Marina Extract Research Articles

Discovery of secondary metabolites from Avicennia marina to inhibit the anti-oxidant and anti-biofilm activities of biofilm forming bacteria

The present study is concentrated on screening of phytochemical and bioactive compounds from marine mangrove plant of Avicennia marina (A. marina). The plant extract was purified by soxhlet extraction process, and the available phytochemicals, bioactive compounds and other organic compounds were confirmed by LC-MS analysis. Subsequently, the antioxidant and DPPH scavenging activities of the A. marina extract was shown 79 % and 88 % at 500 µg/mL concentrations were observed respectively. Further, the antimicrobial efficacy of A. marina extract was shown 22 and 26 mm and 18 and 24 mm zones of inhibition against K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, S. aureus and Enterococcus sp. at 500 µg/ml concentrations by agar well diffusion method. In addition, the liquid medium based bacterial inactivation was clearly observed with 78 %, 89 %, 81 % and 90 % at 500 µg/ml concentration. Furthermore, the biofilm inhibition concentration and exopolysaccharide degradation effect of A. marina extract indicated that the bacteria were completely arrested and the inhibition range of 92 %, 88 % 84 % and 90 % and 89 %, 94 %, 90 % and 86 % were observed respectively. Finally, the result evidences were clearly indicated that the mangrove plant A. marina was excellent antimicrobial inhibitor and also future drug discovery plant to fight against some important multi drug resistant pathogens.

Mechanistic synergy of hair growth promotion by the Avicennia marina extract and its active constituent (avicequinone C) in dermal papilla cells isolated from androgenic alopecia patients.

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is associated with an increased production of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by steroid-5α-reductase (5α-R). Crude extracts from Avicennia marina (AM) and its active constituent, avicequinone C (AC), can inhibit 5α-R. We have, herein, explored the potential use of the AM extract and of AC as anti-AGA agents. To this end, we employed human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) isolated from AGA patients' hair that express 5α-R type-1 as well as the androgenic receptor (AR) at high levels. Our in vitro experiments revealed that the AM extract (10 μg/mL) and the AC (10 μM) exhibit multiple actions that interfere with the mechanism that causes AGA. Beside acting as 5α-R inhibitors, both preparations were able to inhibit either the DHT-AR complex formation or its translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus (the site of DHT's action). The treatments also increased the gene expression of growth factors in DPCs; these factors play important roles in the angiogenesis associated with hair growth. Moreover, the AM extract suppressed the apoptotic pathway, thereby postponing the initiation of the catagen phase. Taken together, our findings suggest that the AM extract and the AC could serve as natural sources for hair growth promotion and AGA treatment.

The Effect of Addition of Mangrove Avicennia Marina Extract on The Biofouling Activity to Epoxy Coating

Biofouling is one of the problems related to construction maintenance in industrial developments in the maritime construction sector because biofouling adhesion can affect construction productivity. This problem can be overcome by coating using natural-based paints to reduce the ecological impact that will occur. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of Avicennia marina mangrove extract as an anti-fouling compound mixed with epoxy paint. This research was conducted by mixing Avicennia marina mangrove extract with epoxy paint. Then the alloy is applied as a coating on the ASTM A36 steel specimen. Furthermore, the test was carried out by immersing the specimen in a solution containing Littorina littorea as a biofouling biota. The average results of the biofouling affixing activity test with the addition of mangrove extract concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% were respectively 24.0 gr, 20.5 gr, 13.5 gr, and 6 gr. This test shows that the more the addition of mangrove extracts, the smaller the adhering activity of biofouling to the specimen.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of mangrove plant (Avicennia Marina) extract against some specific oral pathogens

In the Present study, the leaf extracts of mangrove plant Avicennia marina revealed the presence of some bioactive components which showed remarkable antibacterial properties. The leaves were dried and extracted thoroughly with methanol. The effects of methanol extracts were found to be inhibiting the growth of some bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus rattus. It also showed that the plant parts can be used to treat infections caused by these bacteria. This study also attests its use in traditional medicine to treat various dental infections. The methanolic extracts were highly effective against the isolated bacterial strains and the antioxidant property highlights the potent activity and it is also considered as a natural antioxidants.

