Types Of Manure Research Articles

Inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms in solid organic waste via black soldier fly larvae-mediated management

Inadequately managed solid organic waste generation poses a threat to the environment and human health globally. Biotransformation with the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is emerging as talent technology for solid waste management. However, there is a lack of understanding of whether BSFL can effectively suppress potential pathogenic microorganisms during management and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the temporal variations of microorganisms in two common types of solid waste, i.e., kitchen waste (KW) and pig manure (PM). Natural composting and composting with BSFL under three different pH levels (pH 5, 7, and 9) were established to explore their impact on microbial communities in compost and the gut of BSFL. The results showed that the compost of kitchen waste and pig manure led to an increase in relative abundance of various potentially pathogenic bacteria. Temporal gradient analyses revealed that the most substantial reduction in the relative abundance and diversity of potentially pathogenic microorganisms occurred when the initial pH of both two wastes were adjusted to 7 upon the introduction of BSFL. Through network and pls-pm analysis, it was discovered that the gut microbiota of BSFL occupied an ecological niche in the compost, inhibiting the proliferation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. This study has revealed the potential of BSFL in reducing public health risks during the solid waste management process, providing robust support for sustainable waste management.

Animal manure in the context of renewable energy and value-added products: A review

Animal manure has a complex structure and can be considered a lignocellulosic material. Manure management generates greenhouse emissions, mainly N2O and CH4. Currently, efforts are being made for the sustainable use of animal manure to obtain bioenergy and value-added products. This work shows thermochemical and biochemical methods for manure valorization and proposes strategies to mitigate the inherent environmental problems, thus helping to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly SDGs 7, 9, 12, and 13. The physicochemical properties and high heating values (HHV) of different types of manure are presented and discussed. The HHV follows the order of cow≈horse>sheep>poultry>pigmanure. Thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion were studied. The operating conditions of anaerobic digestion were also studied. Physical, chemical, thermochemical, and biochemical (e.g., with microbial consortia and enzymes) pre-treatments were analyzed to improve the performance of the above processes. Limitations and obstacles in technological applications were identified, such as manure distribution, lack of government incentives, or the presence of antibiotics in manure. Animal manure has a clear potential to produce organic acids, biomaterials, biofuels, and bioenergy. So, bioprocesses or biorefineries using this biomass as a feedstock may be promising in the near future in the context of the bio-economy, helping to increase the production of renewable energy, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, fostering innovation that adds value to the main livestock activities that generate manure, and guaranteeing sustainable consumption and production modalities that allow mitigating the effects caused by the current treatment of manure.

Growth and Yield of Broccoli Vegetables (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) on Types and Dosages of Manure

Broccoli is a vegetable commodity that has high commercial value and prospects in Indonesia, because of its role in fulfilling food, feed, and industrial needs. In cultivating broccoli plants, they still face production problems due to nutrient availability problems. Farmers generally use chemical fertilizers continuously. Continuous use of chemical fertilizers will increase soil acidity, damage the physical condition of the soil, reduce organic matter, make plants vulnerable to pests and disease, and reduce soil microbial life. Many consumers are interested in organic broccoli. The use of organic fertilizer as an alternative to chemical (inorganic) fertilizer can reduce environmental pollution and create healthy broccoli (Brassica oleracea) vegetable products. One of the organic fertilizers is manure which is a waste product from domestic animals such as chickens, goats, and pigs which are generally found in Tomohon City. Manure can be used to add nutrients, and improve the physical and biological properties of soil. The quality of manure depends on the animal and greatly influences crop yields. The research objectives are: (1) Studying the effect of the interaction between the type and dose of manure on broccoli growth and yield, (2) Obtaining the type and dose of manure that provides the highest growth and yield of broccoli, and (3) Get semi-organic broccoli by using a 25% dose of compound nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) fertilizer. To achieve the above objectives, this research used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications the first factor was the type of manure (A) which consisted of A1: Chicken manure, A2: Goat manure, A3: Pig manure. The second factor is the dose of manure (B) which consists of B0: 125 kg NPK/hectare, B1: 20 manure/hectare, B2: 30 kg/hectare. The observation variables include plant height, number of leaves, diameter of broccoli per plant, and wet weight of broccoli per plant. Data analysis uses Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). If the results of the analysis show that there is an effect of treatment, then continue with the BNT test at the 5% level. The results showed that the treatment with goat manure at a dose of 20 tons/hectare and without manure at half the recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium gave the highest number of leaves (18.67 and 19.67 leaves). The best broccoli crop diameter was treated with goat manure at a dose of 20 and 30 tons/hectare. The weight of the best broccoli crop in goat and pig manure at a dose of 20 tons/hectare was 47.67 grams.

