Marble Mining Research Articles

The Study of Karst Desertification Maros Pangkep Based on Landsat 8 OLI Imagery

This study aim ed to examine the spectral imagery of Landsat 8 OLI that can determine the level of tropical karst desertification Maros Pangkep South Sulawesi. The study method is based on the characteristics of spectral imagery of Landsat 8 OLI . Spectral characteristic analysis was conducted based on derivative index values of Landsat 8 OLI of single-channel spectral values, index spectral values, maximum values, mean, minimal index, and spatial analysis. The results show ed that spectral imagery of Landsat 8 OLI can be used as the identifier of the desertification process , that is in band 5 whose maximum value is indicate d by the spectral value of vegetation. The karst deser t ification level in the study area showed that 0.3% of the regions were strongly desertified or 0,97 km 2 , 4.1% of medium desertified or 12,03 km 2 , 16.7% were mildly desertified or 49,17 km 2 , and 78.9% were not desertified or 232,57 km 2 . Observation results for image accuracy shows that strongly desertified areas of land use are mining and cement industries, the medium desertified areas are utilized for marble mining, the mildly desertified areas are utilized for agricultural land, and not desertified areas land are being utilized for tropical rain forest is still dense.

Strategic Value of Marble Mine Management for Community Economic Improvement and Challenges Keeping Sustainable Environmental Support in Tulungagung Regency

Tulungagung Regency is famous as a marble producer. The utilization of marble resources in Tulungagung has been ongoing since the discovery of the location of a marble mine by the Dutch East Indies government in the 1934s. Over time, more and more companies have joined in setting up marble mines in Tulungagung Regency, especially in Besole Village. The major impact of the marble mines, which is the reduction in natural resources that cannot be renewed. Therefore, although this activity is one step to improve the quality of life to be able to compete. However, this activity is one step towards a resource crisis. The purpose of this study: (1) knowing the management of marble mines to improve the economy of the Tulungagung community, (2) knowing the types of management of marble mines in Tulungagung (3) knowing the challenges of preserving the environment sustainably in the former marble quarry area. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed using triangulation techniques.The results showed that mining in the study area has strategic value to improve the community’s economy. The types of community activities in mining management includeminers, calcium processors, dolocytes processors, marble processors (block cutting, cross-cutting, calibrating, putty, polishing), and marketing. The challenge of maintaining environmental sustainability is to integrate ethical business practices and environmental preservation.

English

BACKGROUND Occupational lung diseases are diseases affecting the respiratory system, including occupational asthma, black lung disease and many more. Workers exposed to marble dust stand an increased risk of suffering from asthma symptoms, chronic bronchitis, nasal inflammation and impairment of lung functions. The recognition of occupational causes can be made difficult by years of latency between exposure in the workplace and the occurrence of disease. Through this study, authors have established the importance of early identification of symptoms of occupational lung diseases and the importance of preventive measures that can be applied to reduce incidence of such diseases. METHODS This was a cross sectional community-based study conducted on 340 marble mining or cutting workers of Rajnagar [Morwar], Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, for a duration of three months. Workers were clinically examined and asked about environmental conditions and use of preventive measures through a questionnaire designed by the investigators and with the help of pamphlets and videos, educational interventions were provided. RESULTS Almost 90 % of the workers didn’t use protective measure like mask or shield. Among the 10 % workers who were using safety measures, 60 % were using face mask and 20 % were using apron at the work place. After the educational intervention given by investigators, around 63 % had started using various safety measures. CONCLUSIONS Early interventions after development of symptoms are important as they can decrease chances of further worsening of the condition. Health education, periodic health check-ups and use of protective measures are the essence in preventing occupational lung diseases. KEYWORDS Occupational Lung Disease, Cough, Marble Workers, Silicosis

Fault Detection with Crosshole and Reflection Geo-Radar for Underground Mine Safety

Ground-penetrating radar and crosshole radar are applied in an underground marble mine for fault detection and to test if different geological bodies can be distinguished. Boreholes are often drilled in advance of mining to clarify the locations of ore bodies and gangues. Here, such boreholes were used for crosshole investigations to supplement optical borehole imaging. Four boreholes were drilled along a profile with increasing offsets from 5 to 25 m. The crosshole measurements were performed with 100 MHz antennas. Tomographic panels were created up to a depth of 28 m and were complemented by reflection mode ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements along a 25 m-long profile with 100 and 250 MHz antennas. The GPR imaging successfully delineates the fault and karstification zones with higher water content due to their strong dielectric permittivity contrast compared to the surrounding geology.

