Tank Management Research Articles

Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Natural Tank Management Studies of Salem District

Today the water shortage is one of the highlighted trouble persist in the global which causes several troubles in surroundings. Based on this in our attention we proposed to do research within the natural tank's development which performs the essential position in the garage of water and supply to all human wishes. To study the tank settlements and its utility we use GIS device for mapping and factors affecting. To develop the records on land use/land cover inside the shape of maps and statistical records is very crucial for spatial making plans, control, and utilization of land. Land use change can also influence many natural phenomena and ecological procedures, inclusive of runoff, soil erosion and sedimentation and soil situations. The goals of this examine are to locate land use modifications and different affecting parameter in Salem district purpose of water scarcity.

Ammonia emissions from an in-ground finisher hog manure tank

A large fraction of emitted and ultimately deposited ammonia (NH3) originates from swine waste storage. Understanding the factors that influence these emissions is important in determining how to mitigate NH3 loading of the atmosphere. Hog manure is stored in slurry pits, tanks, or lagoons. Ammonia emissions from a ground-level mid-western hog finisher manure tank collecting manure from a mean of 3508 animals was measured for 8–20 d each quarter of the year for two years. Forty of the 164 measurement days had sufficient measurements to represent entire days. These daily emissions averaged 0.44 g NH3 m−2h−1 (53.1 g d−1 AU−1, 7.2 g d−1 hd−1: AU = 500 kg animal mass, hd = 1 animal) with maximum emissions of 1.62 g NH3 m−2h−1 (194.2 g d−1 AU−1, 26.4 g d−1 hd−1). Emissions from the tank were greater on an area basis but comparable on an animal basis relative to emissions from much larger anaerobic lagoons. Emissions were correlated with air temperature and manure composition, but not wind speed or friction velocity- probably due to the turbulence created by the tank structure under all winds. Crusting of the manure surface in the tank corresponded with a non-significant 10% increase in NH3 emissions. A model of the tank emissions, based on nominal nitrogen loading rates from the literature and taking into account the configuration of the circular tank, had a mean bias error of 0.01 g NH3 m−2h−1 (0.9 g d−1 AU−1, 0.1 g d−1 hd−1) and a root mean square error of 0.26 g NH3m−2h−1 (31.6 d−1 AU−1, 4.3 g d−1 hd−1). Additional emissions measurements from such ground-level manure storage tanks with greater documentation of the manure liquid composition are needed to verify the modeling approach.

Heat management on rectangular metal hydride tanks for green building applications

A numerical study fully validated with solid experimental results is presented and analysed, regarding the hydrogenation process of rectangular metal hydride tanks for green building applications. Based on a previous study conducted by the authors, where the effective heat management of rectangular tanks by using plain embedded cooling tubes was analysed, in the current work the importance of using extended surfaces to enhance the thermal properties and the hydrogenation kinetics is analysed. The studied extended surfaces (fins) were of rectangular shape; and several combinations regarding the number of fins and the fin thickness were examined and analysed. The values for fin thickness were 2-3-5 and 8 mm and the number of fins studied were 10-14-18 and 20. To evaluate the effect of the heat management process, a modified version of a variable named as Non-Dimensional Conductance (NDC) is introduced and studied. A novel AB2-Laves phase intermetallic was considered as the metal hydride for the study. The results of the hydrogenation behaviour for the introduced parameters (fin number and thickness) showed that the rectangular tank equipped with the cooling tubes in combination with 14 fins of 5 mm fin thickness has the capability of storing hydrogen over 90% of its theoretical capacity in less than 30 min.

Optimal rainwater tank design for control of particulate contaminants

AbstractRainwater systems, which collect rainfall from the roof surface, are an attractive alternative technology, and one of the cleanest water resources. Microorganisms can be treated by disinfection processes or by inducing a biofilm, but particulate matter can only be easily removed with effective storage tank design parameters. In this study, therefore, the effects of rainwater tank design parameters on the treatment of particulate contaminants are analyzed. The J-type inlet pipe seems to maintain stable rainwater quality by suppressing the resuspension of bottom sediments during rainfall inflow. The intermediate wall can prevent sediment from spreading to the whole storage tank, and provide functions such as securing the stable water quality of the outflow area and managing sediment flow to the inflow region. The baffles can simplify tank management such as sediment drainage and tank cleaning by leading to more sedimentation of particles in the unit area. Based on the water quality monitoring results of pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), and turbidity at the field scale, it is possible to supply a certain quality of water by optimizing tank design parameters alone even if particulate contaminants flow into the rainwater tank.

