Line Mapping Research Articles

JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS)

Context. Due to the high visual extinction and lack of sensitive mid-infrared (MIR) telescopes, the origin and properties of outflows and jets from embedded Class 0 protostars are still poorly constrained. Aims. We aim to characterise the physical, kinematic, and dynamical properties of the HH 211 jet and outflow, one of the youngest protostellar flows. Methods. We used the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and its Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) in the 5–28 µm range to study the embedded HH 211 flow. We mapped a 0′.95 × 0′.22 region, covering the full extent of the blueshifted lobe, the central protostellar region, and a small portion of the redshifted lobe. We extracted spectra along the jet and outflow and constructed line and excitation maps of both atomic and molecular lines. Additional JWST NIRCam H2 narrow-band images (at 2.122 and 3.235 µm) provide a visualextinction map of the whole flow, and are used to deredden our data. Results. The jet-driving source is not detected even at the longest MIR wavelengths. The overall morphology of the flow consists of a highly collimated jet, which is mostly molecular (H2, HD) with an inner atomic ([Fe I], [Fe II], [S I], [Ni II]) structure. The jet shocks the ambient medium, producing several large bow shocks (BSs) that are rich in forbidden atomic ([Fe II], [S I], [Ni II], [Cl I], [Cl II], [Ar II], [Co II], [Ne II], [S III]) and molecular lines (H2, HD, CO, OH, H2O, CO2, HCO+), and is driving an H2 molecular outflow that is mostly traced by low- J, v = 0 transitions. Moreover, H2 0-0 S(1) uncollimated emission is also detected down to 2″-3″ (~650–1000 au) from the source, tracing a cold (T=200–400 K), less dense, and poorly collimated molecular wind. Two H2 components (warm, T =300–1000 K, and hot, T =1000–3500 K) are detected along the jet and outflow. The atomic jet ([Fe II] at 26 µm) is detected down to ~130 au from the source, whereas the lack of H2 emission (at 17 µm) close to the source is likely due to the large visual extinction (AV > 80 mag). Dust-continuum emission is detected at the terminal BSs and in the blue- and redshifted jet, and is likely attributable to dust lifted from the disc. Conclusions. The jet shows an onion-like structure, with layers of different size, velocity, temperature, and chemical composition. Moreover, moving from the inner jet to the outer BSs, different physical, kinematic, and excitation conditions for both molecular and atomic gas are observed. The mass-flux rate and momentum of the jet, as well as the momentum flux of the warm H2 component, are up to one order of magnitude higher than those inferred from the atomic jet component. Our findings indicate that the warm H2 red component is the main driver of the outflow, that is to say it is the most significant dynamical component of the jet, in contrast to jets from more evolved YSOs, where the atomic component is dominant.

Global profiling of transcriptome, proteome and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome in radioresistant lung adenocarcinoma cell

Radioresistance contributes to metastasis and recurrence in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To provide novel clues, a complete multi-omics map of a radioresistant cancer cell line has been profiled. In this article, a lung adenocarcinoma cell line, radioresistant A549 (RA549), was generated by exposure to a series of irradiation. Subsequently, we adopted transcriptome, quantitative proteome and lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome to construct a differential profile on the transcriptional to post-tanslational levels on A549 and RA549 cell lines, respectively. Our analysis revealed 920 significantly differentially expressed genes and 699 proteins. Furthermore, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome identified 30,089 Khib modified sites on 4635 proteins, indicating that Khib modifications play vital role in regulating NSCLC radioresistance. Multi-omics combined analysis identified 19 significantly differentially expressed genes/proteins in total. Meanwhile, we found that EGFR, a well-known lung cancer-related receptor, was upregulated at both the protein and Khib modification levels in RA549. Further gain/loss of function experiments showed that Khib modified EGFR level positively correlates with NSCLC cell radioresistance. Taken together, our findings report that Khib-modified proteins enhanced resistance to radiation and represent promising therapeutic targets.