Determination of deformations by using the PSI technique at a common dump site of three different open-pit marble mines in Turkey

Determination of deformations by using the PSI technique at a common dump site of three different open-pit marble mines in Turkey

Sustainable use of sugarcane bagasse ash and marble slurry dust in crusher sand based concrete

AbstractProduction of ordinary Portland cement is consuming enormous energy and releases high carbon dioxide. Additionally, the use of river sand as fine aggregate has a direct effect on the erosion of river banks due to excess sand mining and hence, the use of river sand in concrete is banned in many developing countries. Hence, the assessment of concrete with blended cement and locally available alternative fine aggregates is the need for current construction practices. India becomes the ‐largest sugar producing country, a massive volume of bagasse ash (44,200 t/day) is discarded as waste. Similarly, marble processing plants dispose of marble slurry dust. An exploration of the use of agricultural and mining wastes in crusher sand‐based concrete is not yet reported. The current investigation focuses on the potential use of bagasse ash and marble slurry dust as pozzolan and alternative to crusher sand respectively in concrete and interlocking paver blocks. Compressive strength and capability against abrasion were investigated for bagasse ash and marble slurry dust blended concrete and paver block. Besides, water‐based tests were adopted to examine durability performance. Results from the study indicate an enhancement in abrasion resistance and a substantial reduction in permeability for blended concrete than control concrete. Optimum replacement levels were found to be 20% for bagasse ash and 25% for marble mining powder.

Peningkatan Kestabilan Pilar Tambang Bawah Tanah Marmer di PT Gunung Marmer Raya

PT Gunung Marmer Raya (PT GMR), a room and pillar underground marble mining is located about 73 km to the north from Makassar, in Desa Tabo-Tabo, Kecamatan Bungoro, Kabupaten Pangkep. In the mining location, discontinuities are found as joint structure across the production area. The purpose of this service is to make pillar redesign that can improve the stability of underground mine. These activities start with field observation, determining the rock characteristic through sample testing in the laboratory, classifying the rock mass using Q-system method, up to redesigning a form of implementation to increase the stability of the marble underground mine. According to calculation of rock mass classification using Q-System, the recommended buffering is systematic bolting and fiber reinforced sprayed concrete as thick as 5-6 cm with spacing between bolts of 2.2 meters, or systematic bolting without concrete layering with spacing between-bolt 1.8 meter. Joint monitoring, especially on pillars, need to be done routinely so joint movement could be anticipated for progressive movement. The existing dimensions of pillar 5 m x 5 m in length and width is not recommended due to the safety factor is under 1,0 (unstable condition). Based on observation and analytic calculation, for each pillar height of up to 11 meters the pillar is recommended to redesign with length and width 5 m x 9 m for the chain pillar (safety factor around 1.35-1.49); and 5 m x 12 m for barrier pillars (safety factor around 1.58-1.74).
 Key Words: Underground mining; room and pillar method; Q-system classification system; pillar stability; marble mining.

Using the GNSS method assisted with UAV photogrammetry to monitor and determine deformations of a dump site of three open-pit marble mines in Eliktekke region, Amasya province, Turkey

The determination and monitoring of deformations that may occur in the benches of dump sites of open-pit mines are important for both security and continuity of mine production. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the most preferred method for deformation monitoring at dump sites. While the amount of deformation (3D displacements) can be determined at the points monitored by the GNSS method, interpretations on the cause and/or areal size of the deformation may remain limited. The main factors or triggering causes of slope failures at dump sites are base topography, geometric dimensions (width, height, and slope) of the formed benches, stiffness ratio of the dumped material, and load increases caused by new dumps in the lower benches. In this study, UAV photogrammetry and GNSS were used together, and the deformations at the adjacent dump site of three different open-pit marble mines located in Eliktekke region of Amasya province in Turkey were monitored. The GNSS method determined the points where displacements occurred, and the UAV photogrammetry searched for the causes of mobility at the point and its areal and volumetric sizes. The UAV photogrammetric results revealed that the topographic slope and overall slope inclination triggered the movement of the zones. Field measurements and evaluations made for this dump site showed that the current geometry should be kept where the overall slope inclination reaches 14° and not to be increased further. The results support that the GNSS method assisted with UAV photogrammetry is a rapid and economical method to determine both the borders and volumetric sizes deformations as their causing parameters. Through the proposed methodology, it will be possible to effectively determine the main factors causing slope failures in similar areas and to take the necessary measures on time.