HYDROLOGICAL VIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR MINOR IRRIGATION TANKS CASCADE SYSTEM USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Many of the Andhra Pradesh minor irrigation tanks are inter-connected cascades, allowing surplus flow of the upstream tanks and return flow from the upstream command area to reach straight away downstream tank. To increase the irrigation supply in downstream of command area, irrigation tanks are being used. There are several troubles of the irrigation tanks, such as reduction of design discharge as a result of silting of channel and tanks, deterioration of stone masonry channel, and encroachment of drainage courses and tank water spread leads to the decline of tank performance. Water Resources Department (WRD) is implementing Andhra Pradesh Integrated Irrigation and Agriculture Transformation Project (APIIATP) for improvement and management of minor irrigation tanks through community based approach with the funding of World Bank .The prediction of water availability in tank is important for the purpose of improving productive use of the water resources in a tank cascade system. The land use/land cover map was prepared using LISS-IV imagery. The drainage courses problems are identified in the tank cascade system by SOI 1: 50,000 scale toposheet & satellite image. The problems were found in the earthen channel, catchments and head works. For the identified problems, the remedial measures are suggested for improving the tank cascade system to restore it to its original condition.

Parametric Study on the Heat Management of Metal Hydride Tanks for Sustainable Building Applications

In the current work, a parametric numerical analysis of MmNi4.6Al0.4 is studied during the hydrogenation process; under effective heat management. A fully validated with solid experimental results mathematical model including the heat, mass and momentum conservation equations is introduced, described and incorporated on a Multiphysics software (COMSOL Multiphysics). The target of the current study was the storage of 200g of hydrogen per hydrogenation/dehydrogenation cycle within 5000s. The heat management during the hydrogenation process was performed by the usage of plain-embedded cooling tubes in combination with extended surfaces. The parameters examined in the current work were; the fin thickness, the fin number (metal hydride thickness) and the coolants’ flowrate within the tubes. A non-dimensional parameter was utilised for the evaluation of the heat management process. The results showed that the optimum fin number was 60, in combination with fin thickness 5-8mm and the value of the heat transfer coefficient 2000-5000 Wm-2K-1.

Socio-Cultural, Ecological and Legal Perspectives on Small Tank Management in a Selected Cascade System in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

Water tanks are complex human-made ecosystems involving many natural resources and providing a wide variety of functions. Many stakeholders actively use these resources and functions. The different ecological, social, and economic elements of the ecosystem are closely related and dependent on the existence of the water tank. The central presence of the tank gives the essential structure to the territory. This is emanated very clearly in the cascade tank systems which are abundant in the North Central Province of the country. Due to many factors including industrialization of agriculture and tanks connected with the central irrigation systems such as Mahaweli, and tanks being managed predominantly by the Government, the involvement of the village communities in tank management to ensure its full ecosystem services has become very less. This aggravated by other disturbances such as war had led to the deterioration of the cascade systems. The present study was undertaken to assess the influences of socio-economic and cultural perspectives on the conservation of the tank cascade system to provide its full potential of ecosystem services. It also evaluated the ecological and legal aspects either in place or desired towards the conservation of the same. Four tanks situated in a cascade setting in Kahatagasdigiliya Divisional Secretariat Division in Anuradhapura District in the North Central Province were selected for the study. They were Bambarahela wewa, Kumbuk wewa, Diwul wewa and Hettu wewa. The villages to which these tanks belong to are Bambarahela, Diwulwewa and Hettuwewa. Mix methods including both qualitative and quantitative data collection were used in gathering data. This was supplemented with secondary data collected from relevant sources. A close-ended questionnaire was administered in a household survey in the villages to obtain information on their dependence on tanks, and socio-economic and cultural influences on their perceptions of the ecosystem services and conservation of the tanks. This was supplemented with key informant interviews with relevant personnel including village headman (Grama Niladhari), school principals, leaders of farmer organizations, officials of relevant line agencies and the Department of Agrarian Services who has the jurisdiction to administer small tanks. From the results of the survey it was revealed that almost all the villagers had been using the tanks for more than 50 years for diverse purposes including agriculture (paddy and other cultivations), bathing, washing etc. but at present they do not use the water for drinking as they think it is polluted. The dependence on tanks does not vary significantly with their educational level or socio economic status and almost all are aware of the ecosystem services provided by the tanks. Their religion and culture had influenced their perceptions on tank conservation. However, none of them was willing to pay money to conserve the ecosystem as they were of the view that the existing management mechanism is adequate. The requirement to have buffer zones around tanks according to law, has not been adhered to. As this is rather a remote area the upper catchment of the tank cascade system is conserved. Keywords: Tank cascade, Ecosystem services, Conservation

