A novel deep eutectic solvent microextraction procedure for enrichment, separation and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of palladium at ultra-trace levels in environmental samples

Abstract

A dispersive deep eutectic solvent microextraction procedure for the separation and preconcentration of palladium from environmental samples has been established prior to its flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination. The deep eutectic solvent (DES) was prepared by mixing disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate, hydroxyl ammonium chloride, FeCl3 and phenol resulting in homogenous solution which used directly for the extraction of palladium. The analytical parameter including pH, amount of deep eutectic solvent and sample volume were optimized. The developed microextraction procedure was found to have tolerance for the common matrix ions in real samples. The optimization studies resulted in pH was suitable at 6.0 with sample volume up to 35 mL. The preconcentration factor was 116. The detection limit was found as 1.18 µg·L−1. The presented microextraction method was applied to determination of palladium in marble mine and catalytic converter samples.