GA-NIFS: JWST/NIRSpec IFS view of the z~3.5 galaxy GS5001 and its close environment at the core of a large-scale overdensity

We present JWST Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) observations in integral field spectroscopic (IFS) mode of the galaxy GS5001 at redshift z=3.47, the central member of a candidate protocluster in the GOODS-S field. The data cover a field of view (FoV) of $4 kpc$^2$) and were obtained as part of the Galaxy Assembly with NIRSpec IFS (GA-NIFS) GTO programme. The observations include both high (Rsim 2700) and low (Rsim 100) spectral resolution data, spanning the rest-frame wavelength ranges 3700-6780 and 1300-11850 respectively. These observations enable the detection and mapping of the main optical emission lines from to We analysed the spatially resolved ionised gas kinematics and interstellar medium properties, including obscuration, gas metallicity, excitation, ionisation parameter, and electron density. In addition to the main galaxy (GS5001), the NIRSpec FoV covers a close companion in the south, with three sub-structures with velocities blueshifted by $ with respect to GS5001, and another source in the north redshifted by $ Optical line ratio diagnostics indicate star formation ionisation and electron densities of $ $ across all sources in the FoV. The gas-phase metallicity in the main galaxy is 12+log(O/H) $= 8.45 and slightly lower in the companions (12+log(O/H)$ = 8.34-8.42$), consistent with the mass-metallicity relation at $z We find peculiar line ratios (high log $, low log $) in the northern part of GS5001. These could be attributed to either higher metallicity, or to shocks resulting from the interaction of the main galaxy with the northern source. We identify a spatially resolved outflow in the main galaxy, traced by a broad symmetric component in and with an extension of about 3 kpc. We find maximum outflow velocities of $ an outflow mass of $(1.7 a mass outflow rate of $23 and a mass loading factor of 0.23. These properties are compatible with star formation being the driver of the outflow. Our analysis of these JWST NIRSpec IFS data therefore provides valuable, unprecedented insights into the interplay between star formation, galactic outflows, and interactions in the core of a $z 3.5$ candidate protocluster.

Soliton and lump and travelling wave solutions of the (3 + 1) dimensional KPB like equation with analysis of chaotic behaviors

Nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) have a wide range of applications in various fields, including physics, engineering, biology, economics, and more. These equations are used to describe complex systems that change over time, where the state or behavior of the system not only depends on the current situation, but may also be related to the past. A deep understanding of the solutions to NLEEs is of great significance for predicting and controlling the behavior of complex systems. The (3 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Boussinesq-like (KPB-like) equation represents a partial differential equation that describes nonlinear wave phenomena in multi-dimensional spaces. This model is commonly employed in fields such as fluid dynamics, plasma physics, and nonlinear optics to study wave behaviors. This paper investigates the KPB-like equations, which have meaningful physical implications in describing nonlinear wave phenomena. Hirota bilinear method is employed to derive the bilinear form for the KPB-like equation and 1-soliton, 2-soliton, lump, and travelling wave solutions are studied to this kind of nonlinear model. In addition, the chaotic behaviors of soliton and lump solutions are explored via applying the Duffing chaotic system. To have a better understanding of dynamic structures, 3D, line, density and contour map plots of begotten results are displayed. Our results indicate the directness and effectiveness of the applied method for analyzing high-dimensional differential equations that arise in nonlinear science.

The genetic architecture of the pepper metabolome and the biosynthesis of its signature capsianoside metabolites

Capsicum (pepper) is among the most economically important species worldwide, and its fruits accumulate specialized metabolites with essential roles in plant environmental interaction and human health benefits as well as in conferring their unique taste. However, the genetics underlying differences in metabolite presence/absence and/or accumulation remain largely unknown. In this study, we carried out a genome-wide association study as well as generating and characterizing a novel backcross inbred line mapping population to determine the genetic architecture of the pepper metabolome. This genetic analysis provided over 1,000 metabolic quantitative trait loci (mQTL) for over 250 annotated metabolites. We identified 92 candidate genes involved in various mQTLs. Among the identified loci, we described and validated a gene cluster of eleven UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in monomeric capsianoside biosynthesis. We additionally constructed the gene-by-gene-based biosynthetic pathway of pepper capsianoside biosynthesis, including both core and decorative reactions. Given that one of these decorative pathways, namely the glycosylation of acyclic diterpenoid glycosides, contributes to plant resistance, these data provide new insights and breeding resources for pepper. They additionally provide a blueprint for the better understanding of the biosynthesis of species-specific natural compounds in general.