Anti-leishmanial activity of Avicennia marina (Avicenniaceae family) leaves hydroalcoholic extract and its possible cellular mechanisms

Natural products are the main source of potent antioxidants and anti-leishmanial agents. This study was aimed to evaluate Avicennia marina (Avicenniaceae family) extract inhibitory effect against Leishmania tropica by accessing apoptotic markers and arginase activity. The A. marina were extracted and phytochemical analysis conducted. The inhibitory effect of A. marina was evaluated on L. tropica promastigote and amastigote forms, compared to meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime, MA) as standard drug. The level of apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and arginase activity was assessed in A. marina-treated cells compared to control group. Phytochemical screening of A. marina extract showed strong presence of tannins and saponins. We demonstrated the inhibitory effect of A. marina on promastigote stages in a dose dependent manner. Also, lower 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of amastigotes was indicated in A. marina group compared with the standard group of Glucantime (60.57 ± 1.46 vs. 73.19 ± 10.12 μg/mL, respectively, P < 0.05). Besides, A. marina represented no cytotoxicity as the selectivity index (SI) was 10.7. Also, it showed the potential to induce early apoptosis of 46.5% in promastigotes at 125μg/mL concentration. Significant reduction of arginase level was observed in both A. marina-treated cells and promastigotes. The promising results indicated higher effectiveness of A. marina in decreasing parasite growth, inducing apoptosis in promastigotes, increasing ROS production and decreasing arginase level. So, A. marina can be a native plant candidate for anti-leishmanial drug in tropical regions with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. tropica.

In vitro antifungal and antibacterial potentials of organic extracts of Avicennia marina collected from Rabigh Lagoon, Red Sea Coasts in Saudi Arabia.

Mangrove shrub Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh was used to test the antifungal and antibacterial activities of aerial fractions in vitro. Aspergillus sp, Candida sp and Gram positive bacteria have all been found to be sensitive to mangrove extracts, whereas Gram negative bacteria have been found to be resistant to them. Agar disc diffusion and well-cut diffusion were employed to conduct antifungal and antibacterial activities. The MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) for each assay have been established. Several extracts from Mangrove reduced fungus growth (diameters fluctuated between 11 and 41 mm). The Ethyl acetate fraction showed particularly strong inhibition of C. tropicalis, C. albicanis, and A. fumigatus. They had 41, 40, and 25 mm-diameter inhibition zones, respectively. Nesoral, a synthetic antifungal medication, showed no significant changes in its MICs compared to different extracts. Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis were inhibited by Petroleum Ether extracts at MICs of 0.78 and 0.35 mg/mL, respectively. It is possible that A. marina extracts may be exploited as a viable natural alternative that may be employed in the management of various infections, notably nosocomial bacterial infections, as anti-candidiasis and as anti-aspergillosis agents.

Proximate and nutrition analysis of chocolate bar with addition of mangrove leaves powder during the shelf life

Exploration of the potential of mangrove leaves as an additive in food products has been widely carried out. Mangrove leaves contain primary and secondary metabolites that can be used to increase the nutritional value of food products, one of which is chocolate. The purpose of this part is must be done to increase the economic value of local chocolate during storage. This research aims to determine the nutritional characteristic of diversification chocolate by adding mangrove leaves powder Avicennia officinalis (AO), A. marina (AM), and Rhizophora apiculata (RA) extract as a natural agent that can increase the shelf-life of the product. Chocolate is made with four different varieties of mangrove leaves powder addition (AM, AO, RA, and CO) and storage for 14 days at ambient temperature. This research method is an experimental laboratory with a randomized block design. Based on the results of this study, the addition of Avicennia marina mangrove leaf powder was able to inhibit the decrease in the ash content of chocolate bars during 14 days of storage. In addition, the addition of A. officinalis leaf powder can suppress the decrease in water content and protein content. While the decrease in carbohydrate levels during storage in chocolate bars can be inhibited by the application of R. apiculata mangrove leaf powder.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Zooshikella marina against pathogenic bacteria causing vibriosis in aquaculture