Response of Sweet Corn (Zea Mays Saccharata L.) to Different Levels of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer

This study was conducted in the Agriculture research station of Chamchamal in Sulymaniyah / Iraq, on 3rd July 2022. Was designed using a completely randomized block design (CRBD) 4*4 with three replications. The arrangement of treatment is as follows, the first treatment was chemical fertilizer (NPK) consisting of four levels (0, 50, 75and 100) % of recommended application dose. The second treatment of two types of poultry manure (0, 4ton ha−1 domestic, 4ton ha−1 imported, and 2ton ha−1 from domestic and imported), results obtained from this study can conclude as follows. All parameters (Plant height, Number of leaves, Leaf area, Stem diameter, Biomass, and Chlorophyll content in heaves) significantly differ is by levels of chemical and organic fertilizers compared with control, the combination between 50% of recommended chemical fertilizer and 2 ton ha−1 of both organic fertilizer gave the highest value for all parameters.

Effect Of Addition Of Different Livestock Manure On Population Density Of Tubifex Sp. Using A Recirculation System

Tubifex sp. is a natural food that fish larvae really like because it contains nutrients that are beneficial for fish growth. Tubifex sp. Generally found in shallow waters of low-flow rivers and to protect the source of Tubifex sp. As a natural food for fish larvae, cultivation must be done by adding nutrients to their food. The aim of this research was to determine the population density of Tubifex sp. by using various types of manure with a recirculation system. This research is an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment media used were chicken manure (P1), goat manure (P2), cow manure (P3), and chicken, goat and cow manure (P4). The calculation data was tabulated and analyzed using the SPSS program. Parametric data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a confidence value of 95%. If there are differences between treatments, a BNT (Least Significant Difference) test will be carried out. Population density of Tubifex sp. for 30 days, the best was treatment P2 (77063 birds) by giving a mixture of 500 gr of goat manure with 500 grams of organic mud soil, followed by treatment P1 (19564 individuals) with a mixture of 500 grams of chicken manure and organic mud soil. 1500 gr, then followed by treatment P4 (15445 heads) with a mixture of chicken manure, goat manure, cow manure 166.6 gr 500 gr of cow and 1500 gr of organic mud.

Influence of different organic manures on the growth and yield of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) plants

A pot experiment was conducted during rabi season in the year 2021-22 under net house condition of the Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka to evaluate the influence of different organic manures on the growth and yield contributing the characteristics of marigold. Seven types of organic manures, viz. Alo, Supermill, Mazim, Vermicompost, ACI, Kazi and Poultry manures were applied singly at the rate of 5 ton ha-1. The tallest plant of marigold (60 cm) found with Supermill, the maximum leaf number (367 plant-1) with Poultry manure, leaf area (6.56 cm2 plant-1), leaf area index (0.017), total fresh weight (15.55 g plant-1) and total dry weight (4.78 g plant-1) of marigold plants were recorded with Mazim organic manure. The highest number of branches (78 plant-1), flowers (11 plant-1), diameter (2.80 cm), fresh weight (1.90 g plant-1) and dry weight (0.54 g plant-1) were recorded in ACI organic manure. The upper limit length (8.0 cm) of root and the length of shoot (51.30 cm) were recorded in Supermill. The highest root-shoot ratio (0.22) was recorded in Kazi organic manure. The standard range of number of flower’s was 6 to 11 plant-1 with the treatments without using synthetic fertilizer or any toxic pest control substance. The maximum number of flower (11 plant-1) obtained with ACI. The findings indicated the clear possibilities of growing safe and environment friendly marigold flower in context of Bangladesh. The study revealed that all the sources of organic materials enhanced the growth and yield component of marigold. The study also generated a new information as guide line for future research target. The organic sources may be arranged according to the production of number of marigold flower: ACI>Poultry litter> Mazim>Supermill >Alo>Kazi. Further investigation is needed for future research interest. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2023, 9(2): 39-48

