Particleboard Manufacturing Research Articles

Analysis of Tensile Strength the Fiber Bagasse Particles Board with Resin Adhesives

Development of the material be in the form of Particles it is possible to do so it can be an alternative to wood. Particle board is an engineered material that utilizes waste bagasse after sugar cane extraction process as an amplifier and as an adhesive used resin. Particle boards that have been produced, generally using wood powder, while the use of wood has been limited and diminished due to difficulty getting it. So the need for development in engineering the main material particle board in the form of wood powder and replace it with waste bagasse. The particle board manufacturing process is carried out by forging (compacting) between the mixture of sugarcane pulp particles and the BQTN 157 Resin adhesive. Percentage of mixed usage 50: 50 based on the fraction of weight and volume. In obtaining the mechanical properties carried out by tensile testing. From this research, the average particle pull strength is 1.81 MPa, strain 13,52% and elasticity 0,013 GPa. In obtaining particle board as an engineering material that has good ability influenced many things such as particle (mesh) raw material, adhesive use, mixed composition, the process of forging. From the characteristics of the test results obtained so that the particle board of the bagasse with resin adhesive is very possible to replace the type of particle board made from raw wood powder.

Ionic liquid modified lignin-phenol-glyoxal resin: a green alternative resin for production of particleboards

ABSTRACTThe aim of this research was to evaluate the properties of particleboard panels bonded with ionic liquid treated lignin- phenol- glyoxal (LPG) resin. For this purpose, soda bagasse lignin was modified by 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]) ionic liquid and then various contents of virgin and modified lignin (20, 30 and 40 wt% based on weight of phenol), phenol and glyoxal were used for synthesis of LPG resins. After resin synthesis, thermal and physicochemical properties of the synthesized resins such as curing behavior, gelation time, viscosity, solid content and density were measured. Finally, the resins so prepared were used for laboratory particleboard manufacturing. The panels physical (water absorption, thickness swelling) as well as mechanical (MOE, MOR and internal bond strength) properties were measured according to standard methods. The resins tests indicated that modification of lignin with ionic liquid not only can accelerate the gelation time and increase viscosity, density and solid content of LPG resins but also decrease the temperature required for curing the LPG resins. Based on the results of this work, the mechanical strength and dimensional stability of the particleboards bonded with a LPG resin can be improved by using modified lignin. The particleboards prepared with the LPG resin, using either modified or virgin lignin, presented higher water absorption as well as weaker mechanical strength than those prepared with the control PF resin. However, there does not appear to be any statistically significant difference between the some properties of the panels bonded with the control PF resin and those bonded with the LPG resin containing modified lignin.

Thermal Degradation of Particleboards Incorporated with Colemanite and Common Boron-based Fire Retardants

Fire-resistance and thermal degradation were evaluated for particleboards incorporated with colemanite and common boron-based fire retardants (zinc borate and boric acid:borax mixture). The main purpose of this study was to suggest an alternative fire retardant to be used in particleboards with low cost and considerably lower environmental impact compared to common boron-based fire retardants. For this purpose, the colemanite mineral was chosen as a raw boron mineral because of its good fire performance demonstrated previously in wood-plastic composites. The test compounds were incorporated into the furnish during the particleboard manufacturing process. Fire performance tests and thermal degradation analysis were then performed in the treated particleboard specimens. Mass loss calorimeter tests were applied to determine the oxidative thermal degradation properties of the produced particleboards, whilst thermogravimetric analyses were used to evaluate the non-oxidative thermal behavior of the particleboards. The lowest peak heat release rate and the highest activation energy values were recorded for the boric acid:borax mixture-incorporated particleboards at a loading level of 10%. Overall the results showed that colemanite had a lower fire-retardant property in the particleboards compared to the common boron-based compounds tested in the study.

การผลิตแผ่นชิ้นไม้อัดจากเศษวัสดุเหลือใช้ทางการเกษตร

การผลิตแผ่นชิ้นไม้อัดจากเศษวัสดุเหลือใช้ทางการเกษตร

Investigation on the feasibility of coffee husk (endocarp) as efficient filler material for enhancing physical and mechanical properties of styrofoam based particleboard

This research focuses on introducing a coffee husk as viable and efficient filler for enhancing physical and mechanical properties of Styrofoam based particleboard. Heat treatment method was adopted to produce the particleboard from the mixture of coffee husk (CH) with Styrofoam (PS). Styrofoam is material derived from polystyrene. The aim of this research is to get the appropriate weight composition between coffee husks with PS and to identify the physical and mechanical properties of the produced particleboard. The composition of coffee husk varies between 0-90%wt. The manufacture of particleboard i.e. coffee husk milled with size 20/10 mesh then soak with 10% NaOH for 2 hours, rinsed with clean water and dried and weight according to the composition. The mixture of CH and PS is inserted into mold and put into hot-press. The result shows from physical properties that density, water absorption and thick development test corresponding with SNI 03-2105-2006 standard, the mechanical properties shows MOR test meets the standard on the addition of CH 10-50%, while the MOE test has not meet the standard.