Zooshikella marina, a marine bacterium that produces a red pigment, has been shown to possess various antimicrobial activities. The present study reports on in vitro antibacterial activity of cell and extract from Z. marina against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus and V. vulnificus, responsible for vibriosis in aquatic animals. Cross streak and agar well-diffusion techniques revealed the inhibitory effects of Z. marina against V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus and V. vulnificus. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Z. marina extract against pathogenic bacteria ranged from 64 to 1,024 µg/mL. A time-kill kinetics assay showed that treatments with Z. marina extract significantly reduced the numbers of viable V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus and V. vulnificus from those in control groups (p<0.05). Electron microscopy showed morphological changes of pathogenic bacteria exposed to the extract, revealing irregular, ruptured and dead cells when treated with 0.25xMIC. In addition, Vibrio spp. cells pre-treated with the extract were more sensitive to lysozyme and H2O2 than untreated cells. Determination of cytotoxicity indicated that Z. marina extract at concentrations of 1.95–1,000 µg/mL did not show haemolytic activity towards Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) erythrocytes. In vivo study on invasion and persistence in Asian seabass fed with dietary supplementation with cell and extract from Z. marina revealed significantly decreased V. vulnificus from the fish tissue within 5–14 days (p<0.05). Our findings reveal the potential antimicrobial activity of Z. marina cell and its extract which is safe and could be used in controlling vibriosis in aquaculture.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts from cutaneous secretions of Amazonian amphibians against phytopathogens of agricultural interest

ABSTRACT The biochemical defense mechanisms of amphibians involve cutaneous secretions of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial activity. This study evaluated the in vitro activity of methanolic extracts from cutaneous secretions of two amphibian species of the Bufonidae family, Rhaebo guttatus and Rhinella marina, in the control of the phytopathogens Fusarium udum, Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum truncatum, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Calonectria pseudometrosideri. The R. guttatus extract decreased the mycelial growth of F. udum, F. solani, A. flavus, and M. phaseolina at some tested concentrations. The R. marina extract decreased the mycelial growth of C. truncatum at the concentration of 0.5 mg mL-¹, and inhibited the mycelial growth of A. flavus at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mg mL-¹, which was similar to the inhibition by the positive control. The R. marina extract also decreased the microsclerotia production by R. solani at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3 mg mL-¹. In addition, the extracts inhibited conidial sporulation and germination at varying degrees. The inhibition of appressoria formation in C. truncatum by the R. guttatus and R. marina extracts was 85-99% and 63-100%, respectively. Our results demonstrated that treatment with extracts from R. guttatus and R. marina cutaneous secretions showed antifungal activity against the studied phytopathogens.

Development of a silk fibroin-based multitask aerosolized nanopowder formula for efficient wound healing

Most of the spray products in the market for wound healing applications are loaded with antibiotics that exert their antibacterial effect within the inflammatory stage of wound healing without demonstrating any effect in the subsequent proliferation stage. This study introduces a new aerosolized nanopowder (ANP) formula that not only exhibits antibacterial effect but also antioxidant and enhanced cell proliferation effects. Within the introduced ANP formula, Avicenna marina (Am) extract and neomycin (NM) antibiotic have been loaded within silk-fibroin nanoparticles (FB NPs). The Am has been extracted via different solvent systems, and investigated for its antioxidant and antibacterial activity as well as its ability to enhance cell proliferation. The physicochemical properties, size, zeta-potential and morphology of the prepared Am/FB NPs, NM/FB NPs and ANP formula were investigated. Besides, the ANP formula exhibited good antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistant S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Resistant P. aeruginosa. Scratch wound healing assay on human fibroblast monolayers demonstrated 100% wound closure after 24 h upon using the ANP formula as compared to 70% wound closure for positive control (NM). The wound healing ability of the ANP formula has been further confirmed by histopathological evaluation of the wound site and depicted a marked increase in fibroblast proliferation and reduction of inflammatory cells after 15 days with a complete wound closure as compared to controls. The obtained results prove the beneficial effects of the Am extract on wound healing and introduce the developed multitask nanopowder formula as a potential wound healing spray.

In vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and antihyperlipidemic potential of ethanolic Avicennia marina leaves extract supported by metabolic profiling

This study aimed to examine the impact of ethanolic Avicennia marina (A. marina) leaves extract against seven pathogenic bacteria and the protective effect of this plant against hyperlipidemia caused by dexamethasone (DEX)-treated rats. Forty-eight male rats weighing between 150 and 200 g were randomly selected into six groups containing eight rats in each group. Moreover, in vitro antioxidant DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free radical scavenging activity, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and ABTS assay were also analyzed for leaf extract. Results showed that the IC50 values were observed as 193.9 ± 1.03 μg/mL, 340.29 ± 8.16 μM TE/mg, and 326.8 ± 6.14 μM TE/mg for DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS radical scavenging activities, respectively. A. marina leaves ethanolic extract exhibited higher activity against Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis, moderate activity against Salmonella typhimurium, and Vibrio damsel. The administration of DEX resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increase in the levels of MDA concentration, TG, TC, LDL, LDH, and glucose but decreased significantly in HDL. Treatment with A. marina extract positively reversed the distorted lipid profile and peroxidation and improved MDA, GSH, NO, and SOD activities in DEX-administered rats. Histological investigation of liver tissue sections showed that the treatment with A. marina leaves extract moderate the fatty change caused by DEX. It is concluded that A. marina leaves extract improved the hypolipidemic property of DEX administration in comparison with standard treatment with atorvastatin.

STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALITY OF EIGHT DIFFERENT MANGROVE SPECIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR INTRA-RELATIONSHIP THROUGH CLUSTER ANALYSIS

Objective: The present study investigates the antimicrobial activities of eight different mangrove plants and also the development of their intra-relationship through cluster analysis.&#x0D; Methods: The dried and powdered leaves of different mangrove species were extracted by cold maceration process with water, methanol, and chloroform. The antimicrobial activity was done using the agar well diffusion method. The cluster analysis of the mangrove plants was analyzed by MINITAB Release 13.1.&#x0D; Results: The order of extraction yield for each mangrove species was methanol &gt; chloroform &gt; water. The methanol extract of Suaeda maritima, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, and chloroform extract of Sonneratia apetala gave the highest inhibition zones of 19 mm, 19 mm, 19.33 mm, and 19.33 mm, respectively, against Bacillus subtilis. The methanol extract of Ceriops decandra, Xylocarpus granatum, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza found the highest inhibition zones of 21.67 mm, 22 mm, and 20.3 mm, respectively, against Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The endangered and endemic species Heritiera fomes gave the highest result (18 mm) against both for Micrococcus luteus and B. subtilis in methanolic extract. The maximum zone of inhibition of fungal strains was found against Botrytis cinerea (15 mm), Fusarium oxysporum (16.33 mm), and Rhizopus oryzae (13.33 mm) with the methanol extract of X. granatum, S. apetala, and C. decandra, respectively. Cluster analysis of 8 mangrove species based on different bacterial pathogens was also shown where it demonstrated their intra-relationship against some bacterial pathogens.&#x0D; Conclusion: From this study, it may be concluded that mangrove plants can be used to discover bioactive natural products.

The synergistic reno-protective effect of Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina aqueous extracts against diabetes induced renal changes

Background: The conventional medications of diabetes mellitus have many side effects that bring to diabetic cases, so there is a need for introducing natural remedies with antidiabetic effect. The objectives of this study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects of aqueous extracts of a mixture of R. mucronata and A. marina against experimentally streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats and to assess its efficacy in alleviating diabetes-induced impact on kidney function.Methods: Sixty rats distributed into four groups (n=15) were used in this study. They included the control, STZ-induced diabetic, STZ-induced diabetic treated with a mixture of Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina extract and non-diabetic group received a mixture of Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina extract. After 6 weeks of treatment, the biochemical and histological alterations were investigated in all rats.Results: Daily oral administration of a mixture of R. mucronata and A. marina leaves extract to STZ-induced diabetic significant (p≤0.001) increase serum insulin levels and reduced fasting blood glucose levels, serum BUN and uric acid compared to the untreated diabetic rats. This mixture also improved the renal degeneration and inflammation induced by diabetes and reduced the number of the apoptotic cell in both renal cortex and medulla.Conclusions: The mixture of R. mucronata and A. marina extract significantly improve the diabetes-associated biochemical and histopathological renal changes indicating its potential effect as a natural nephroprotective agent against diabetic-induced nephropathy.