Accumulation of livestock manure–derived heavy metals in the Hexi Corridor oasis agricultural alkaline soil and bioavailability to Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) after 4-year continuous application

Hexi Corridor is one of the most important base of vegetable producing areas in China. Livestock manure (LM) applied to agricultural field could lead to soil heavy metal (HM) pollution. Previous studies have focused on HM pollution following LM application in acidic polluted soils; however, fewer studies have been conducted in alkaline unpolluted soils. A 4–year field vegetable production experiment was conducted using pig manure (PM) and chicken manure (CM) at five application rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 t ha−1) to elucidate potential risks of HMs in an alkaline unpolluted soil in the Hexi Corridor oasis agricultural area and HM uptake by Chinese cabbage. The results showed that LM application caused a significant build–up of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni content in topsoil by 30.6–99.7%, 11.4–51.7%, 1.4–31.3%, 5.6–44.9%, 14%–40.8%, respectively. The Cd, Cu, Zn could potentially exceed the soil threshold in next 8–65 years after 15–60 t ha−1 LM application. Under LM treatment, the soil DTPA–extractable Cu, Zn, Fe, the acid–extractable fraction of Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Ni, and the Oxidable fraction of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni significantly increased, but the DTPA–extractable Pb, Cd, the acid–extractable fraction of Pb, and the reducible fraction of Cd significantly decreased. Cu and Zn could migrate to the deeper soil and relatively increase in DTPA–extracted Cu, Zn were found in 20–40 cm soil depth after LM application. The pH and SOM could influence the bioavailability of HMs in soil. The bioaccumulation factor and transfer factor (TF) values were <1 except Mn (TF > 1). HMs in leaf did not approach the threshold for HM toxicity due to the “dilution effect”. Recommend the type of manure was the PM and the annual PM application rate was 30 t ha−1 to ensure a 20–year period of clean production in alkaline unpolluted Fluvo–aqiuc vegetable soils.

Phosphorus Mineralization in Two Lithologically Dissimilar Tropical Soils as Influenced by Animal Manure Type and Amendment-To-Sampling Time Interval

ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) is one of the most abundant and essential nutrient elements for crop growth; however, it is often not available to plants in sufficient quantity. Organic amendment can enhance its availability in acid tropical soils. In this study, we investigated the effects of manure type on the pattern of P release in highly weathered tropical soils of contrasting lithology and mineralogy. Two fallow-land soils from Isinyi-Nando and UNN-Nsukka in southeastern Nigeria with antecedent Bray-2 available P of 3.73 and 20.83 mg kg‒ 1, respectively, were amended with poultry droppings, pig slurry and cattle dung at soil-manure mass ratio of 100:6 and incubated. They were sub-sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 28 weeks of incubation. In the two soil types, the highest increases in soil pH and available P always occurred with poultry droppings, with P release peaking at 16 weeks. Manure-induced increases in available P were greater in the less oxide-rich Isinyi-Nando soil compared with the more oxide-rich UNN-Nsukka soil over the incubation duration, with lower values in the former than the latter without amendment (5.79 and 23.57 mg kg‒ 1, respectively) and across treatments (40.59 and 45.16 mg kg‒ 1, respectively). The P release patterns were defined more by increases and decreases in soil pH and organic carbon with incubation time, respectively, and less by soil aggregation. Poultry droppings could enhance P release around 16 weeks post-amendment of these soils. Further studies are needed on its synchronized bioavailability and the prospects of slow-mineralizing cattle dung beyond 28 weeks.