Social actors in traditional tank rehabilitation: a case study of Tamil Nadu (India)

Many conventional participatory resource appraisal projects in India have been criticized for their observed poor standard of equity. Here, the participating community is treated just as a free source of labour, and majority of them do not have any share to the benefits. The Vayalagam Tankfed Agricultural Development Program (VTADP) of the Madurai-based Development of Human Action (DHAN) Foundation is a positive exception to this trail. Apart from the regular technical and institutional aspects of tank management, the program has successfully included the other relevant dimensions of livelihood improvement of the tank communities. It has scaled up the level of equity and sustainability of the said program, and set an alternative example to the government funded tank rehabilitation programs. This paper attempts to explore the various mechanisms of community involvement of the VTADP and assess the nature of changes in community livelihood after the program implementation.

天然气储气罐安全运行与管理

天然气储气罐安全运行与管理

IoT-based Water Tank Management System for Real-time Monitoring and Controling

IoT-based Water Tank Management System for Real-time Monitoring and Controling

Socio-Cultural, Ecological and Managerial Perspectives of a Selected Cascade Tank System in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka

The main objective of the study was to assess the current knowledge and perceptions of the communities on the ecosystem services provided by the water tanks with special reference to a tank cascade system in Anuradhapura District. The findings were used to get an understanding of the present status of management, gaps and provide recommendations using an integrated approach with the relevant stakeholders. An ancient tank cascade system situated in the Kahatagasdigiliya Divisional Secretariat Division in Anuradhapura District of the North Central Province was used for the study. Four tanks constituted the selected cascade system, namely Bambarahela wewa, Kumbuk wewa, Diwul wewa and Hettu wewa and were located in three villages ie. Bambarahela, Diwulwewa and Hettuwewa. The former villages were inhabited by Sinhala Buddhist while the latter was by Muslims. These tanks are under the jurisdiction of the Konwewa Agrarian Development Office. Secondary data as well as primary data were collected on the socio economic, ecological and managerial environment of the tank cascade and related areas. Primary data were gathered using structured questionnaires, key informant interviews. Mixed methods were used to analyse data. According to the findings, majority of the village communities use the tank for farming and related activities, bathing and washing etc. However, none use the tank water for drinking as they have a notion that it is polluted. A statistically significant relationship (p<0.05) was not observed between the occupation and monthly income of the communities with their knowledge of the ecosystem services of the tanks while the education level of households showed a positive relationship (p<0.05). However, there was a lack of knowledge on the full range of ecosystem services of the tanks, tank cascades and this needed to be enhanced. All the respondents were of the view that the tank and associated environment need to be improved and while they were somewhat satisfied with the activities of the farmer organisations and the officials of the Department of Agrarian Services they agreed that this needed improvement to procure the full potential of the tank cascade system. All the respondents were willing to contribute to the improvement and conservation of the tanks. The majority (61%) agreed to pay a fee ranging from a minimum of Rs. 100 to above Rs. 200) annually for tank management. Therefore it could be recommended that in order to promote the ecosystem approach in tank management it is required to enhance the knowledge among the stakeholders and follow an inclusive and integrated approach with the participation of especially farmers and farmer organizations and the officials of the Department of Agrarian Services.