Soybean waste in particleboard production

ABSTRACT Brazil is the second largest soybean producer in the world, with a yield of around 96.2 million tons per crop. This high yield leads to a great amount of waste resulting from soybean cultivation, which can reach approximately 41 million tons of waste per year. This material has lignocellulosic properties, which may enable its use as a raw material for particleboard production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of soybean pods in particleboard production. For particleboard manufacture, wood of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis was used, added with soybean pods, at proportions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. For particleboard evaluation, a completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and three replicates, using linear regression and the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance for comparison among the different treatments. The properties apparent density, compaction ratio, water absorption after 2 and 24 hours, thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours in water immersion, internal bonding, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in bending properties were evaluated. The ratio soybean pod waste and eucalyptus particles in the panels led to an increase in water absorption values and thickness swelling, in addition to a decrease in mechanical properties. The production of panels with approximately 23% soybean pods is feasible.

Partial replacement of urea-formaldehyde with modified oil palm starch based adhesive to fabricate particleboard

This study investigated the efficacy of epichlorohydrin-modified oil palm starch as an adhesive in addition to urea formaldehyde, to minimise the use of urea formaldehyde adhesive in particleboard manufacturing. A single-layer particleboard was fabricated from rubberwood particles and urea formaldehyde resin supplemented with modified oil palm starch adhesive. The adhesive performance was analysed by studying the physical properties (actual density, moisture content, thickness swelling and water absorption) and mechanical properties (bending strength and internal bond strength) of the prepared panels. The panels of two target densities were manufactured (600 and 800 kg/m3) at two different pressing times (15 min and 20 min). The performance of manufactured panels were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The panels manufactured in this study met the minimum required strength as stated in Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) but a lower water resistant property. Furthermore, a panel with a density of 800 kg/m3 had improved mechanical properties in comparison to a panel exhibiting a density of 600 kg/m3 when manufactured with a 15 min pressing time.

Advanced recycling of post-consumer solid wood and MDF

ABSTRACTWood recycling is common practice in most countries. Currently, recovered wood is used for relatively low value uses including energy generation, particleboard manufacture, animal beddings and landscape uses. This paper gives an overview of two research projects that aim to generate high-value products from recovered wood and thereby encourage even higher rates of wood recycling. One project is concerned with the extraction of nano-crystalline cellulose from waste MDF and the other produces laminated beams from recovered wood.

Sustainable particleboards with low formaldehyde emissions based on yeast protein extract adhesives Rhodotorula rubra

Nowadays, there is great interest in developing adhesives that do not generate formaldehyde emissions. The objective of this work was to prepare adhesives based on yeast protein extract from Rhodotorula rubra (Rr) to make particleboards (PBs). The adhesives were characterized, and the physical and mechanical properties of the PBs were evaluated. The results were compared with those obtained using a commercial urea–formaldehyde adhesive (UF). Adhesives viscosity varied from 420 to 600 cP, with pH ranging from 4.35 to 4.73, and solid content of around 50%. The UF had a viscosity of 305 cP, pH of 7.53 and solid content of around 65%. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the wood-adhesive using protein extract Rr with reinforcing agent gave a good performance and stiffness, comparable to that using UF. The internal bond strength values of PBs varied from 0.36 to 0.46 N/mm2, while swelling thickness reached values of 24 and 38%, respectively. Density values of the PBs fluctuated between 682 and 693 Kg/m3. The formaldehyde emission of the PBs manufactured with Rr extract based adhesive had values between 0.2 and 0.3 mg/100 g, while formaldehyde emission for UF particleboard was 6.8 mg/100 g. Properties of the PB made of Rr based adhesives presented similar properties to particleboard manufactured with UF, but with lower level of formaldehyde emissions. The results from this research validate the manufacture of particleboards with Rhodotorula rubra yeast protein extract based adhesives. These PBs may have the same applications as the traditional PBs, with the advantage of being able to fulfill the high standards of formaldehyde emission demanded by the sustainable market.