Effect of natural fertilization on the yield, biological value, and qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oil in common basil (&lt;i&gt;Ocimum basilicum&lt;/i&gt; L.)

Basil (&lt;i&gt;Ocimum basilicum&lt;/i&gt; L.) is one of the most popular herbal plants used globally in the food and pharmaceutical industries and as an ornamental plant. It is highly valued for the rich content of active substances, whose amount depends on environmental and anthropogenic factors. The type of fertilizer used is an important determinant of the yield and quality of the herb and the soil environment. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of natural fertilizers (granulated cattle manure and granulated chicken manure) applied at different doses (50, 100, 150, 200 g m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;) on the quantity and quality of the yield of common basil (&lt;i&gt;Ocimum basilicum&lt;/i&gt; L.) cultivated in the temperate climate of Lublin Upland. The applied doses of manure had a significant effect on the fresh weight of &lt;i&gt;O. basilicum&lt;/i&gt; L. A significant effect of the type and dose of manure on the content of L-ascorbic acid was found. Additionally, the fertilizer dose had a significant effect on the extract content in the analyzed plants. Significantly higher basil yields were achieved in the fertilization variant with 50 g m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; and 100 g m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; of the manure. The concentration of essential oil in the plants did not change under the influence of the applied manure dose. The experimental factors did not exert an effect on the content of essential oil with its main component (linalool), total nitrogen, and protein in basil plants. The highest content of linalool (78.22%) in the &lt;i&gt;O. basilicum&lt;/i&gt; L. herb was determined in the variant with chicken manure fertilization at the dose of 150 g m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

Mixed sowing of Feed rape and Vicia villosa can substitute nitrogen fertilizer to improve soil multifunctionality in the Hetao irrigation District

Soil multifunctionality (SMF) and crop production of continuous green manure returning is crucial for sustainable agricultural development. Multiple cropping of green manure after wheat harvest is a typical planting pattern in the Hetao Irrigation District, and maybe substitute nitrogen (N) fertilizer. However, information is scarce about how the green manure affected SMF and crop production under limited nitrogen inputs. A 7-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of green manure types (Feed rape (FR), Vicia villosa (VV), Feed rape, and Vicia villosa mixed sowing (FR + VV)) on soil properties, enzyme activities, SMF, and rotated wheat yield under different N application rates (150 kg N ha−1, N150; no nitrogen, N0). The results showed that FR and FR + VV increased soil active carbon (C) and N fractions by 4.0 %-499.3 % and 11.3 %-147.8 % compared to VV, respectively. Enzyme activities with FR + VV were significantly increased by 13.7 %-82.9 % compared to FR and VV. SMF and CCI (carbon cycling index) were significantly affected by N fertilizer and green manure types, with N0 higher than N150 by two times and FR + VV higher than FR by 1.4–4.3 times and VV by 1.0–6.6 times in 0–20 cm soil layer. Spring wheat yield was significantly affected by N fertilizer and green manure types, with N0 significantly higher than N150 by 5.8 % and FR and FR + VV higher than VV by 8.0 % and 12.5 % under N150, respectively. Partial least squares path model detected that returning of multiple green manure had a significant positive and indirect effect on SMF through enhancing soil enzyme activities, and ultimately contribute to the improvement in wheat yield. In conclusion, the mixed sowing of FR and VV increased soil active C and N fractions and associated enzyme activities, and has the potential to improve the SMF and rotated wheat yield, thereby providing an effective approach to reduce N fertilizer.