Effects of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Avicennia marina on Apoptotic, Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Lipid Peroxidation Indices and Liver Histology of Type 1 Diabetic Rats

Background: Avicennia marina (A. marina) has been traditionally used in the treatment of various diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the effect of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of A. marina on apoptotic, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation indices and liver histology of type 1 diabetic rats. Methods: In this laboratory research, a total of 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups including the control group, type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) group, diabetic group receiving 50 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of A. marina, diabetic group receiving 100 mg/kg of A. marina, and the diabetic group receiving 200 mg/kg of A. marina. The control and DM groups were intraperitoneally administered with 0.5 mL of saline solution as the solvent for 30 days. The experimental groups were intraperitoneally administered with 0.5 mL of hydroalcoholic extract at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 30 days, respectively. Diabetes mellitus was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate. At the end of treatment, we measured the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. Also, we assessed the levels of BCL2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), caspase-9, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (HOdG-8) using ELISA in liver tissues. Histological changes in the liver were also investigated. Results: The levels of Bcl-2, SOD, CAT, and GPx were significantly higher in the experimental groups receiving 100 and 200 mg/kg of A. marina in a dose-dependent manner than in the DM group. The levels of Bax, caspase-9, MDA, and HOdG-8 were significantly lower in the experimental groups in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly lower in these groups in a dose-dependent manner (P 0.05). The results showed that A. marina extract improved the histological changes in the liver of diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: The administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of A. marina can improve liver tissue damage and reduce diabetes-related liver complications by decreasing apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation.

Biological effects of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) vierh. extracts on physiological, biochemical, and antimicrobial activities against three challenging mosquito vectors and microbial pathogens.

Mosquitoes are principal vector of several vector-borne diseases affecting human beings leading to thousands of deaths per year and responsible for transmitting diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis. In the present study, we evaluated the different solvent extracts of mangrove Avicennia marina for their toxicity against larvae of three major mosquito vectors, as well as selected microbial pathogens. The larvicidal mortality of third instars was observed after 24h. Highest larval mortality was found for the acetone extract of A. marina against Culex quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 0.197mg/ml; LC90 = 1.5011mg/ml), Anopheles stephensi (LC50 = 0.176mg/ml; LC90 = 3.6290mg/ml), and Aedes aegypti (LC50 = 0.164mg/ml; LC90 = 4.3554mg/ml). GC-MS analysis of acetone extract revealed 5 peaks, i.e., 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane (3.229%), eicosanoic acid (40.582%), cis-9-hexadecenal (70.54%), oleic acid (4.646%), and di-N-decylsulfone (5.136%). Parallel to larvicidal assay, sub-lethal dosage acetone extracts severely affected the enzyme regulations (α,β-carboxylesterase, GST and CYP450) of third instars. Larval and pupal durations increased in all treatment sub-lethal dosage (0.127, 0.151, 0.177, and 0.197mg/ml), whereas egg hatchability and means of fecundity decreased compared to control. The survival rate was reduced statistically in Cx. quinquefasciatus (χ2 = 23.77, df = 1, P = 0.001) in all the treatment dosages as compared to the control. Antimicrobial activity assays showed significant growth inhibition post treatment with acetone and methanol extracts against Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri. Overall, these results indicated the potential employment of A. marina extracts as a source of natural mosquitocidal and antimicrobial compounds of green-based environment.

Cytotoxicity screening of supercritical fluid extracted seaweeds and phenylpropanoids.

Detached leaves of Posidonia oceanica and Zostera marina creating nuisance at the shores were extracted by means of supercritical CO2 enriched with a co-solvent, compared with that of soxhlet extraction. The extracts and their active compounds which are phenylpropanoids (chicoric, p-coumaric, rosmarinic, benzoic, ferulic and caffeic acids) were screened for cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines including human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3), human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3), Mus musculus neuroblastoma (Neuro 2A) cell lines and African green monkey kidney (VERO) as healthy cell line. Supercritical CO2 extracts proved to be more active than soxhlet counterparts. Particularly, Zostera marina extract obtained by supercritical CO2 at 250bar, 80°C, 20% co-solvent and a total flow rate of 15g/min revealed the best IC50 values of 25, 20, 8μg/ml in neuroblastoma, colon and cervix cancer cell lines. Among the major compounds tested, p-coumaric acid exhibited the highest cytotoxic against colon and cervix cell lines by with IC50 values of 25, 11μg/ml. As for the effects on healthy cells, the extract was not cytotoxic indicating a selective cytotoxicity. Obtained supercritical CO2 extracts can be utilized as a supplement for preventive purposes.