Introduction to the Concept of Particleboard Production from Mixtures of Sawdust and Dried Food Waste

The promotion of sustainable waste management strategies has been highlighted with the introduction of the Waste Framework Directive, which favors the waste management practices that extend the life-cycle of waste. A significant fraction of municipal solid waste consists from food waste, the treatment of which is done primarily by means of conventional methods like composting and anaerobic digestion. The scope of this manuscript is the production of particleboards from dried food waste, thus reusing the waste and extending significantly their life-cycle. Dried food waste that were gathered from households were mixed with wood on a 1:10 ratio and with an epoxy resin. The mixture was compressed in a hydraulic hot press for the manufacturing of particleboards. The high starch content in the food waste was also an important feature that would assist the adhesion of the particleboards in a concept similar to pelletization. The products had regular structure and compactness, with the density ranging from 645 to 682 kg/m3. The thickness swelling ranged from 18.9 to 19.8% for 24-h experiments, while the water absorption ranged from 65 to 72% for the same time period. Leaching tests, both with deionized water and acetic acid, showed that the leachates had very low concentrations of heavy metals.

Stiffness modelling of particles in the core layer for the manufacturing of wood-reduced particleboard

A great demand for wood material has led to an increase in the price of industrial wood in the past and will raise it even further in future. Industry and research have reacted to this increasing price of wood, for example, by developing weight-reduced particleboard. One approach to achieve this reduction in weight is to use suitable chip geometries in the core layer instead of lightweight, resource-saving filling materials. The geometry of the chips in the core layer must have a high compression resistance here to reach the desired apparent density profile. For this purpose, particle geometries were analysed with regard to this property within a project for the development of weight-reduced particleboards. After determining the curve of the compression resistance, it was possible to establish an equivalent spring stiffness model for different chip geometries to characterise the geometry during compression. Merely due to a low bulk density for chips in the core layer, it is not possible to increase the spring stiffness and hence to reach a required apparent density profile. Only compression of the chips leads to a rapid increase in spring stiffness.

Eco-particleboard manufactured from chemically treated fibrous vascular tissue of acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Fruit: A new alternative for the particleboard industry with its potential application in civil construction and furniture

Generation and availability of agro-industrial waste in the world present an opportunity to obtain raw materials for the development of new sustainable materials. In order to contribute to the dissemination of using agro-industrial residues in lignocellulosic particleboard (eco-particleboard) manufacturing, this work aimed to investigate the influence of a chemical mercerization treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of eco-particleboards. The treatment consisted of 0.5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that treating the fibers was responsible for significantly reducing water absorption by 35% (2 h) and 17% (24 h), as well as thickness swelling by 36% (2 h) and 40% (24 h). The apparent density of treated (WT) and untreated (UT) eco-particleboards showed homogeneity and uniformity of the test specimens analyzed, mainly due to the manufacturing process in eco-particleboard pressing. The efficiency of the chemical mercerization treatment of the fibers of acai fruit eco-particleboard (WT) was established because the eco-particleboard produced with these fibers showed higher values in their mechanical properties: screw pullout (top) 54%, modulus of rupture in static bending (31%), and internal bonding (89%) compared to eco-particleboards composed of untreated fibers (UT). The physical-mechanical results presented by the eco-particleboards composed of treated acai fibers (WT) suggest that acai fibers could be a potentially useful raw material for the production of medium density homogeneous particleboards and consequent commercial use in the construction and furniture industries.

Kraft scrap paper pulp as a substitute of wood chips in manufacture of particleboards resinated with hybrid pf/pmdi resin

This study analyzed feasibility of manufacture of composite particleboards resinated with a mixture of phenol–formaldehyde resin and 4,4′-methylenediphenyl isocyanate in the weight ratio 70:30. For this purpose 3-layer particleboards were produced with varying shares of Kraft scrap paper pulp in the core. Experimental boards were manufactured applying 0, 10, 15, 25, 50 and 75% substitution of wood chips with Kraft paper pulp. Analyses were conducted to determine physico-mechanical properties of boards, i.e. bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond before and after the boiling test and swelling in thickness after 24 soaking in water. Based on recorded testing results it was stated that moisture resistant composite boards manufactured with a 25% substitution of wood chips with Kraft paper pulp meet the requirements of the EN 312 standard for boards used in humid conditions in terms of their strength and moisture resistance specified in the internal bond after the boiling test.

