as inadequate lighting, extreme temperature and noise. KEYWORDS: Maritime transport, Marine accidents, Physical ergonomic factors, Lighting, Noise, Inclined ladder, Spare parts control.

A Decade of ECDIS: Analytical Review of the ECDIS Effect Towards the Safety of Maritime Shipping

The Electronic Charts Display Information System (ECDIS) on board ships is one of the latest amendments that have been stipulated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) since 2008 and had been widely spread in 2012, and the main purpose of implementing the use of ECDIS was to use modern technology to help in operating ships to obtain a safe navigational watch and a safe approach and mooring in ports. Additionally, it facilitates voyage planning as an easy-to-use tool. Hence, ten years passed (2012-2022). The question arose, was the use of ECDIS considered an improvement to the safe operation of ships, or, on the contrary, it led to an increase in marine accidents? The authors initiated the study after the hypothesis that the ECDIS could be a major cause of marine accidents, and the authors found that the statistics in the hands of the researchers were not indicative of a conclusive opinion. Therefore, the researcher used the criterion of questionnaire as a means of quantitative statistics as a research tool to identify the opinion and vision of bridge seafarers for the use of ECDIS in a decade and to identify if any development is needed either in operational or educational sight. The methodology used in this research was the qualitative analysis data method through a questionnaire for different ECDIS users and indicated that the equipment carried an unprecedented positive effect on the safety of navigation. The questionnaire was based on 10 different questions. Yet, a great fraction agreed that there is a massive room for improvement in the areas of software, hardware, and external sensors to effectively contribute to an efficient Integrated Bridge System.

A Decade of ECDIS: Analytical Review of the ECDIS Effect towards the Safety of Maritime Shipping

The Electronic Charts Display Information System (ECDIS) on board ships is one of the latest amendments that have been stipulated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) since 2008 and had been widely spread in 2012, and the main purpose of implementing the use of ECDIS was to use modern technology to help in operating ships to obtain a safe navigational watch and a safe approach and mooring in ports. Additionally, it facilitates voyage planning as an easy-to-use tool. Hence, ten years passed (2012-2022). The question arose, was the use of ECDIS considered an improvement to the safe operation of ships, or, on the contrary, it led to an increase in marine accidents? The authors initiated the study after the hypothesis that the ECDIS could be a major cause of marine accidents, and the authors found that the statistics in the hands of the researchers were not indicative of a conclusive opinion. Therefore, the researcher used the criterion of questionnaire as a means of quantitative statistics as a research tool to identify the opinion and vision of bridge seafarers for the use of ECDIS in a decade and to identify if any development is needed either in operational or educational sight. The methodology used in this research was the qualitative analysis data method through a questionnaire for different ECDIS users and indicated that the equipment carried an unprecedented positive effect on the safety of navigation. The questionnaire was based on 10 different questions. Yet, a great fraction agreed that there is a massive room for improvement in the areas of software, hardware, and external sensors to effectively contribute to an efficient Integrated Bridge System.

ANALYSIS FOR PHYSICAL ERGONOMIC FACTORS IN OIL TANKER CASE STUDY

Over the next five years, shipping industry is predicted to grow at a 3.4% annual rate. However, marine accidents are on the rise, threatening both safety and expenses. Marine accidents happen for a variety of causes, including ergonomic issues, ergonomics is the study of how individuals interact with other components of a system, and it employs theory, concepts, data, and approaches to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. This paper aimed to assess physical ergonomic elements and reviewed the previous studies related to ergonomic factors, particularly those related to the marine industry; furthermore, a variety of physical ergonomic factors were selected to be evaluated in a tanker ship as case study. Using statistical analysis to assess physical ergonomic elements in other merchant ships and to compare the results to case study result for finding out the level of similarity, it was discovered that the majority of physical ergonomic factors were unsatisfactory, including severe consequences as a result of poor workplace design such as inadequate lighting, extreme temperature and noise.

Accuracy of GNSS Position Stored in Fishing Boat Location Transmitters in Comparison with That of DGPS Position

Fishing boat laws in Korea require fishing boats to be equipped with a location transmitter. Approximately 91% of registered fishing boats have V-pass terminals, whereas those with a gross tonnage of 10 t or more have either V-pass or automatic identification system (AIS) terminals (or use both). Most navigators, including the fishing boat location transmitter, rely on the satellite signals provided by the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) without considering the accuracy of the navigation instruments that indicate ship location. Many scholars are conducting research to analyze the accuracy of GNSS locations through continuous experiments; however, few of them focus on fishing boat location transmitters. Particularly, the location accuracy of V-pass equipment is unknown. Notably, the V-pass and AIS terminals used in fishing boats are mainly designed to locate fishing boats in need of assistance following a marine accident rather than to provide information on approaching ships and preventing collisions. Therefore, this study aimed to compare GNSS location storage data extracted from the location transmitter (V-pass and AIS terminal) of the accident fishing boat with the DGPS location information from the Electronic Chart Display and Information System to check the position error and use it for accident analysis and investigation.