Solid rabbit fertilizer formulation with the addition of manure and dolomite fertilizer on the growth and production of chili plants

This research aims to determine the formulation of solid rabbit fertilizer with the addition of the right type of manure and dolomite fertilizer on the growth and production of chili plants. This research is a factorial experiment with a basic design of Randomized Block Design with 2 factors tested. The first factor is additional manure treatment in solid rabbit manure with 3 levels: K1 = rabbit manure (30 tons ha-1), K2 = rabbit manure + chicken manure (15 tons ha-1 + 15 tons ha-1 ), K3 = rabbit manure + cow manure (15 tons ha-1 + 15 tons ha-1) and the second factor is dolomite fertilizer dose with 4 levels: D0= 0 kg ha-1, D1= 240 kg ha-1, D2= 480 kg ha-1, D3= 720 kg ha-1. The interaction of solid rabbit fertilizer formulation with the addition of manure (K) and dolomite fertilizer (D) had no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) on all observed variables.

Effect of Different Types Manure and Altitude on Wheat Production

The aim of this research is to know the effect of different manure types on the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) dewata 162 at different altitudes. The study used a factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor is the type of manure; cow, chicken, goat manure. The second factor is the difference in altitude; lowlands, midlands, and highlands. The results showed that the application of manure and different altitudes affected several parameters such as protein content, gluten content, and the weight of 1.000 dry beans. Chicken manure showed the highest dry weight of 1,000 seeds. The highest content of protein, gluten, and weight of 1,000 dry seeds are found in the lowlands.

Pengaruh Pemberian Berbagai Jenis Pupuk Kandang Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Tanaman Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora L) Pada Tanah Ultisol Di Polybag

This research aims to determine the effect of applying cow manure, goat manure and chicken manure on the seedlings growth of robusta coffee (Coffea cenophora L) in ultisol soil in polybags. This research was carried out since January to April 2023 at Pijoan Gardens, Campus II, Batanghari University and Laboratory of Batanghari University. The design used in this research was a completely randomized design (CRD) with one treatment factor, i.e. various types of manure which consist of 4 (four) treatment levels, namely: k0 : 3000 g of soil media without treatment (control), k1: 30 g cow manure + 3000 g ultisol soil, k2: 30 g goat manure + 3000 g ultisol soil, k3: 30 g chicken manure + 3000 g ultisol soil. Each treatment was repeated 3 (three) times. The parameters observed were soil water content, plant height, stem diameter, crown dry weight, root dry weight and root shoot ratio. The treatment of various types of manure had a significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, crown dry weight and root dry weight, but it had no significant effect on the root-shoot ratio of Robusta coffee seedlings. When this is compared with the control one, so the application of goat manure in treatment k2: 30 g of goat manure + 3000 g of ultisol soil gave the highest average results in several parameters such as plant height (79.00 cm) increasing 29.16%, stem diameter (8.40 mm) increased 38.84%, crown dry weight (24.84 g) increased 149.39% and root dry weight (11.09 g) increased 114.92%, and root shoot ratio (2.32) increased 20.83%, There were changes in the chemical characteristics of the soil, including the initial pH of 5.65 to 6.43-6.48 beside the highest soil water content was found in the k2 treatment at 11.99%.Key words: manure (cow, goat, chicken), growth, Liberica coffee, ultisol.

Application of organic fertilizer types in intercropping system red onions with chilli

The research aims to obtain intercropping results by providing organic fertilizer combined with planting patterns. The research was conducted in the Subak Sampalan Delod Margi rice fields, Dawan District, Klungkung. This is a factorial experiment with a Randomized Block Design (RAK) consisting of two factors, namely the type of organic fertilizer (J), 3 levels J1 = Kerambitan agro organic fertilizer; J2 = rabbit cage fertilizer; J3 = Lemeksari compost fertilizer and planting pattern, 3 levels, namely P1 = monoculture; P2= intercropping 1:1; P3= intercropping 2:1. The results showed that the interaction of organic fertilizer type with planting pattern had no significant effect on all observed variables. The highest fresh weight of onion bulbs per hill and fresh weight of cayenne pepper fruit were obtained with the Kerambitan Agro organic fertilizer type, increasing by 10.93% and 10.64% compared to the rabbit manure type. The intercropping system is more profitable than monoculture because land productivity is higher and various commodities are produced, saving production facilities, and the risk of failure is reduced.