백합나무를 이용하여 제조한 3층 파티클보드와 배향성 스트랜드보드(OSB)의 물성에 관한 연구

본 연구에서는 주요 조림수종으로 선정된 백합나무를 이용하여 파티클보드(PB)와 배향성 스트랜드보드(OSB)를 제조하여 보드 원료로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 두께 15 mm, 밀도 <TEX>$0.7g/cm^3$</TEX>의 파티클보드와 두께 10 mm, 밀도 <TEX>$0.65g/cm^3$</TEX>의 OSB를 제조하였으며, 파티클보드 공장에서 상용하고 있는 <TEX>$E_1$</TEX> 등급의 요소 폼알데하이드 수지와 왁스, 경화제를 첨가하여 실제 생산, 유통하는 보드제품과 최대한 유사하게 제작조건을 맞추었다. 제조된 보드의 품질시험 결과, PB의 경우, 평균두께 15.8 mm, 평균밀도 <TEX>$0.71g/cm^3$</TEX>, 함수율은 5.8% 기준에 적합하였다. 휨강도는 KS 규격(KS F 3104)의 13형 이상(<TEX>$13.0N/mm^2$</TEX> 이상), 박리강도는 18형 이상(<TEX>$0.3N/mm^2$</TEX> 이상), 나사못 유지력은 평면에서는 18형 이상(700 N 이상), 측면 15형 이상(300 N 이상)의 품질을 만족시켰다. 그러나 휨강도가 박리강도, 나사못유지력에 비해서 낮은 강도를 나타내는데 이것은 파티클 길이/두께의 비율(Slenderness ratio)이 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. OSB의 경우, 평균두께 10.7 mm, 평균밀도 <TEX>$0.68g/cm^3$</TEX>, 함수율은 6.3%로 KS F 3104 기준에 적합하였으며, 휨강도 18형 이상(<TEX>$18.0N/mm^2$</TEX> 이상), 나사못유지력 18형 이상(700 N 이상), 박리강도 13형 이상(<TEX>$0.20N/mm^2$</TEX> 이상)의 품질을 만족시켰다. This study was conducted to investigate a potential of Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) as a raw material for the manufacturing of particleboard (PB) and oriented strandboard (OSB). PB panels were prepared at the parameters of <TEX>$0.7g/cm^3$</TEX> density, 15 mm thickness, three-layer, <TEX>$E_1$</TEX> grade urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, emulsion wax, and hardener. OSB panels were manufactured with a density of <TEX>$0.65g/cm^3$</TEX>, thickness of 10 mm, and <TEX>$E_1$</TEX> grade of UF resin. Particle size of the face layer of PB was 20~80 mesh with 7~9% moisture content (MC), while that of core-layer was 3~20 mesh with 3~5% MC, which was similar to the production condition of commercial PB. As a result, the manufactured PB panels with 15.8 mm thickness, <TEX>$0.7g/cm^3$</TEX> density, and 5.8% MC satisfied the requirement of bending strength of 15 type PB of Korean Industrial Standard (KS F 3104). Both internal bonding (IB) strength and surface screw withdrawal resistance also satisfied the requirement of 18 type PB of the standard. But, the edge screw withdrawal resistance satisfied the requirement of 15 type PB of the standard. These differences in properties could be due to the slenderness ratio of raw particles. In case of OSB panels with 10.7 mm thickness, <TEX>$0.68g/cm^3$</TEX> density, and 5.8% MC satisfied all the requirements of bending strength, screw withdrawal resistance, and IB strength of 18 type PB of the standard. These results suggest that Yellow poplar wood has a good potential as a raw material for the production of PB and OSB.

Panel Board From Coconut Fibre And Pet Bottle

The rate of global deforestation and its impact on the environment has led particle board manufacture to search for alternative feedstock, especially in countries where wood is less available compared to other cellulosic natural product. Based on the properties of coconut fibre and PET bottle, these two materials can be recycle as raw material for manufacture of panel board. As for this study, the coconut fibre were used as the filler and PET bottle as outer lining of the panel board. Two types of coconut fibre were used which are grinding and un-grinding coconut fibre. At first, the coconut fibre are undergoes softening, grinding, drying and sieving process, while PET bottle was cleaning, shredding, sieving before compacted using hydraulic hot press machine. There are four types of testing that been carried out which are swelling, water absorption, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR). The result show the conventional board has the highest value for MOE test, so it’s indicate that the conventional board is less strength from the coconut fibre board. As for water absorption test, the average water absorption of coconut fibre based panel board is less than conventional board. Overall, the coconut fibre board is better than conventional panel board because coconut fibre board are less swelling, has low water absorption, high modulus of rupture and low modulus of elasticity. Based on the finding, this coconut fibre panel board has potential as a stronger and long-lasting panel board than the conventional board in the market. Other than that, the panel also have their own aesthetic value since the recycled plastic bottle used as outer lining is colourful and giving aesthetic value.