Tanaman Bakau Api-api Putih (Avicenia marina) Berpotensi Menghambat Mikrob Patogen dan Melindungi Post Larva Udang Windu (THE POTENTIAL OF AVICENNIA MARINA TO INHIBITS PATHOGEN MICROBES AND PROTECTS THE POST LARVA OF TIGER PRAWN)

The research aims to study potency of Avicennia marina leaf extract to inhibit pathogens in vitro and in vivo on post larvae of tiger prawn. The leaves we re chopped, dried and extracted with water solvents, sea water andethanol. In vitro inhibitory tests were performed using agar disc diffusion (ADD) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The in vivo test on tiger prawn PL-8 was given by submersion, which then tested with Vibrio harveyi and Saprolegnia sp. The in vitro test showed A. marina extract can inhibit V.harveyi and Saprolegnia sp. In vivo tests of V. harveyi and Saprolegnia sp. infections, showed 60- 88% survival and 57.33-86.67%, with protective ability of the highest pathogen infection of 80.80% and 77.80%. The best A. marina extract that can inhibit microbial and protect the tiger prawn from pathogen infection is ethanol extract with concentration 1,250-1,500 ppm, followed by sea water extract 1,500 ppm and water extract 1,500 ppm respectively

Polyphenol-rich Avicennia marina leaf extracts induce apoptosis in human breast and liver cancer cells and in a nude mouse xenograft model.

Avicennia marina is the most abundant and common mangrove species and has been used as a traditional medicine for skin diseases, rheumatism, ulcers, and smallpox. However, its anticancer activities and polyphenol contents remain poorly characterized. Thus, here we investigated anticancer activities of secondary A. marina metabolites that were purified by sequential soxhlet extraction in water, ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate (EtOAc). Experiments were performed in three human breast cancer cell lines (AU565, MDA-MB-231, and BT483), two human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7), and one normal cell line (NIH3T3). The chemotherapeutic potential of A. marina extracts was evaluated in a xenograft mouse model. The present data show that EtOAc extracts of A. marina leaves have the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents and anticancer activities and, following column chromatography, the EtOAc fractions F2-5, F3-2-9, and F3-2-10 showed higher cytotoxic effects than the other fractions. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR profiles indicated that the F3-2-10 fraction contained avicennones D and E. EtOAc extracts of A. marina leaves also suppressed xenograft MDA-MB-231 tumor growth in nude mice, suggesting that EtOAc extracts of A. marina leaves may provide a useful treatment for breast cancer.

Dietary supplementation of Avicennia marina extract on immune protection and disease resistance in Amphiprion sebae against Vibrio alginolyticus

The effect of Avicennia marina aqueous leaf extract on innate immune mechanisms such as total white blood cell counts (WBC), serum lysozyme activity, respiratory burst assay, alternative complement (ACH50) assay, phagocytic activity assay, disease resistance, gut bacteria, and survival rate of clownfish (Amphiprion sebae) against Vibrio alginolyticus is reported. Healthy fish challenged with V. alginolyticus (1 × 107 cells ml−1) were fed with diets supplemented (0, 1, 2, and 4%) with A. marina extract. The survival rate was 85% and 80% in infected fish fed with 4% and 8% supplementation diet; with 1% diet it was 70% while in the infected untreated group it was only 10%. The total gut bacteria flora was high in 8% and 4% supplementation diet groups with 2.8 × 105 and 4.7 × 104 cfu/g while it was 8.9 × 103 cfu/g in 1% diet group. The immunological parameters significantly increased on weeks 6 and 8 when infected fish were fed with 1% or 4% supplementation diet. This study reports that in clownfish challenged with V. alginolyticus, dietary administration of the 1% or 4% of A. marina extract improved the immune status and survival rate.

Autophagy Inhibition Enhances the Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis Induced by Mangrove (Avicennia marina) Extract in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Autophagy Inhibition Enhances the Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis Induced by Mangrove (Avicennia marina) Extract in Human Breast Cancer Cells