Multivariate analysis and image-based phenotyping of cayenne fruit traits in selection and diversity mapping of multiple F1 cross lines

The phenomenon of fluctuating chili prices can be resolved in stages, one of which is through multiple crosses. However, this cross requires precise methods in the evaluation and selection process, especially regarding fruit characteristics. Image-based phenotyping 4.0 approaches can increase the potential precision of such evaluation genotypes, especially when this approach is combined with multivariate analysis. Therefore, both methods are needed to evaluate and select these cayenne multiple crosses. This research aims to identify the effectiveness of multivariate analysis and image-based explanatory characteristics of fruit phenotypes and to select multiple crosses that can continue to the F2 generation. The research was designed with a randomized complete block design of ten F1 multiple cross-genotypes and four check varieties. Each genotype was repeated three times, so there were 42 experimental units. Based on the results, multivariate was considered adequate in determining image explanatory characters based on fruit phenotype and genotype mapping of the population diversity of multiple crosses of cayenne pepper. The characteristics of fruit height, fruit area, and fruit Intden are image-based explanatory characters that can map the completeness of cayenne pepper fruit between multiple crosses well. This indicates that image-based phenotyping and multivariate analysis can provide more detailed image information of the potential of cayenne fruit from multiple crosses than just based on fruit weight. Therefore, both approaches are recommended for analyzing cayenne paper fruit potential, especially for multiple crosses. In addition, three crosses (MC4, MC8, and MC9) are optimal for the next generation to be recommended and continued.

H i studies of extremely metal-poor dwarfs in voids – I

ABSTRACT We present and discuss the results of the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope H i 21-cm line mapping for five isolated low-mass (M$_{\rm bary}$$\sim$(2–8)$\times 10^7$ M$\odot$) eXtremely Metal Poor dwarfs [12+$\log$(O/H) = 7.13–7.28], selected from the nearby void galaxy sample. All the studied void dwarfs show disturbed morphology in the H i maps with the angular resolutions of $\sim 11$ to $\sim 40\,{\rm arcsec}$. We examine the H i morphology and velocity field and the relative orientation of their stellar and gas body spins. We discuss the overall non-equilibrium state of their gas and the possible origin and evolution of the studied void dwarfs. The most straightforward interpretation of the ubiquitous phenomenon of the gas component non-equilibrium state in these and similar void dwarfs is the cold accretion from the void filaments and/or minor mergers. The cold gas accretion in voids could be linked to the presence of small filaments that constitute the substructure of voids.

Derivation of Predictive Layers Using Regional Till Geochemistry Data for Mineral Potential Mapping of the REE Line of Bergslagen, Central Sweden

With the increasing need for rare-earth elements (REEs) to reach the goals of the ongoing green energy transition, new and innovative methods are needed to identify new primary resources of these critical metals. This study explores the potential to use a non-biased, uniform till dataset to generate evidentiary layers that describe these critical factors and geochemical anomalies to aid mineral potential mapping (MPM) for REEs using machine-assisted methods. The till samples used in this study were collected from the “REE Line”, a sub-region within the Bergslagen lithotectonic province, Sweden, where numerous REE mineralizations occur. Multiple approaches were used in this study to isolate geochemical anomalies using multivariate methods, namely principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering. Additional factors for classifying till samples were also tested, including alteration indices. Using known REE occurrences in Bergslagen as validation points, the results demonstrated the usefulness of multivariate methods applied to till geochemistry for predictive bedrock mapping, and to identify potential areas of REE mineralization within the REE line. The results of the alteration indices showed that the till geochemistry demonstrated similar levels of alteration when compared to the underlying bedrock, allowing for a regional alteration map to be generated. These results show that regional-scale till sampling can provide low-cost data for mineral exploration at the regional scale and generate usable evidentiary layers for GIS-based MPM.

Self-generated cues: the role of cue quality in facilitating eyewitness recall

Purpose Witness-led techniques, informed by theory, have been recognized as best practice for eliciting information from cooperative eyewitnesses. This study aims to test a self-generated cue (SGC) mnemonic grounded in memory theory and explore the impact of three SGC mnemonics on subsequent recall performance. Design/methodology/approach Participants (N = 170) witnessed a live staged event and reported their recall using an SGC mnemonic (keywords only, event line or concept map) or control technique (other-generated cues or free recall only). These mock witness accounts were compared in terms of correct and incorrect details reported. Findings Fewer correct details were reported in the other-generated cue condition compared to the SGC event line (p = 0.018) and SGC concept map (p = 0.010). There were no significant differences between free recall alone and any other condition. The number of inaccurate details reported did not differ between conditions (p = 0.153). The findings suggest that high-quality free recall instructions can benefit recall performance above generic cues (e.g. other-generated cues) but using SGCs to support a structured recall (e.g. concept map or event line) may offer an additional recall benefit. Originality/value The findings support previous research that SGCs benefit recall beyond other-generated cues. However, by comparing different cue generation techniques grounded in the literature, we extend such findings to show that SGC generation techniques are not equally effective and that combining SGCs with structured recall is likely to carry the greatest benefit to recall.