Nitrogen availability in digestates from full-scale biogas plants following soil application as affected by operation parameters and input feedstocks

Biogas operation parameters are usually optimised to enhance biogas yields while ignoring digestate quality. This study evaluated the effects of varying operation parameters and input feedstocks used in co-digestion with manure on digestate properties and N turnover in soil for 80 days. Net inorganic N release (% of N input) from digestates varied significantly (p < 0.001) due to their contrasting properties. Temperature, hydraulic retention time (HRT), manure type and input feedstocks significantly influenced soil inorganic N release. Animal slurry co-digested with energy crops had the highest average net soil inorganic N release at 67 %, while co-digestion with straw-based feedstock had the lowest at 56 %. Feedstock type greatly influenced the choice of digesting temperature and HRT, with most energy crop-based feedstocks digested at <50 days HRT. Digestate properties NH4+ -N/total N, C/N and total carbon concentration significantly influenced net inorganic N release in soil. A better understanding of the effects of biogas operation variables on nutrient availability and digestate fertilising properties could help design and optimise the anaerobic digestion process to increase biogas yields and N fertiliser value of the digestates.

Influence of Different Types of Manure and Clove Size on the Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium salivum L)

In order to determine the effects of various types of manure and clove size on the development and productivity of garlic, an experiment was carried out at the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, between November 2021 and April 2022. The experiment consisted of three sizes of garlic cloves (Viz. C1=small (50gm/100 cloves), C2=medium (70gm/100 cloves), C3=large (90gm/100 cloves)) and four levels of manure (Viz. M0= Control (No manure), M1= Cowdung (15t/ha), M2= Vermicompost (6t/ha), M3= Mushroom spent compost (6t/ha)). The two-factor experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and 12 treatments. Growth and yield of garlic were influenced by the different clove sizes. The C3 treatment had the most leaves (12.77), the largest bulb diameter (4.11 cm), the most cloves per bulb (25.49), the largest clove diameter (1.35 cm), the largest weight of 10 cloves per bulb (13.5 g), and the highest bulb output per hectare (9.43 ton). The growth and yield of garlic were significantly impacted by different level of manure. The M3 treatment produced the highest number of leaves (12.45), maximum bulb diameter (3.73 cm), highest number of cloves per bulb (24.44), highest diameter of cloves per bulb (1.08 cm), highest weight of 10 cloves per bulb (11.83 g), and highest bulb output per hectare (9.92 ton). The highest bulb yield (11.42 ton/ha) was obtained from M3C3 treatment combination, while the lowest bulb yield (5.49 ton/ha) was obtained from M0C1 treatment combination. So, it can be revealed that the M3C3 treatment combination appeared to the best for achieving the higher yield of garlic.

The Effect of Administration of Cow Stage and NPK Fertilizer on The Growth and Results of Chrysan Plants (Chrysantthemum morifolium, R.)

Chrysanthemum (chrysanthemum morifolium R.), is an ornamental plant that has economic value and has the potential to be developed in national and international trade. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of cow manure and NPK fertilizer dosage on growth and yield of chrysanthemum plants. The hypothesis put forward in this study was that cow manure (20 tons ha-1) and NPK fertilizer doses (1000 kg/ha) could increase growth and yield of chrysanthemum plants. The experimental design used in this study was a factorial randomized block design with 2 treatments, namely the type of organic cow manure (S) consisting of 4 levels, namely: S0 = without cow manure, S1 = 10 ton/ha-1 cow manure, S2 = 20 tons/ha-1 cow manure, S3 = 30 tons/ha-1 cow manure, and the dosage of NPK fertilizer consists of 4 levels, namely: D0= without NPK fertilizer, D1= 1000 kg/ha, D2= 2000 kg/ha, D3 = 3000 kg/ha. Research data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance. For a single treatment that had a significant to very significant effect, it was continued with the LSD test at the 5% level. The results of statistical analysis showed that the interaction between the type of cow manure and the dose of NPK fertilizer (S x D) had no significant effect on (P≥0.05) on all observed variables. The highest economic fresh weight of flowers was obtained at the type of manure 20 tons/ha, namely 26.53 g, compared to no organic fertilizer, namely 23.55 g. The highest economic fresh weight of flowers was at a dose of NPK 1000 kg/ha (D1), namely: 26.26 g, compared to NPK 2000 kg/ha is 24.98 g.&#x0D; &#x0D;