Opportunistic Pathogens and Microbial Communities and Their Associations with Sediment Physical Parameters in Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments.

The occurrence and densities of opportunistic pathogens (OPs), the microbial community structure, and their associations with sediment elements from eight water storage tanks in Ohio, West Virginia, and Texas were investigated. The elemental composition of sediments was measured through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectra. The occurrence and densities of OPs and amoeba hosts (i.e., Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila, Mycobacterium spp., P. aeruginosa, V. vermiformis, Acanthamoeba spp.) were determined using genus- or species-specific qPCR assays. Microbial community analysis was performed using next generation sequencing on the Illumina Miseq platform. Mycobacterium spp. were most frequently detected in the sediments and water samples (88% and 88%), followed by Legionella spp. (50% and 50%), Acanthamoeba spp. (63% and 13%), V. vermiformis (50% and 25%), and P. aeruginosa (0 and 50%) by qPCR method. Comamonadaceae (22.8%), Sphingomonadaceae (10.3%), and Oxalobacteraceae (10.1%) were the most dominant families by sequencing method. Microbial communities in water samples were mostly separated with those in sediment samples, suggesting differences of communities between two matrices even in the same location. There were associations of OPs with microbial communities. Both OPs and microbial community structures were positively associated with some elements (Al and K) in sediments mainly from pipe material corrosions. Opportunistic pathogens presented in both water and sediments, and the latter could act as a reservoir of microbial contamination. There appears to be an association between potential opportunistic pathogens and microbial community structures. These microbial communities may be influenced by constituents within storage tank sediments. The results imply that compositions of microbial community and elements may influence and indicate microbial water quality and pipeline corrosion, and that these constituents may be important for optimal storage tank management within a distribution system.

Factors influencing extent of community participation of project and non project tank users in tank management

Factors influencing extent of community participation of project and non project tank users in tank management

El uso de aguas pluviales en la ciudad de Alicante. De viejas ideas a nuevos enfoques

From 1960’s, the Mediterranean Spanish coastal is characterized by a spectacular increase of urban uses related with residential and sun and beach tourism. This process has affected the consumption growth of certain resources such water. To all this, it is necessary to add supply and availability problems associated to its shortage by climatic factors and the increased demand. The aim of this research is to show and to examine the importance and the potential that rainwater has in the hydro-social cycle in the city of Alicante (Spain) for increasing water supply for certain uses (watering gardens, street cleaning, etc.). To obtain it, it has been analysed databases about the use and collection of these resources. Also, different interviews have been carried out to the technical staff of the company (Aguas municipalizadas de Alicante. Empresa Mixta, S.A.) that is responsible of the tank management where these resources are stored. As main conclusion, it could be pointed that the use of this new water resources has allowed, on the one hand, reducing the use of drinking water to certain municipal water uses, and on the other, to reduce pollution and flooding risk coinciding with episodes of intense rainfall.

Effects of dirty housing and a Typhimurium DT104 challenge on pig growth performance, diet utilization efficiency, and gas emissions from stored manure.