Correlation of the Socio-Demographic Variables to Travel Behaviour and Mode Choice in Cities of Least Developed Countries- Case Study, Urban Neighbourhoods in Aden, Yemen

This case study focuses on the city of Aden, Yemen, where a large segment of the population relies on the semi-formal public transportation due to various sociodemographic and economic factors. The study specifically investigates the inner urban area of Al Mansoura in Aden. To understand travel behavior and mode choice in this area, the research employs a mixed methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches through a case study design. Primary data about the area of interest were collected through field observations, interviews, questionnaires, GIS mapping, and street audits. In addition, a novel mapping of the semi-formal transportation lines was produced for the first time in the city. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using statistical analysis methods. The results indicate a correlation between sociodemographic variables and travel behavior and mode choice, particularly in terms of income and gender. Low-income individuals tend to use public transport, while those with higher incomes prefer private vehicles. Additionally, females generally drive less than males and generally have less mobility due to cultural and educational factors; fewer responsibilities outside the home. However, a small number of females who use private vehicles tend to work.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of aluminum-graphite composites processed via accumulative roll bonding

In the present work, the aluminum-graphite metal matrix composites were fabricated via accumulative roll bonding (ARB). The graphite powder particles of <50 μm were introduced into aluminum in three different weight percentages. The effect of graphite on the evolution of microstructure, interface formation, and mechanical properties was studied. The microstructural investigation revealed that the amount of graphite played a vital role. A better particle distribution was observed for 1.25 and 1.5 wt%. However, a further increase in the reinforcement to 2.2 wt% shows longer flaky graphite with comparatively sharing a larger interface area with the matrix aluminum. An FE-SEM/EDS (Field Emission-Scanning electron microscopy/Energy dispersive Spectroscopy) line mapping at the aluminum-graphite interface confirmed an intact sound interface with better adherence properties. The ultimate tensile strength of the composites drastically improved with an increasing number of ARB passes. The FE-SEM taken over the fractured surface of the composite revealed that the ARBed Al-1100 and the composites failed in ductile mode. It was observed that the graphite particle was the primary source of nucleation in the composites. The voids have nucleated at the particle-matrix interface, followed by their growth and coalescence.

Three-dimensional distribution of subchondral fracture lines in osteonecrosis of the femoral head

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of three-dimensional distribution of subchondral fracture lines on the surface of the osteonecrosis femoral head, and to discuss the underlying mechanisms that contribute to its collapse. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed computed tomography (CT) images from 75 patients (comprising a total of 77 femoral heads) diagnosed with Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) stage IIIA or IIIB femoral head necrosis. The three-dimensional structures of both the femoral head and the subchondral fracture line were reconstructed and subsequently fitted into normal femoral head model. A heat map of fracture line was generated to visualize its spatial distribution across the femoral heads surface.to observe its distribution. In addition to that, the femoral head was partitioned into four zones, and the frequency of each fracture line traversing different zones was calculated and analysed. ResultsHighest and lowest density of subchondral fracture lines was demonstrated in anterolateral and posterolateral zone respectively. and most sparse in posterolateral. Furthermore, the three-dimensional heat map of fracture lines highlighted their most frequent occurrence in the anterolateral area, particularly near the junction of the femoral head and neck. One fracture line may pass through multiple areas, passage frequencies for fracture lines was observed in zones I, II, III and IV for 66 times (85.7 %), 52 times (67.5 %), 25 times (32.5 %) and 46 times (59.7 %), respectively, with a significant difference between zone I and other zones (P < 0.001). ConclusionSubchondral fracture line of femoral head occurs most frequently in anterolateral femoral head, suggesting that the anterolateral part may be the initial location of collapse. Translational potential of this articleWe found that the subchondral fracture line was most frequently located anterolateral to the femoral head, suggesting that this may be the site of initiation of collapse. Furthermore, we propose an innovative method for analyzing and visualizing subchondral fracture distribution in femoral head necrosis in the form of fracture line heat maps. By doing so, we provide a valuable reference for physicians, enabling them to enhance their management strategies for femoral head necrosis. Ultimately, this approach holds the promise of significantly improving the prognosis and outcomes for patients afflicted with this condition.