PEMBERIAN DUA JENIS PUPUK KANDANG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AWAL RUMPUT RAJA (Penisetum Purpuphoides)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two types of manure on the early growth of king grass (pennisetum putpuphoides). The tools used in this study were scales, tape measure, stationery, writing tools, polybags, machetes, hoe, scope and raffia rope. The materials used in the research were king grass seeds in the form of cuttings of two segments and three nodes, manure of cow manure and manure of goat manure. The method used in this research is the experimental method. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with three (3) treatments, namely: PO (without the use of manure). P1 (cow manure) and P2 (goat manure). Each treatment was repeated four (4) times. Variables observed in this study include: number of shoots, leaf length, leaf width, plant height. The results showed that the number of shoots in the initial growth of king grass in weeks 1-3 was the same, but in week 4 the number of shoots in P1 and P2 was different from P0. Leaf length for each treatment was different from week 1 where treatments P1 and P2 showed differences from P0. Leaf widths differed between treatments from week 1 – 4 where treatments P1 and P2 differed from P0. Plant height at weeks 1 and 2 showed that the P1 and P2 treatments were different from P0, but at weeks 3 and 4 the P2 treatments were different from the P1 and P0 treatments.

Farmer’s Awareness Level on Organic Agriculture in Varanasi District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study was conducted in four blocks of Varanasi district (Uttar Pradesh). A total 332 respondents from 63 villages were selected by the researcher. The objective of the study was to know the awareness level of respondents towards the organic fertilizers, organic farming, sources of information regarding awareness, and duration of practicing organic agriculture. It was found that around 43.97 percent of the respondents were aware of the organic farming in the study area. However only four types of organic fertilizers Organic Manure, Vermicompost, City compost, and PROM, known to the respondent out of 10 fertilizers recommended under FCO 1985, amended in July 2021. Most of the respondents practiced organic farming within the last 6 to 8 years, concurrent with the government policies emphasizing organic farming. The most important source of information regarding awareness towards organic farming was Krishi Vigyan Kendra and NGOs in the study area.

The use of animal manure for improving chemical properties of degraded Ultisol, yield, and secondary metabolic of Zingiber montanum

Ultisols in Indonesia have the potential for agricultural development, but the soils have low pH and nutrient contents that hinder plant growth and yield. Using animal manure can be an alternative to improve soil productivity and crop yields. This study aimed to examine the effects of animal manure on the chemical properties of Ultisol, yield, and secondary metabolic of &lt;em&gt;Zingiber montanum&lt;/em&gt;. The treatments tested were combinations of types of manure (cow and chicken manure) and manure application levels, namely P0 (control), P1 (cow manure 20 t/ha), P2 (cow manure 40 t/ha), P3 (cow manure 60 t/ha), P4 (chicken manure 20 t/ha), P5 (chicken manure 40 t/ha), and P6 (chicken manure 60 t/ha). The results showed that the application of chicken manure of 60 t/ha increased N and P contents of the soil, and the application of cow manure of 60 t/ha increased soil cation exchange capacity. The application of cow manure of 60 t/ha gave the highest plant height, the number of leaves, and the number of at 18 weeks after planting, while the application of chicken manure dose of 60 t/ha produced the longest plant roots. The highest fresh and dry rhizome weight was observed for the 60 t/ha cow manure treatment. The highest secondary metabolic levels in each parameter were found in dry rhizomes (phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin) and fresh rhizomes (phenolic and flavonoid), with the highest tannin compound in the treatment of 40 t chicken manure/ha. The application of chicken manure at a dose of 60 t/ha resulted in a strong antioxidant yield in fresh and dry rhizomes.