Manometric Method Research Articles

Assessment of the pollution in Aghien lagoon and its tributaries (Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa)

The influence of the pollutants in surface water quality when used for drinking water is of great concern in many developing countries. This study seeks to characterize the types of pollution in Aghien lagoon and its tributaries. For the sampling, water was taken at a depth of 50 cm from the earth surface. Samples were analyzed by the spectrometric method of molecular absorption with sulfosalicylic acid for the nitrate, spectrophotometric method of molecular absorption for the nitrites, colorimetric determination with indophenol blue for the ammonium, colorimetric method for the orthophosphates and the phosphorus, filtration method on glass fiber (0.45 μm) for the Suspended Solids (SS), manometric method based on the respirometer principle for the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Dichromate method for the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique for the heavy metals (iron, Manganese), on April and June 2015. The analysis of these physico-chemical parameters revealed that, all the year round, these waters contain real conductivity values comprised between 51 and 161.1 μS/cm, redox potential between 100.3 and 174.4 mV; nitrate between 0.23 and 6.72 mg/L. On the other hand, and over the same period, the waters of the Me river and the channel had COD values comprised between 33 and 58.7 mg/L. Concerning the Djibi rivers SS were between 36.66 and 50 mg/L, dissolved oxygen between 1.46 and 1.59 mg/L; ammonium between 2.44 and 2.69 mg/L regardless the seasons. The results show that during the two seasons, the Aghien lagoon is the less polluted by the physico-chemical parameters, whereas for the same period, Me and channel waters are the most charged with organic matters deriving from plants. As for the Djibi river, it remained the most polluted, as certified by the high values in SS and nutrient regardless of the seasons. Keywords: Aghien lagoon, heavy metals, nutrients, organic matter, pollution, surface water.

High-resolution manometry of pharyngeal swallowing dynamics

To transport abolus from the mouth into the stomach, regular contraction of the pharyngeal muscles and a coordinated function of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) are necessary. The muscle contraction generates intraluminal pressure, which pushes the bolus continuously forward. In contrast to imaging studies, manometric methods enable assessment of intraluminal pressure buildup and the function of the muscles involved. These methods were initially established for the esophagus and have been used increasingly in the pharynx for 7-8years. Pharyngeal high-resolution manometry (pHRM) allows pressure measurements in high spatial and temporal resolution, and assessment of pharyngeal swallowing dynamics. An overview is given of the implementation, evaluation, and interpretation of the pHRM data, as well as of the current state of research. PubMed and Scopus were searched for the keywords "high-resolution manometry" and "pharynx" or "upper esophageal sphincter". Original articles, reviews, and book chapters on the subject pHRM were included. Swallowing pressure conditions in the pharynx and the UES can be assessed by pHRM. The spatiotemporal pressure plot gives an overview of changes in pharyngeal motor function. Determination of swallowing parameters enables asophisticated evaluation of swallowing; acomparison with normal values permits delimitation of pathologies. Although several swallowing parameters still need to be further evaluated for clinical routine, apHRM study should nowadays always be carried out for acomprehensive evaluation of the swallowing process.

A Device and a Method for Determining the Rate of Oxygen Consumption by an Isolated Perfused Rat Liver

The goal of this work was to suggest a method for measuring the total rate of oxygen consumption by an isolated perfused rat liver. This method involves calculation of the rates of oxygen consumption by the blood stream and through the liver surface. The two independently determined values are then summed up to determine the total consumption rate. Experimental results obtained by this method are in good agreement with the results obtained previously using the manometric method of measurement of the oxygen consumption rate.

Effect of the properties of Silurian shales from the Barrandian Basin on their methane sorption potential

High-pressure methane sorption isotherms were measured on seven representative samples of Silurian shales from the Barrandian Basin, Czech Republic. Excess sorption measurements were performed at a temperature of 45°C and at pressures up to 15MPa on dry samples, using a manometric method. Experimental methane high-pressure isotherms were fitted to a modified Langmuir equation. The maximum measured excess sorption parameter (nmax) and the Langmuir sorption capacity parameter (nL) were used to study the effect of TOC content, organic maturity, inorganic components and pore size distribution on the methane sorption capacity. The values of nmax ranged from 0.050 to 0.088mmol.g−1, and the values of nL ranged from 0.068 to 0.133mmol.g−1. The studied shale samples with random reflectance Rr of graptolite 0.56–1.76% had a very low TOC content from 0.34 to 2.37wt% and dominant mineral fractions. Illite was the prevailing clay mineral (0–51%). Organic matter of the Silurian black shales was consisted of residues of graptolites, chitinozoans, two types of bitumen including dispersed and massive bitumens, recycled organic matter, and organic detritus. In the shales, the occurrence of fractures parallel with the original sedimentary bending was highly significant. A greater proportion of fragments of carbonaceous particles of graptolites and bitumens in the Barrandian shales had a smooth surface without pores. The sample porosity Porcalc ranged from 4.6 to 18.8%. In most samples, the micropore volumes were markedly lower than the meso- and macropore volumes. No relation has been proven between TOC-normalized excess sorption capacities or the TOC-normalized Langmuir sorption capacities and thermal maturation of the shales. The methane sorption capacities of shale samples show a positive correlation with TOC and a positive correlation with the clay content. The assumption that the sorption capacity is a function mainly of the microporous system of shales was not confirmed. The highest sorption capacity was observed in shale samples with the lowest volume of micropores and the highest TOC content, indicating that the organic matter content and the microporosity of clay minerals are the principal factors affecting the sorption capacity of shale samples.