Banana chips ( Musa acuminata ) as an alternative lignocellulosic raw material for particleboard manufacture

This study shows that it is feasible to make one-layer experimental particleboards from banana chips. Mechanical properties were easily satisfied at lower dosing rates, however thickness swelling remains a problem. The addition of 1% wax to the boards bonded with 14% resin resulted in improved thickness swelling and satisfied the EN 312 standard, but still it was not sufficiently low to satisfy the ANSI standard. It is suggested that combinations of banana chips with industrial wood chips, may be used in order to improve the thickness swelling of the particleboards. Also, the use of chemical modification of the banana chips with conventional urea formaldehyde resin may be an avenue for exploration in further investigations.

Enhancement of low-density particleboard properties by core layer particle orientation

Three layer particleboards of 500 and 650 kg/m3 target density were made by spreading the core layer wood particles between upright positioned caul plates with the intention of partial vertical orientation. This procedure was assumed to increase the core layer compression resistance and, thus, counteract decreased panel properties in lightweight particleboard manufacture. While internal bond strength and thickness swelling were significantly improved, bending properties were on the same level as those of the references with conventional particle orientation. Density profiles were found to be just slightly more pronounced. The lack of improvements was explained by the changed structural set-up and, thus, lacking of core layer support.

Sifat Mekanik Papan Komposit Berbahan Dasar Serat Sabut Kelapa Dan Serat Batang Pisang

Research on the manufacture of composite particle board based on natural fiber: coconut fiber (SSK) and banana fiber (SBP) by using PVAc matrix has been conducted. The purpose of this research is to get the physical and mechanical value of standard on composite board based on SNI03-2105-2006The research method is by taking the comparison of banana fiber reinforcing material (SBP) and coco fiber (SSK) in the form of particle size with composition ie (a) SBP 0%: SKK 100% (b) SBP 50%: SKK 50%, (c) SBP 80%: SSK 20, (d) SBP 60%: SSK 40%, (e) SBP 40%: SSK 60%, (f) SBP 20%: SKK 80%, and (g) SBP 100%: SSK 0%.All composite boards consist of 70 % Matrix and 30% fiber. The result of physical properties for density (ρ) ranges from 0.54 gr / cm3 - 0.75 gr / cm3 and for water content (KA) ranges from 10.5% - 13.9%.As for the mechanical properties of the value of modulus rupture (MOR) ranged between 3483.44 kgf / cm2 - 7472,30 kgf / cm2 and elastic modulus value (MOE) ranged between 15981.23 kgf / cm2 - 27243,74 kgf / cm2. Based on the analysis of tredline graphs, both for physical and mechanical properties, it turns out for each composition of natural fibers to give different values.This means that the composition of the SSK-SBP mixture has an influence on the physical properties as well as the mechanical properties of the composite board. The quality of natural fiber-based composite board (SSK and SBP) both physical and mechanical properties have been in accordance with the standard reference SNI 03-02105-2006.

Study on Rajkoroi (Albizia richardiana) for Ply and Particleboard Manufacture

The suitability of Rajkoroi (Albizia richardiana) for plywood and particleboard manufacture has been determined. Study shows that 1.5mm thick smooth and figured veneer can be peeled and dried easily. Three-ply plywood were made using veneer of this species bonded with liquid urea formaldehyde glue of 50% solid content extended with wheat flour and catalyzed with 2% hardener (ammonium chloride) under the three specific pressures, such as 1.05 N/mm2,1.40 N/mm2, 1.76 N/mm2 in three replications at 6 minute press time and 120°C press temperature. Dry and wet shear test were conducted on the samples and their shear load at failure per unit area and percentage of wood failure were determined. 1.05 N/mm2 Pressure was found best for the manufacture. The particleboards of Rajkoroi (Albizia richardiana) were tested for determining the strength &amp; dimensional stability. Tensile strength passed the German and British Standard Specification. Bending strength found to be nearest to the Bureau of Indian Standard but lower than German and British standard Specification.

Properties of particleboard produced from post-industrial UF- and PF-bonded plywood

An approach based on the recycling of waste plywood as a recovered wood resource for the particleboard industry is described. It is demonstrated that post-industrial urea- (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) bonded plywood can be effectively shredded to the form of the recovered particles that can be a valuable material in particleboard manufacturing. The effects of shredding conditions and binder type on the recovered particles characteristics and the mechanical properties of the particleboards were analyzed. It is shown that the substitution of 20–100% of virgin particles with the recovered material is possible without affecting the performance of the particleboard.