Disinfectant Manufacturers Research Articles

Potential of Methane (CH4), Nitrogen (N2), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from Eco-Enzyme with the Addition of Cow Feces Starter

Eco-enzyme solutions are generally used in the manufacture of disinfectants, floor cleaners, liquid fertilizers, preservatives and others. In this study, eco-enzyme was used as the main ingredient in the manufacture of biogas fermentation with the addition of cow feces as an additional starter in the fermentation. The aim of this study was to determine the content of CH4, CO2, N2, pH, temperature, and pressure in eco-enzyme fermentation with the addition of cow feces starter. his research is a quantitative research with the type of experimental research as well as direct observation data collection techniques and data analysis techniques using descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that the treatment that produced the highest methane (CH4) gas was the P5 treatment with a concentration of 2.889%. 6,1. The highest volume pressure value was produced in the P5 treatment which was 70 ml. Nitrogen gas (N2) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2), the concentration of nitrogen gas (N2) from reactor P0 - P4 is in the range of 95.875-99.669 % and the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from reactor P0 - P4 is in the range of 0.237 - 4.125 %.

Improving Health Literacy of Domestic Household Disinfection Use: Readability of Consumer-Facing Information on Domestic Household Disinfectant Products on Sale in the UK—An Infodemiology Study

Disinfectants purchased from retail outlets form the cornerstone of infection control and prevention within the domestic household. The growing utilisation of the concept of “hospital-at-home” places greater emphasis on domestic disinfection by the householder in helping to prevent the acquisition of infections within the home. No reports or data exist that indicate how readable the information provided on disinfectants is, which would help householders use disinfectants optimally. The aim of this study was therefore to quantitatively examine the readability (Flesch Reading Ease; Flesch–Kinkaid Grade Level; text metrics) of consumer (public)-facing information (n = 108) of domestic household disinfectants sourced from (i) UK high street supermarket chains (n = 4) and (ii) disinfectant manufacturers (n = 6). The readability of all supermarket and manufacturer information (n = 108) gave a mean Flesch Reading Ease score of 51.7 (target ≥ 60) and a Flesch–Kinkaid Grade Level score of 8.1 (target ≤ 8), thereby failing to achieve readability reference target values. Authors preparing information on the domestic use of disinfectants should be aware of the value of quantitative readability metrics and online tools to help support their writing of such information in order to produce materials which are within target readability values, thereby further supporting health literacy in this population and disinfectant efficacy.

Penyuluhan Pembuatan dan Penyemprotan Desinfektan pada Warga Desa Panca Jaya Kecamatan Muara Kaman

There are several ways that can be done to prevent the transmission of Covid-19, one of which is by spraying disinfectant in the surrounding environment and objects that are at risk of transmitting the virus. Making your own disinfectant at home can actually be done using ingredients that are household cleaning products. However, many people from Panca Jaya village, Muara Kaman sub-district, Kutai Kartanegara district, still don't know how to make a disinfectant, even if they know they generally just mix chemicals with water without knowing the content, properties and dosages that will be used to make the disinfectant. Seeing this in the field, it is necessary to have educational activities for the community regarding the manufacture of disinfectants. The purpose of this community service is to provide knowledge and understanding to the residents of Panca Jaya village about how to make disinfectants with home cleaning products in their respective homes. The method used in this counseling was to provide information via LCD and give out pamphlets to participants, demonstrate to make disinfectant, then continue spraying disinfectant in the surrounding environment. It is hoped that this activity can be applied in their daily life as a form of prevention and transmission of Covid-19.

ANALISIS PROSES PEMBELAJARAN DAN INTEGRASI PENGETAHUAN COVID 19 DALAM SATUAN PENDIDIKAN

ABSTRACTThe research aims to find out information about the learning system applied during the COVID-19 pandemic, information related to the efforts made by education units in Aceh Barat Daya in implementing the policies of the central government and local governments during the learning period of the pandemic and knowing the integration of education related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the school curriculum. The research method is quantitative with data collection techniques through questionnaires. Furthermore, the data was analyzed and based on the results obtained showed that the learning systems that were generally applied during the pandemic were blended, offline and online learning. Practical learning aktivities during the COVID-19 pandemic are generally carried out online and offline. Semester exams are generally conducted online. Face-to-face learning is carried out through the division of study groups, while online learning is carried out by utilizing learning applications. Obstacles in implementing learning during the pandemic include difficulties for teachers to monitor the behavior and character of students, students find it difficult to understand learning materials and also limited quotas. The education unit at ABDYA has tried to implement the policies of the central government and local governments while carrying out learning during the pandemic. This can be observed from the efforts of the school in implementing health protocols during learning during the pandemic. In addition, the school also provides free health facilities and infrastructure to school residents. Internet quotas are also provided to overcome the constraints of limited quotas during learning during the pandemic. Education related to the dangers of coronavirus is carried out by the school in various ways, both by socializing the dangers of covid in the school and by teaching teachers to model COVID-19 prevention behavior. Education is also carried out by making disinfectants independently and through social media. Most chemistry teachers consider that COVID-19 education can be inserted into certain sub-learning materials, one of which is through the manufacture of disinfectants and sanitizers independently. Meanwhile, other chemistry teachers argue that teachers can insert covid-19 education in all learning materialsKey words: Learning process, Curriculum integration , Covid-19