Sustainable approach towards utilizing Makrana marble waste for making water resistant green composite materials

During marble mining, processing, cutting and polishing, more than 12 MT (million tons) of marble waste is produced in the state of Rajasthan, India, which is now a major environmental issue. The marble waste used in the present study was collected from Makrana marble mining, Rajasthan. The major mineral present in marble waste were calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and quartz (SiO2). Composite materials were made using marble waste with epoxy resin. Textile fibres such as jute, cotton and glass fibres were used as reinforcing materials. The hybrid composites exhibited 54% better flexural strength (48.48 MPa) than the commercially available medium density fibre boards (24.23 MPa). Water absorption and thickness swelling values were less than 1% in green composites. The microstructural study of fractured surface of hybrid composite showed good interfacial bonding between the marble waste, fibre and the matrix. The findings of this study showed a promising outcome in introducing a new class of hybrid green composites to the composite industry and society for multifunctional applications, creating an avenue for circular economy with major environmental benefits.

ОЦЕНКА ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ И РЕЖИМОВ РАБОТЫ КАРЬЕРНЫХ КОМБАЙНОВ ПРИ РАЗРАБОТКЕ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЙ МРАМОРА

The results of evaluating the possibility of using surface miners for marble mining are presented. The operating experience of the surface miner Wirtgen 2500SM at the Koelginsky field is described. The main factors affecting the performance of the miner are established. Rational modes of operation of the surface miner during marble mining are determined. Dependencies are obtained for determining the performance of miners of different models for different schemes and modes of operation. It is proposed to use the miner Wirtgen 2500Vario with increased capacity and operating weight for marble mining.

Performance of Concrete Mixes Using Marble Waste and ISF Slag

A high volume of marble production generate a considerable amount of waste in the form of odd sizes of stones and slurry during the mining, processing and polishing stages that has a serious impact on the environment. Imperial Smelting Furnace (ISF) slag is a waste generated in the primary extraction of zinc by a pyro metallurgical process with a granular texture. The main goal of this study is utilization of marble mining waste as a partial replacement for conventional coarse aggregate and ISF slag as a partial replacement for sand in concrete mixes. The concrete mixes were designed by using particle packing density approach with a constant water/cement ratio 0.5. In this study the natural coarse aggregate was replaced by 75% marble aggregate and natural sand was replaced by 40% ISF slag by weight. The results of the study show that, the mechanical and durability properties of concrete mixes using these wastes did not have significant adverse impact on properties of concrete.

A novel deep eutectic solvent microextraction procedure for enrichment, separation and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of palladium at ultra-trace levels in environmental samples

A dispersive deep eutectic solvent microextraction procedure for the separation and preconcentration of palladium from environmental samples has been established prior to its flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination. The deep eutectic solvent (DES) was prepared by mixing disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate, hydroxyl ammonium chloride, FeCl3 and phenol resulting in homogenous solution which used directly for the extraction of palladium. The analytical parameter including pH, amount of deep eutectic solvent and sample volume were optimized. The developed microextraction procedure was found to have tolerance for the common matrix ions in real samples. The optimization studies resulted in pH was suitable at 6.0 with sample volume up to 35 mL. The preconcentration factor was 116. The detection limit was found as 1.18 µg·L−1. The presented microextraction method was applied to determination of palladium in marble mine and catalytic converter samples.

Sustainability Analysis of Marble Sector in Buner

Marble is an ornamental stone, extremely popular for use as architectural and sculptural purposes. Nonrenewable marble resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan are mostly mined by conventional mining methods(producing irregular shaped blocks) instead of using mechanized mining producing regular shaped blocks.Conventional mining methods are more economical but are less environment friendly due to more quantity of wasteproduced. While, mechanized marble mining has a better recovery, reduces mining cost (processing and transportation)and is less environmentally hazardous. In this study a situation and sustainability analysis of marble mining operationsat Buner, the most productive marble mining cluster in KP, Pakistan, is carried out. Buner has about 1.4 billion tons ofmarble resources and contributes around 51 percent of total country’s marble production. Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) is used on the basis of key sustainability factors (economic, technical, social, environmental and safety) forselection of most sustainable mining methods. The analysis revealed that conventional mining is least sustainable andproduces maximum waste, cracks, irregular shaped blocks, high working faces, back break, rock falls and accidents. Itwas concluded and recommended that these conventional mining methods should be replaced with the more sustainablemining methods i.e. semi-mechanized (controlled blasting / expansion material) at sunny grey and get black marbledeposits and mechanized mining (rope cutting) at Bampokha No.1 and Chagharzai white marble deposits.