The objectives of this study were to elucidate the effects of a dirty environment and a challenge plus associated environmental contamination on pig growth performance, diet utilization efficiency, and gas emissions (CO, NH, CH, NO, and HS) from stored manure. Twenty-four weaned barrows, aged 31 d at initiation of the trial, were randomly allotted to 3 different treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments were: pigs housed in cages with manure removed and cages washed daily (Clean); pigs housed in cages sprayed daily with manure slurry mixtures (Dirty); or pigs challenged with Typhimurium DT104 and housed in cages that were not washed, but manure was removed daily ( challenge). Rectal temperature, body weight, daily feed intake, manure output, manure composition, and gas emissions from stored manure were measured throughout the 24-d animal phase. The Dirty and challenge treatments were statistically compared to the Clean treatment to evaluate individual effects. Dirty housing tended to decrease ADG from d 1 to 24 ( = 0.06) but there were no other effects on pig performance compared with the Clean treatment. In contrast, a challenge was associated with a marked reduction in each of the measured indicators of pig performance. challenge increased the carbon to nitrogen ratio, ether extract, and lignin concentrations in excreted manure ( = 0.02, 0.01, 0.003, respectively), and increased manure and head space temperatures in manure tanks ( < 0.0001). Gas emissions from stored manure of pigs on the Dirty or treatments were increased for each of the measured gases as compared to the Clean treatment ( < 0.01) when expressed per unit of BW gain. When gas emissions from manure of pigs housed in the Dirty treatment were expressed per unit of manure volatile solids (VS), they were increased for NH, CH, and HS ( < 0.02). challenge was associated with increased emissions of CO, and NO and decreased emissions of HS per kilogram manure VS compared to the Clean treatment ( = 0.06, 0.03, 0.04, respectively). Collectively, these results indicated that a challenge and associated housing contamination caused depressed growth rate and increased manure gas emissions, while exposure to a Dirty environment slightly reduced growth performance and clearly increased manure gas emissions per unit of BW gain as compared to Clean control.

Diferencias geográficas de la fecundidad en España: Una perspectiva provincial

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las diferencias en la intensidad de la fecundidad existentes actualmente en el interior de las provincias españolas, particularmente la que se encuentra entre las capitales de provincia y sus restos provinciales, así como explicar la evolución reciente de dicho fenómeno en España. Mientras que la diferenciación en los valores de la fecundidad entre provincias ha sido objeto clásico de estudio, poco se sabe de las diferencias internas y de su evolución. Los resultados alcanzados en este trabajo indican la existencia de diferencias en dos direcciones: en las provincias más urbanas las capitales (especialmente aquellas con un término municipal reducido y que no incluyen, por lo tanto, nuevas áreas periféricas de expansión) experimentan menor fecundidad que el resto de sus respectivas provincias; en cambio, en las provincias más rurales, donde la población joven se concentra en la capital, es ésta la que muestra una mayor fecundidad que los municipios del resto de la provincia.

CRITICAL ISSUES CONCERNING DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION MANAGEMENT IN VILANCULOS (MOZAMBIQUE)

The research work aimed at analysing the drinking water quality in Vilanculos (Mozambique) and at investigating the influence of poor sanitation management on drinking water quality. The purpose was to understand the reasons of water source contamination and re-contamination in the water supply chain, in order to define strategies to control source contamination and to suggest practical ways for reducing the risk of recontamination. A first phase of microbiological drinking water quality monitoring allowed identifying the most critical areas to be valued in a next sanitation assessment activity, carried out by means of interviews to stakeholders and by direct observation. The microbiological analysis carried out at the source showed that only in few cases there is compliance of water samples with the standard limit for all microbiological parameters. It was also found that the cases of compliance with the regulatory limit decrease moving from the source to the consumer, meaning improper hygiene habits in the supply chain. Microbiological contamination shows a potential danger for the health of consumers. As regards excreta and wastewater management, a prevalence of unimproved sanitation facilities with direct infiltration into the ground and a bad management of septic tanks were identified. In order to improve population s health conditions, a preventive approach should be implemented, including both the improvement of the structural characteristics of latrines and their management and the improvement of water supply infrastructures. Moreover, good practices at the household level resulted to be an important strategy to preserve water microbiological quality.

Growth response of Catlacatla (Hamilton,1822) raised in manured tanks on low fishmeal diets,with a note on carcass composition and digestive enzyme activity