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT AS A FORM OF COMMUNITY SOCIAL RESILIENCE FACING THE IMPACT OF COVID-19

Small business group Usaha Bersama is commanded by PKK mothers in Sungai Bundung Laut Village, Sungai Kunyit District, Mempawah Regency. This business group empowers women in the village in producing cloth masks and disinfectants during the Covid-19 pandemic. The production of masks and disinfectant liquids is carried out together by taking advance training from competent personnel from the village officer. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with analytical data being the primary data obtained by interviews and observations. Then, secondary data is obtained through review literature sourced from online news, scientific journals and books. The focus of the study is the empowering process of people with their own initiatives. The findings in this study show that this Covid-19 pandemic hit society to the lower classes, therefore in doing economic resilience their families take advantage of business opportunities namely the manufacture of disinfectants and the production of cloth masks. All of their sales were made as support for the family economy during the Covid-19 pandemic. The community groups in Sungai Bundung Laut village managed to get out of the situation of fear of Covid-19 by running productivity. All of their sales were made as support for the family economy during the Covid-19 pandemic. This business group is also a means of social resilience of the community in empowering the community through small businesses. The empowering of this group relies on local social capital that builds up between communities.

Simultaneous determination of cationic surfactants in disinfectants

Objectives. Cationic surfactants are one of the classes of substances most commonly used in disinfectants. The trend in recent years has been the use of mixtures of several biocides, which poses new challenges for analytical chemistry. In this study, we describe a method for simultaneous determination in the disinfectants alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC), alkyldimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammonium chloride (ADEBAC), chlorhexidine bigluconate (CHG), and polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB). Methods. The proposed method is based on the use of reverse-phase and hydrophilic high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection Results. The best separation of ADBAC, ADEBAC, and CHG was achieved using a column filled with modified spherical silica gel (5 цт , 4.6 × 250 mm) in gradient elution mode. Acetonitrile and acetate buffer with a pH of 5.4 were used as eluents at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. For the determination of PHMB in the presence of the substances under consideration, hydrophilic high performance liquid chromatography was used. The best separation was achieved on an amine phase column (5 цт , 4.6 × 250 mm) using the same eluents. To determine all the substances under consideration, a diode array detector was used. 3D chromatograms were recorded in the wavelength range from 190 to 400 nm. Conclusions. We have shown that the result of the analysis does not depend on the ratio of cationic surfactants in disinfectants. There is also no influence of N,N-bis-(3-aminopropyl)-dodecylamine (Triamine, TA) and the components most commonly used for the manufacture of disinfectants, which was confirmed by testing the method for analyzing real objects. The linearity range for ADBAC was from 0.0062 to 0.97%, for ADEBAC from 0.000726 to 0.201%, for CHG from 0.0128 to 0.111%, and for PHMB from 0.00311 to 0.0205%. The calculated relative errorfor all determined substances was about 4%.

Surface area wiped, product type, and target strain impact bactericidal efficacy of ready-to-use disinfectant Towelettes

BackgroundDisinfectant products are often used on environmental surfaces (e.g. countertops, patient beds) and patient care equipment in healthcare facilities to help prevent the transmission of healthcare-associated infections. Ready-to-use (RTU) disinfectants in the form of pre-wetted towelettes are increasingly popular among healthcare facilities. Currently, the EPA does not require disinfectant manufacturers to include a recommended maximum surface area per towelette on their product labels. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of disinfectant towelette products on a hard non-porous surface across different coverage areas using a quantitative EPA method. We hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the efficacy of disinfectant towelette products, and that the greater surface area(s) wiped would result in reduced bactericidal efficacy.MethodsThis study tested ten disinfectant towelette products against Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC CRM-6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ATCC 15442 on Formica surfaces. Defined surface areas were wiped and the towelette weighed before and after wiping to determine the amount of liquid released. Bactericidal efficacy testing was also performed after wiping following standard EPA protocols.ResultsWe found that disinfectant product, area of surface wiped, and strain impacted the bactericidal efficacy achieved. Disinfectant product type and area of surface wiped significantly impacted the percent of liquid released per ft2from the towelette.ConclusionOverall, bactericidal efficacy varied by towelette product, surface area wiped, and strain. This study also found that wiping larger surface areas may lead to decreased bactericidal efficacy. Further research is needed to test its implication.