Sustainability Analysis of Marble Sector in Buner

Marble is an ornamental stone, extremely popular for use as architectural and sculptural purposes. Nonrenewable marble resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan are mostly mined by conventional mining methods(producing irregular shaped blocks) instead of using mechanized mining producing regular shaped blocks.Conventional mining methods are more economical but are less environment friendly due to more quantity of wasteproduced. While, mechanized marble mining has a better recovery, reduces mining cost (processing and transportation)and is less environmentally hazardous. In this study a situation and sustainability analysis of marble mining operationsat Buner, the most productive marble mining cluster in KP, Pakistan, is carried out. Buner has about 1.4 billion tons ofmarble resources and contributes around 51 percent of total country’s marble production. Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) is used on the basis of key sustainability factors (economic, technical, social, environmental and safety) forselection of most sustainable mining methods. The analysis revealed that conventional mining is least sustainable andproduces maximum waste, cracks, irregular shaped blocks, high working faces, back break, rock falls and accidents. Itwas concluded and recommended that these conventional mining methods should be replaced with the more sustainablemining methods i.e. semi-mechanized (controlled blasting / expansion material) at sunny grey and get black marbledeposits and mechanized mining (rope cutting) at Bampokha No.1 and Chagharzai white marble deposits.

Investigation of treatment process and treatment sufficiency of marble mine wastewater: a case study in Turkey

In this study, wastewater formed in marble mines operated as open mines with the aid of a cutting slope in the soil clarification tanks, which were made impermeable by using membranes and similar impermeable elements, was collected after the sedimentation process. The reusability of the water during the process was also investigated. In the marble mines where the study was carried out, an average of 25 m3/day of water is used as the process water for cutting operations. It is thought that ~ 10 m3/day of this water is evaporated or remains between the marble blocks. However, in the facility, 15 m3/day of wastewater was collected in the clarification tank that was made impermeable with a plastic cover. The initial (I) and final (F) values for the suspended solid (SS), pH, colour (C), oil and grease (OG) and Cr6+ were determined as SSI = 106.5 mg/l, SSF = 58.3 mg/l, pHI = 8.06, pHF = 7.93, CI = 83.5 (Pt–Co), CF = 47.5 (Pt–Co), (Cr6+)I = < 0.05 mg/l, (Cr6+)F = < 0.05 mg/l, OGI = 8.7 mg/l and OGF = 2.3 mg/l. The fact that these values are below the required limits in the Water Pollution Control Regulation applied in Turkey indicates that the treatment is successful and that the clarification tank is working effectively. Therefore, this method can be used successfully in marble mines.

A Reclamation Model for Post-Mining Marble Quarries

The damage caused by mining activities are usually environmental aesthetic disturbances (pits and voids), degradation of the existing topographic structure, the pollution of underground and surface water resources, the problems of dust in the living areas, the negativities in terms of life and property safety, the damages of the vital usage areas and the restriction of the living spaces. A methodology has been defined to determine the best future land use alternative for active marble mining sites. GIS, multi-criteria decision making method and fuzzy logic methods are used together to create a land use suitability model as a decision support tool. The study is limited to marble mining activity in the case study of Antalya, Burdur, and Isparta regions (Turkey). The model results give the best option among the alternative land use classes, agricultural areas (A), afforestation (F), recreational area (R), industrial area (I) and landfill area (L) for the 715 marble mines in the study area.

Recognition of Sulfides Zones in Marble Mine Through Comparative Analysis of Electrical Tomography Arrangements

This paper involves the use of Induced Polarization method combined with the geological reconnaissance of sulfite rich zones from the comparative analysis of the Dipole–dipole, Schlumberger and Wenner tomographic arrays. The study area comprises a marble mine with metandesites in dykes, sills, and a system of fractures, with enrichment of iron and copper, particularly costly and difficult to explore and study using traditional means of drilling and sampling. In this context, 5 lines of electrical tomography were performed in the three geoelectrical sites previously mentioned. The geophysical data enabled the production of 2D inversion models, later incorporated into 3D visualization models. The correlation between the geological information and the 3D models indicated the characterization of zones with sulfites, with chargeability values over 10 mV/V, and areas without sulfides by values of 1 mV/V. The Dipole–dipole array presented confusing results and anomalous areas displaced regarding the real position. Schlumberger array allowed the correlation between zone with disseminated sulfides and the zone without sulfide mineralization, although it was not possible to identify sulfides in joints and fractures. Wenner arrangement provided a direct correlation of all sulfide and waste zones, possibly due to the horizontal structure of propagation of the electrical and potential fields along the metandesite.