An integrated single-cell RNA-seq map of human neuroblastoma tumors and preclinical models uncovers divergent mesenchymal-like gene expression programs

BackgroundNeuroblastoma is a common pediatric cancer, where preclinical studies suggest that a mesenchymal-like gene expression program contributes to chemotherapy resistance. However, clinical outcomes remain poor, implying we need a better understanding of the relationship between patient tumor heterogeneity and preclinical models.ResultsHere, we generate single-cell RNA-seq maps of neuroblastoma cell lines, patient-derived xenograft models (PDX), and a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM). We develop an unsupervised machine learning approach (“automatic consensus nonnegative matrix factorization” (acNMF)) to compare the gene expression programs found in preclinical models to a large cohort of patient tumors. We confirm a weakly expressed, mesenchymal-like program in otherwise adrenergic cancer cells in some pre-treated high-risk patient tumors, but this appears distinct from the presumptive drug-resistance mesenchymal programs evident in cell lines. Surprisingly, however, this weak-mesenchymal-like program is maintained in PDX and could be chemotherapy-induced in our GEMM after only 24 h, suggesting an uncharacterized therapy-escape mechanism.ConclusionsCollectively, our findings improve the understanding of how neuroblastoma patient tumor heterogeneity is reflected in preclinical models, provides a comprehensive integrated resource, and a generalizable set of computational methodologies for the joint analysis of clinical and pre-clinical single-cell RNA-seq datasets.

Endopelvic zones and constant fragment mapping in acetabular fractures

ObjectiveThis study aims to characterize the constant fragment (CF) in acetabular fractures and to provide a novel nomenclature of anatomic zones from the vantage point of the endopelvic approach. DesignRetrospective clinical study SettingUrban Level I trauma center, Patients/participants: One hundred and eleven consecutive acetabular fractures eligible for an AIP approach and treated surgically. Intervention: 3D mapping of the CF line of fractures using a novel endopelvic anatomical zoning system. Main outcome measurement: Correlation of Letournel's fracture types to the size of the CF and its location based on precise anatomical nomenclature. ResultsThe average age of patients was 47 years (range, 12 to 88 years), predominantly comprising male patients (78 %, n = 87) and female patients (22 %, n = 24). Fractures were grouped into 3 categories based on the size of the CF and its location from anterior to posterior. Group 1 included AC fractures which demonstrated the largest CF. The CF nearly always spared Zone 4. Group 2 included transverse fractures, T-Type fractures, and T-Type with posterior wall fractures. The CF was of intermediate size, and it often spared Zone 4. Group 3 included anterior column posterior hemitransverse fractures and associated both column fractures. The CF was the smallest of all categories and rarely spared Zone 4. ConclusionOur analysis suggests consistent and repeatable patterns and sizes of constant fragments. These findings can serve as an endopelvic roadmap for the AIP approach based on fracture types, guiding placement of reduction clamps, vectors of reduction and hardware position.

Lightweight Structured Line Map Based Visual Localization

Lightweight Structured Line Map Based Visual Localization

Metropolitan spatial structure based on commuting pattern: a comparison between Jakarta and Surabaya metropolitans

ABSTRACT Different urban structures can present different problems. Therefore, it is important to organize the spatial structure of the city to ensure the movement and welfare of city residents. Metropolitan Jakarta and Surabaya are the two largest metropolitan areas in Indonesia and play a very important role as centres of national social and economic activities. This study aims to identify urban spatial structures based on commuter movement patterns in both metropolitan areas. This is done by calculating the spatial interaction and visualization of the Desire Line Map. The results of the analysis show that Jakarta and Surabaya Metropolitan Areas still tend to be monocentric because the attraction of their movements is still dominated by their respective cores.

Quadrilateral plate classification program of acetabular fractures based on three-column classification: a three-dimensional fracture mapping study

BackgroundA new classification system for acetabular fractures has been proposed in recent years, which is called the 3-column classification. However, this system does not provide information regarding quadrilateral plate fractures. To address this issue, we utilized three-dimensional (3D) fracture line mapping and heat map to analyze the link between the 3-column classification and quadrilateral plate fractures.MethodsWe collected CT scan data from 177 patients who had been diagnosed with acetabular fractures. Additionally, we utilized a CT scan of a healthy adult to generate a standard acetabular model. We utilized the collected CT data of the fracture to create a 3D model and subsequently reduced it. We then matched each acetabular fracture model with the standard acetabular model and mapped all of the fracture lines to the standard model. 3D fracture lines and heat maps were created by overlapping all fracture lines. Fracture characteristics were then summarized using these maps.ResultsThis study analyzed a total of 221 acetabular fractures. The most frequently observed fracture type, based on the three-column classification, was A1.2, which corresponds to fractures of the anterior column. In contrast, the least common type of fracture was A4, which represents fractures of the central wall. It was noted that quadrilateral plate fractures were frequently observed in fractures classified as type B and C according to the three-column classification.ConclusionsAmong the three-column classification, the QLP fractures are commonly observed in type B and C. It is important to carefully identify these fractures during the diagnostic process. Therefore, based on the three-column classification, we have amalgamated quadrilateral plate fractures and formulated a classification program for acetabular fractures.