Ultrasound transducer disinfection in emergency medicine practice.

BackgroundExternal ultrasound transducer disinfection is common practice in medicine. Unfortunately, clinically significant organisms, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia spread throughout healthcare facilities via direct contact despite disinfection protocols. Ultrasound transducers and coupling gel provide potential vectors for pathogen transmission, especially in immunocompromised and high-risk patient populations. Our objective was to conduct a survey to investigate the variety of cleaning solutions or sanitary wipes used and evaluate current standard practice for transducer disinfection across emergency medicine training programs in the United States.FindingsEighty-three academic emergency medicine programs participated in this study. Eighty-seven percent (95 % CI 80–94 %) of responding programs do not have a mandated protocol or standard contact time for transducer disinfection. Ninety percent (95 % CI 84–96 %) of institutions use disinfectant solution or disinfectant wipes, as the standard of practice, to cleanse ultrasound transducers after every use.ConclusionsCurrently, there is a great deal of variability with regard to non-endocavitary transducer disinfection protocols that seems to stem from the vast number of disinfectant products and ultrasound manufacturer disparate recommendations. In order to mitigate risk to patients and reduce health care costs linked to nosocomial infections; healthcare providers, ultrasound companies, and disinfectant manufacturers must develop a universal use disinfectant and a standard protocol for ultrasound device disinfection for noncritical device disinfection in the emergency department.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13756-016-0110-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Reproducibility and Workability of the European Test Standard EN 12791 Regarding the Effectiveness of Surgical Hand Antiseptics A Randomized, Multicenter Trial

To evaluate the reproducibility and workability of the in vivo test model of the European test standard EN 12791 regarding the effectiveness of surgical hand antiseptics and, as a secondary objective, to evaluate the power of the model to discriminate between the effectiveness of various formulations of surgical hand antiseptics. Prospective, randomized, multicenter study with a Latin square design. Five laboratories at 2 universities, 2 disinfectant manufacturers, and 1 private testing institution. Twenty healthy adults in each laboratory. Surgical hand antisepsis was performed by scrubbing with chlorhexidine gluconate 4% detergent (CHG) or by rubbing the hands with propan-2-OL (70% by volume; Iso 70) or ethanol 85% (E 85); rubbing the hands and forearms for 3 minutes with propan-1-OL (N 60) was used as the reference disinfection procedure. We deliberately chose to use these antiseptics at the given concentrations because they were intended to cover the range of typical antiseptics submitted for approval according to EN 12791. In once-weekly tests, the immediate effects of the 4 antiseptics were established according to the method laid down in EN 12791 by assessing the release of skin flora from the fingertips as viable bacteria counts per milliliter of sampling fluids before treatment and viable bacteria counts immediately after treatment, separately for both hands, such that after 4 weeks each volunteer had used every formulation once. The mean log reduction factor (RF) for the release of bacterial skin flora (the log RF was calculated as the log count before treatment minus the log count after treatment) and corresponding standard deviations for the 4 hand antisepsis formulations were as follows: for CHG, 1.1+/-0.3 colony-forming units (cfu) per milliliter of sampled fluid; for Iso 70, 1.7+/-0.3 cfu/mL; for E 85, 2.1+/-0.3 cfu/mL; and for N 60, 2.4+/-0.4 cfu/mL. The differences between these values proved significant (P<.001) by analysis of variance and in Tukey's "honestly significantly different" (HSD) post hoc test. Although, with regard to their immediate antibacterial activity, the same ranking of these antiseptics was found at all laboratories, the levels of efficacy were significantly different across laboratories (P<.001); no statistical difference was found between left and right hands (P>.01). Relating the log RF values of the other 3 formulations to those of the reference formulation (N 60) abolished differences between laboratories (P=.16); in addition, the interclass correlation coefficient decreased from 9.1% to 4.5%. With 20 volunteers, a minimum difference of 0.47 log between the mean log RFs of the reference formulation and an inferior test formulation will be detected as significant at an alpha of .05 (1-sided) and a 1- beta value of .8. The test method described in EN 12791 yielded the same conclusion on the effectiveness of the tested formulations in every laboratory and proved, therefore, reproducible and workable.