Environmental Geochemistry of Igarra Marble Mining District, Southwestern Nigeria

The determination of the impacts of marble mining on the environment in Igarra was carried out via the analysis of soil and water samples as geological medium. Seven soil samples, ten water samples and five rock samples were collected. The samples collected were subjected to petro-graphic and geochemical analysis. The mean concentration of metals in soil from Ekpeshi were Cd (3.254 mg/kg), Co (786.554 mg/kg), Cu (12.911 mg/kg), Ni (18.942 mg/kg), Pb (5.5 mg/kg), and Zn (28.457 mg/kg) while the concentrations of the water samples collected from streams, taps and wells were Cd (0.116 mg/kg), Co (15.225 mg/kg), Cu (0.542 mg/kg), Ni (0.276 mg/kg), Pb (0.486 mg/kg), and Zn (0.742 mg/kg). Lead (Pb) showed high concentration of (0.486 mg/kg), Ni (0.276 mg/kg) and Cd (0.116 mg/kg) as against acceptable limits of 0.01mg/l, 0.02 mg/l (NIS) and 0.07 mg/l (WHO) 0.003 mg/l respectively, while in soil it showed high concentration of Cd (3.254 mg/kg) compared to the acceptable limit of 0.8 mg/kg set by the Dutch Standard limit for soil. Lead, Nickel and Cadmium are found to be in high concentration in both surface and underground water, and this calls for treating water in the study area before it’s used as drinking water via drilling water boreholes by the mining and processing companies operating in the area as a form of corporate social responsibility. Also, the provisions in the mining act should holistically be implemented to safe life and health of the populace of the immediately surroundings.

ASSESSMENT OF STREAM SEDIMENTS POLLUTION BY POTENTIALLY TOXIC ELEMENTS IN THE ACTIVE MINING AREA OF OKPELLA, EDO STATE, NIGERIA

An active gold mining area in Okpella, Edo State, Nigeria was studied to assess the contribution of gold mining to the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in stream sediments. Standard geochemical sampling and sample treatment techniques were employed, and samples were analysed using the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method. The concentrations of arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were determined in fifteen stream sediment samples from an active gold mining area, which also receives discharged marble mine water. The enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) were calculated using the XRF analysis results to assess the level of PTE pollution in the area. The sediments showed a PTE concentration trend of Cu > Zn > Pb > As > Cr > Hg > Ni > Co. The EF results revealed extremely severe enrichment of Hg, moderate enrichment of Cu, minor enrichment of As and Pb, and no enrichment of Co, Cr, Ni and Zn in the sediments. The Igeo also showed that the sediments were extremely polluted with Hg, moderately polluted with Cu but there was no evidence of pollution from other PTEs. Extreme pollution of the sediments by Hg and its enrichments in Cu, As and Pb are due to indiscriminate active artisanal gold mining in the area. It is recommended that immediate remediation measures should be enforced to mitigate the possible environmental health hazards to humans and livestock in the area.

Multidisciplinary approach in the study of marble quarries in the Apuan Alps

The Apuan Alps (Northern Tuscany, Italy) represent the world’s most important marble mining area, with historical significance and particular geomechanical rocks properties. A detailed knowledge of existing marble rock volumes is required in proper planning and management of mining activities. The aim of this study is the3D reconstruction of marble formation, taking into consideration the polyphasic deformation history of the Apuan Alps. This goal is pursued through a multidisciplinary approach: geological mapping is integrated with the most modern photogrammetric, GIS (Geographic Information System) and 3D modeling technologies. The project is carried out in different work-stages: i) aerial photo-interpretation; ii) geological field-survey; iii) revision and integration with new data of the existent geological maps; iv) creation of three-dimensional model of marble ore. The photo-interpretation phase is carried out in 3D by means of ESRI™ ArcGIS Pro 1.4 suite with the support of DTMs (Digital Terrain Models) and orthophotos at high spatial resolution (up to 5 cm ground pixel); then, through detailed geological mapping, critical data collected in the previous phase is verified. The integrationof previous activities leads to the updating and correction of the currently available geological maps and leads to the production of serial geological cross-sections necessary for the creation of 3D models related to both surface and underground geology. Models have been built within Rhinoceros 5.0®code. Final aim of present work is the calculation of marble formation volumes in some defined areas, with a view to proper manage the resource, as well as to plan the mining activities.