Detecting Line Segments in Motion-Blurred Images With Events.

Making line segment detectors more reliable under motion blurs is one of the most important challenges for practical applications, such as visual SLAM and 3D line mapping. Existing line segment detection methods face severe performance degradation for accurately detecting and locating line segments when motion blur occurs. While event data shows strong complementary characteristics to images for minimal blur and edge awareness at high-temporal resolution, potentially beneficial for reliable line segment recognition. To robustly detect line segments over motion blurs, we propose to leverage the complementary information of images and events. Specifically, we first design a general frame-event feature fusion network to extract and fuse the detailed image textures and low-latency event edges, which consists of a channel-attention-based shallow fusion module and a self-attention-based dual hourglass module. We then utilize the state-of-the-art wireframe parsing networks to detect line segments on the fused feature map. Moreover, due to the lack of line segment detection datasets with pairwise motion-blurred images and events, we contribute two datasets, i.e., synthetic FE-Wireframe and realistic FE-Blurframe, for network training and evaluation. Extensive analyses on the component configurations demonstrate the design effectiveness of our fusion network. When compared to the state-of-the-arts, the proposed approach achieves the highest detection accuracy while maintaining comparable real-time performance. In addition to being robust to motion blur, our method also exhibits superior performance for line detection under high dynamic range scenes.

Change Detection Study Of Al Razaza Lake Region Utilizing RemoteSensing And GIS Technique

Remote sensing techniques are now widely used for environment studies, surveysand monitoring. It became a need to study Razaza lake and the surrounding areasespecially when the Antiquities Authority of the Ministry of Tourism announced,that the discovery of the effects under the waters of Lake Razzaza in Karbalaprovince. The aim procedures carried out in this study, the first classified the studyarea by using unsupervised classification method to produce the land cover and landuse ,deriving the elevations as a vector layer using TIN for the whole surroundingregion of lake, the second part, the output is a continuous surface to be created byapplying Kriging interpolation, the third step, obtaining maps of contour lines alsoused to show lines of constant density or brightness by implementations the contourlines , converting the result of interpolation method to a vector values that can becalculated, then the implementation of the classified process and calculating the areaaround the lake, all these steps are done by using ArcGIS. Finally a classificationprocess for the same scene on a different date is applied and then compare it withthe first scene using ERDAS.

Effect of interdiffusion layer of functionally graded Al–Cu composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering on mechanical and thermal properties

The effect of the microstructure of multi-layer Al–Cu functionally graded materials (FGMs) fabricated through spark plasma sintering (SPS) on the mechanical and thermal properties was systemically investigated. Uniformly mixed Al–25, 50, 75 Cu (vol%) powder samples were prepared by mechanical ball milling and used for fabricating two types of FGMs: FGM 1 with three layers (Cu/Al–50Cu/Al) and FGM 2 with five layers (Cu/Al–75Cu/Al–50Cu/Al–25Cu/Al). These FGMs were then sintered at 400 °C under a compressive pressure of 250 MPa for 5 min. The microstructures of the sintered FGMs exhibited gradual variations in the Al and Cu contents. An interdiffusion layer composed of Cu9Al4 and CuAl2 at the layer/layer interfaces was observed, the thickness of which was analyzed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy line mapping. The Vickers hardness of FGM 1 and FGM 2 were higher than that calculated by rule of mixture due to the formation of Al–Cu IC such as Cu9Al4 and CuAl2. The drastic enhancement in a Al–75Cu layer was obtained by dominant formation of Cu9Al4. On the other hand, the thermal conductivity of the prepared FGMs was lower than that of Al due to the formation of Al–Cu ICs, enhanced heat dissipation compared with the Al–Cu composite materials. The mechanical and thermal properties of Al–Cu FGMs can be controlled by designing the layer composition or the number of layers.