Future techniques for disinfectant efficacy testing

The current disinfectant testing position for the food industry is that disinfectant manufacturers rely on suspension tests to provide data for recommended in-use concentrations. In the food industry, however, disinfection typically follows a cleaning phase in which microorganisms surviving prior to disinfection will be predominantly surface attached. Simple surface tests are also available to assess the efficacy of disinfectants against surface adhered microorganisms in which test microorganisms are dried onto surfaces, disinfected and then removed for enumeration by traditional techniques. Both current suspension and surface tests are relatively simple and cheap and can thus be undertaken by a range of laboratories. They can also mimic a range of potential in-use conditions e.g. contact times and temperatures, interfering substances and surface properties. They bear little relationship to factory disinfection, however, as the condition of the test microorganisms does not reflect that of environmental growth (e.g. attached cells or biofilms), only a live/dead result can be obtained (not biostasis), the effects of the cleaning phase are not taken into account and, for the surface test, the microorganisms have to be removed from the surface to be enumerated, which is not 100% efficient and may add additional stresses. This paper reviews some of the available techniques that in the short term may be incorporated into existing methodology to enhance their applicability to the food industry and in the long term may enable laboratory based test methods to more closely mimic the realities of the complete food factory sanitation programme. In particular, techniques which will more closely model surface attachment and disinfectant application strategies will be described, which are at the stage of incorporation into existing surface test methodologies. Future techniques based around vital stains, impedance and bioluminescence methodologies are also indicated that allow surface adhered microorganisms to be enumerated in situ, an assessment of their ability to grow to be made immediately following disinfection and to encompass typical cleaning stressors prior to disinfection. The role of field trials in truly reflecting the efficacy of disinfectants in the food factory environment is also reviewed.

Progress report on CEN/TC 216/Working Group 3: Disinfectant test methods for food hygiene, institutional, industrial and domestic applications

The scope of Working Group 3 (WG3) is very wide both in terms of the areas it covers and the range of disinfectant applications. The major role of disinfectants within this field, however, is the control of the microbial contamination of surfaces that could be used to produce products to be eaten or used by people (cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs etc.). For these applications, disinfectants need to be tested to quantify the effects of microbial type and growth conditions, interfering substances, pH, temperature, contact time and concentration. To address these needs, WG3 has produced a Phase 2 Step 1 Bactericidal (prEN 1276) and Fungicidal (prEN 1650) test, which are at the stage of public comment, and are intended to cover the majority of disinfection applications in its remit. More specialist tests are in preparation to cover virucidal and sporicidal applications and will be available by 1997. These are suspension tests and should be applied when the targeted microbial contamination is already in suspension or is brought into suspension by the disinfectant action. In addition, a surface test is being developed on the basis of the protocol published by the Ad-hoc Surface Test Group. This test will be used to assess disinfection efficacy against organisms attached to surfaces, e.g. those remaining on food processing surfaces after a cleaning action. It is hoped that these approaches will provide test methods that will give confidence, to both disinfectant manufacturers and users, of the performance of disinfectant products when used for their intended purpose.

GRP in anti‐corrosive applications: Some new developments and installations

GPG tanks help Hygenol boost production and sales Hygenol Ltd, of Lutterworth, detergent and disinfectant manufacturers, and GPG Products Ltd, one of the largest converters of plastics in Europe, have worked closely in developing a new system of storage and mixing, which is said to be the most up‐to‐date in the country and has attracted wide foreign interest.

NAIDM Holds 30th Midyear Meeting

CHIEF interest at the midyear meeting of the National Association of Insecticide & Disinfectant Manufacturers centered around the two most discussed items in the industry, aerosols and DDT. The convention, held at the Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago, June 12 and 13, was the best attended in the history of the association. A symposium was conducted on Aerosols vs. Spray-Type Insecticides and, although it was freely admitted that sprays would not be nudged out of t h e postwar picture, areosols will become a strong competitor. This session was featured by a paper authored by J. F. Fales and L. D. Goodhue, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and delivered by Dr. Goodhue. Dr. Goodhue brought the insecticide men up to date on tests being conducted between aerosols and sprays on a competitive basis. In his paper he clearly showed that while sprays produce a higher knock-down percentage, the mortality rate on houseflies ...

REGULATIONS AND SHORTAGES

MANUFACTURE of insecticides and disinfectants is definitely a war industry today, supplying these essentials to our armed forces and to war industries, John N. Curlett, president of the National Association of Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers, stated in opening the Association's War Problems Conference in the Statler Hotel, Cleveland, June 7 and 8. Use now of American insecticides and disinfectants by our armed forces throughout the world is sure to create important demand for these products by civilian populations abroad in the postwar period, continued President Curlett, who is connected with McCormick & Co., Baltimore. In this way, he pointed out, the increased production capacity of the industry developed for war will be valuable in the peace to come. Devoting the two days of its 29th Mid-Year Meeting to discussions o f raw materials, containers, sprayers, methods of testing, and government regulations, the association welcomed participation of representatives of interested government agenci...

Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers Association

Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers Association