Abstract
Objective: The present study investigates the antimicrobial activities of eight different mangrove plants and also the development of their intra-relationship through cluster analysis.
 Methods: The dried and powdered leaves of different mangrove species were extracted by cold maceration process with water, methanol, and chloroform. The antimicrobial activity was done using the agar well diffusion method. The cluster analysis of the mangrove plants was analyzed by MINITAB Release 13.1.
 Results: The order of extraction yield for each mangrove species was methanol > chloroform > water. The methanol extract of Suaeda maritima, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, and chloroform extract of Sonneratia apetala gave the highest inhibition zones of 19 mm, 19 mm, 19.33 mm, and 19.33 mm, respectively, against Bacillus subtilis. The methanol extract of Ceriops decandra, Xylocarpus granatum, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza found the highest inhibition zones of 21.67 mm, 22 mm, and 20.3 mm, respectively, against Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The endangered and endemic species Heritiera fomes gave the highest result (18 mm) against both for Micrococcus luteus and B. subtilis in methanolic extract. The maximum zone of inhibition of fungal strains was found against Botrytis cinerea (15 mm), Fusarium oxysporum (16.33 mm), and Rhizopus oryzae (13.33 mm) with the methanol extract of X. granatum, S. apetala, and C. decandra, respectively. Cluster analysis of 8 mangrove species based on different bacterial pathogens was also shown where it demonstrated their intra-relationship against some bacterial pathogens.
 Conclusion: From this study, it may be concluded that mangrove plants can be used to discover bioactive natural products.
Highlights
Infectious diseases have caused of death and disability, accounting for more than about 22% of the global disease burden [1]
Phytochemical screening The preliminary phytochemical screening results of leaves of different mangrove plant species showed the presence of various bioactive secondary metabolites constituents (Table 1)
The results of the present study clearly indicated that mangrove plant extracts found antibacterial activity against tested pathogenic bacterial strains, including antibiotic-resistant strains
Summary
Infectious diseases have caused of death and disability, accounting for more than about 22% of the global disease burden [1]. In this context, antibiotics are most effective for the control of these diseases. Antibiotics sometimes create adverse side effects on the host [4]. For this reason, the isolation of antimicrobial agents less susceptible to regular antibiotics is increasing throughout the world [5,6]. The potential for developing antimicrobials from higher plants plays a central role in the healthcare systems in many populations of the world [7]. In comparison with modern medicine, herbal medicines are cheap, safe from undesirable side effects and are more effective to treat chronic diseases [10,11]
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