Scientific awareness of marine accidents in Europe: A bibliometric and correspondence analysis

Marine accidents are a significant issue that can lead to loss of life, damage to ships and cargo, and harm to the marine environment. To gain better understanding of scientific awareness of marine accidents occurred in European countries, this study conducted a bibliometric and correspondence analysis of the scientific literature. Bibliometric analysis was employed to examine various publications, which were released during the period between 2012 and December 2022. Moreover, correspondence analysis was used to classify and analyze marine accidents based on the severity and the consequence of the accidents. The findings indicate that scientific awareness of researchers in countries where serious and very serious marine accidents occur is also high. However, Norway stands out as the country with the highest scientific awareness of researchers despite experiencing marine accidents with less serious. The most significant factor contributing to the prominence of researchers here is their collaborations with researchers from other countries. Overall, this study sheds light on the need for further research and action to improve marine accident prevention. Collaborative efforts involving researchers, maritime stakeholders, and policymakers are necessary to address the complex challenges of marine accidents and to ensure the maritime safety and protection of the marine environment.

The Analysis of Social and Situational Systems as Components of Human Errors Resulting in Navigational Accidents

As in any industry exposed to risk, human and organizational factors are the main stakes of maritime safety. Understanding the causes and risks of maritime accidents is integral to the sustainability of shipping. The investigation of marine accidents is a crucial tool for their identification in areas related to operations and ships, including social and situational systems, their design, and technical systems. The authors conducted a cause–effect analysis of marine incidents. For this purpose, case-by-case analysis and an Ishikawa diagram were used, which is a tool that helps identify actual or potential causes of accidents. The study showed that by far the most significant cross-section of causes of accidents were elements of social and situational systems that affect the safety of the ship, crew, and environment. The least significant contribution came from the machinery area. Through the detailed descriptions, a picture emerges not so much of a lack of knowledge of the regulations as of a failure to comply with existing procedures or best practices. In the authors’ opinion, more emphasis is needed on preventive measures, including safety culture, training, competence assessment, and increased awareness of the need for sustainability.

Investigating the Human Factor in Maritime Accidents: A Focus on Compass-Related Incidents

Accidents at sea can have devastating consequences, and investigating their causes is a complex and rigorous process. One of the most important factors contributing to these accidents is the human factor, which has received considerable attention from researchers in recent years. This article examines the role of the human factor in marine accidents, focusing the use and maintenance of compasses. Using data from scientific journals and safety analysis reports, the frequency and focus of research on this topic is analyzed and areas for further investigation are identified. International regulations, performance standards, and handling requirements relating to compasses are also discussed, and an analysis of compass-related accidents is presented. The survey conducted among seafarers indicates that they are satisfied with the performance of their compass, but there is a need for more advanced compass technologies and training on the proper use and maintenance of compasses. The survey shows that routine maintenance and calibration of compasses is crucial to minimize the possibility of human error and to prevent maritime accidents. In conclusion, we stress the importance of conducting further studies in this area taking into account the human factor in order to improve maritime safety measures.

GIS-Data-Driven Efficient and Safe Path Planning for Autonomous Ships in Maritime Transportation

Maritime transportation is vital to the global economy. With the increased operating and labor costs of maritime transportation, autonomous shipping has attracted much attention in both industry and academia. Autonomous shipping can not only reduce the marine accidents caused by human factors but also save labor costs. Path planning is one of the key technologies to enable the autonomy of ships. However, mainstream ship path planning focuses on searching for the shortest path and controlling the vehicle in order to track it. Such path planning methods may lead to a dynamically infeasible trajectory that fails to avoid obstacles or reduces fuel efficiency. This paper presents a data-driven, efficient, and safe path planning (ESP) method that considers ship dynamics to provide a real-time optimal trajectory generation. The optimization objectives include fuel consumption and trajectory smoothness. Furthermore, ESP is capable of fast replanning when encountering obstacles. ESP consists of three components: (1) A path search method that finds an optimal search path with the minimum number of sharp turns from the geographic data collected by the geographic information system (GIS); (2) a minimum-snap trajectory optimization formulation with dynamic ship constraints to provide a smooth and collision-free trajectory with minimal fuel consumption; (3) a local trajectory replanner based on B-spline to avoid unexpected obstacles in real time. We evaluate the performance of ESP by data-driven simulations. The geographical data have been collected and updated from GIS. The results show that ESP can plan a global trajectory with safety, minimal turning points, and minimal fuel consumption based on the maritime information provided by nautical charts. With the long-range perception of onboard radars, the ship can avoid unexpected obstacles in real time on the planned global course.

Investigating the Reliability of the Location Transmitted by V-Pass Terminals: Prompt Rescue of Fishing Vessels

Fishing boats are equipped to quickly rescue ships and save lives in the event of an incident at sea; therefore, determination of the incident location is imperative for a swift response. According to the 2021 marine accidents by ship use statistics, fishing and non-fishing boats accounted for 64.6 and 35.4%, respectively, of the total 3053 ships involved in an accident. In addition to V-pass and the Automatic Identification System (AIS), several other types of terminals exist; however, approximately 91% of all registered fishing boats use V-pass terminals. Therefore, it is essential to know the exact location of fishing boats. However, little research has been conducted on V-pass equipment. Therefore, in this study, marine experiments were conducted using V-pass and AIS terminals that are mainly used in fishing boats. To determine the exact location of an incident and rapidly respond and rescue, this study compared the data saved in the terminals with the data received by the Vessel Traffic Service center. In the event of a maritime incident, the radio shadow areas and causes of the error in the location transmitter must be investigated to quickly rescue the fishing boat and to determine the root cause of the incident, respectively.

Comparative Analysis of Marine Accidents in Fishing Activity Protection Zones and Port and Navigation Zones to Improve Fishing Vessel Security

Comparative Analysis of Marine Accidents in Fishing Activity Protection Zones and Port and Navigation Zones to Improve Fishing Vessel Security