Low fishmeal diets (10%) with varied levels of maize (40-31%) and sardine oil (0-9%) were fed for 120 days to triplicate groups of catla (Catla catla Hamilton,1822) fingerlings (average weight 1.84-1.90 g) stocked @ 1 fish per m2 in cement tanks with soil base fertilised with poultry manure. Fish fed on diet containing 6% oil and 34% maize (T2) showed the highest (p&lt;0.05) growth, followed by those received 9/31 (T3), 3/37 (T1) and 0/40% (T0) oil/maize supplemented diets. Food conversion ratio improved due to oil supplementation, while protein efficiency ratio was not affected significantly. Dietary lipid had a positive impact on carcass protein and lipid levels (p&lt;0.05). Fish survival ranged from 90.73% in all the treatment groups to 92.58% in the control, without any significant (p&gt;0.05) difference among them. Net fish production on termination of the experiment was lowest (820 g) in the control and the highest (1017.85 g) inT2 treatment. Viscerosomatic index (VSI) varied from 3.59 (T2) to 4.65% (T0) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) from 1.13 (T0) to 1.91% (T3). RNA/DNA ratio was highest (3.05) in T2 and lowest (1.84) in T0. An increase in intestinal amylase activity was observed in the treated fish, while intestinal protease and lipase activity showed increase only with higher levels of oil supplementation (6 and 9%). No difference (p&gt;0.05) in enzyme activity was observed in the hepatopancreas of the control and treated fish. The results indicated beneficial effects of incorporating maize and fish oil in low fishmeal diet for catla.

Raymond Struyk: Improving Think Tank Management. Practical Guidance for Think Tanks, Research Advocacy NGOs, and Their Funders

Raymond Struyk: Improving Think Tank Management. Practical Guidance for Think Tanks, Research Advocacy NGOs, and Their Funders

Control of Haematobia irritans in the Minas Gerais Semiarid

Background: Beef cattle is considered to be one of the most important economic activities, however, it presents problems in the production chain such as the occurrence of parasites that reduce the growth, performance, productivity and may cause mortalities occasionally. The chemical control is the most used alternative to reduce ectoparasites. Nevertheless, inappropriate management of insecticides has contributed to the selection of population resistant to the products available on the market. This paper aimed to evaluate the practices of management and the application of insecticides used to control horn flies in farms of dairy cattle in the North of the state of Minas Gerais.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: It was visited 62 rural properties, which produce milk. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied in order to obtain information on the characteristics of the properties (location, size and type of the cattle), on the knowledge about the epidemiology of the horn flies, and on the practices adopted to the control of those parasites. The practices adopted include the moment of application of the insecticides, frequency of the cattle treatment, used products, method of application, number of animals treated, and choice and substitution criteria of insecticides. The data collected were tabulated in contingency tables, and they were analyzed using the chi-square test, considering a significance of 5%. The racial composition of the cattle in the farms was mainly mixed-race of unknown origin, representing 77% of the animals evaluated. In this research, it was reported a greater incidence of horn flies infestation on adult beef herd, and 23.6% of the producers reported occurrences of infestation in the whole herd, not differing by categories. The infestation peaks of the fly occurred from November to March. It was also found a greater frequency of pyrethroid use in the region (P &lt; 0.001), where 43.1% of the producers used associations of pyrethroid or organophosphate to control the flies, high efficiency being reported. From the properties assessed, 92% presented inadequacy in the practices of control of horn flies, for instance, the lack of using cattle manure tank, the accumulation of open waste, the lack of rotation of insecticides, which can favor the selection of resistant flies.Discussion: In this paper, it was reported 77.19% of predominance of Haematobia irritans infestation from November to March mainly in animals with a higher percentage of European or mixed-race genetics. Such results corroborate with the literature, because it was verified the influence of race and hair color in the level of infestation in the animals, although, in the same race, each individual presents different susceptibilities. Taurine beef cattle are more susceptible to infestation by horn flies than zebu cattle. Thus, the lower the proportion of zebu cattle genetics in the herd, the greater the infestation. Taurine beef cattle are more infested because shows a greater number of sebaceous glands and greater concentration of testosterone being attractive before the calves castrated, cows, and after, young animals. Cypermethrin was predominant in most part of the commercial insecticides used in the properties to control this ectoparasite, which could be justified by the large number of products available on the market with such compound in the formulations. The high efficiency of the associations of the insecticides reported by the producers could justify itself by the presence of active ingredients with different mechanisms of action. However, the limitation on the use of these associations is that not always the chemical compounds contained in the drug act simultaneously, being able to favor the selection of parasites resistant to different insecticides present in these formulations.