Factors controlling headspace pressure in a manual manometric BMP method can be used to produce a methane output comparable to AMPTS

The manual manometric biochemical methane potential (mBMP) test uses the increase in pressure to calculate the gas produced. This gas production may be affected by the headspace volume in the incubation bottle and by the overhead pressure measurement and release (OHPMR) frequency. The biogas and methane yields of cellulose, barley, silage and slurry were compared with three incubation bottle headspace volumes (50, 90 and 180ml; constant 70ml total medium) and four OHPMR frequencies (daily, each third day, weekly and solely at the end of experiment). The methane yields of barley, silage and slurry were compared with those from an automated volumetric method (AMPTS). Headspace volume and OHPMR frequency effects on biogas yield were mediated mainly through headspace pressure, with the latter having a negative effect on the biogas yield measured and relatively little effect on methane yield. Two mBMP treatments produced methane yields equivalent to AMPTS.

Alternative device for ANAMMOX/denitrification rate assessment using manometric method

Anammox and denitrification processes play important role in nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment. In final stage of nitrogen compounds metabolism nitrogen gas is produced and released to atmosphere. Process rates can be estimated based on amount of produced nitrogen, but this kind of procedure requires special equipment that may be a significant obstacle in bringing this type of tests to common practice in wastewater treatment plants. A low-cost device was constructed to verify if such installation may be a reliable alternative for expensive commercially available products (e.g. OxiTop ® system). Values of Specific Anammox Activity measured in different temperatures by constructed device and OxiTop ® system were consistent in 86.3%. Average gas production based on pressure growth exceed 94.9% the values obtained by use of chemical analysis. Conducted tests confirmed that low-cost manometric device can be a useful tool in denitrification/Anammox sludge activity tests.

Manometric measurements of temperature influence on Anammox activity

Wastewater treatment plants face more stringent effluent limits, especially with regard to total nitrogen, which force them to consider sidestream nitrogen removal from digested sludge dewatering liquor which can contain up to 20% of incoming nitrogen load. One of the most promising technologies for sidestream nitrogen removal is the deammonification process which is based on partial short-cut nitrification and the Anammox process. Anammox process is an anaerobic ammonia oxidation with nitrite conducted by slowly growing autotrophic bacteria. Ensuring adequate activity of sensitive Anammox bacteria is a key condition for effective deammonification. As the main product of Anammox bacteria is the nitrogen gas, the assessment of Anammox activity can be based on manometric measurements which are a relatively simple and cost-effective alternative to traditional tests involving determination of soluble nitrogen forms. This paper presents the principles of manometric method as well as results of temperature influence on Anammox activity obtained in a commercially available lab-scale set-up.

Dynamics of the water molecule density in a discharge chamber filled with a low-pressure humid gas

The dynamics of the H2O molecule density in a metal gas-discharge chamber filled with low-pressure water vapor or its mixtures with noble gases was investigated by manometric and spectral methods. Regimes both with and without discharge excitation were studied. In the absence of a discharge, the molecule density dynamics is governed by the heterogeneous interaction of molecules with the chamber walls. In the presence of a discharge, in addition to the heterogeneous interaction, fast plasmachemical molecule dissociation also contributes to the initial stage of H2O molecule loss. The role of heating of the chamber walls is discussed.

Synthesis and structure-properties relationship studies of biodegradable hydroxylammonium-based protic ionic liquids

In this work sixteen hydroxyl ammonium Protic Ionic Liquids derived from a proton transfer reaction between four different substituted amines and four different low molecular weight aliphatic and alicyclic carboxylic acids have been synthesized. The synthesized PILs were structurally characterized by NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy whereas two of their more important physicochemical properties namely viscosity and glass transition temperature (Tg) were evaluated. The effect of alkyl chain length and substitution on the anionic and cationic component of the PILs scaffold has been discussed for the studied properties. It seems that Tg values are mainly affected by the carboxylate anion structure whereas viscosity is controlled mainly by the structural features of the cationic part of the PILs. In order to estimate their environmental impact and reinforce their “green” character, biodegradation studies, as well as toxicity evaluation experiments have also been conducted. The synthesized PILs can be confidently labelled as green considering that they are not toxic or present low toxicity to the nauplii of the brine shrimp A. salina whereas they show biodegradability levels between 41–64%, according to the manometric respirometric method which measures the biological oxygen demand (BOD5) by microorganisms in order to degrade PILs via bio-oxidation in five days.

Dynamic nature of supercritical CO2 adsorption on coals

Adsorption on non-rigid solids was shown to be a dynamic process. Excess adsorption and desorption isotherms of CO2 on eight Argonne Premium coal samples were measured at 55 °C and pressures up to 14 MPa by manometric method. The excess adsorption isotherms of CO2 on powdered coals showed almost Langmuir-like to rectilinear shape behavior at low pressures up to 9 MPa, and it increased noticeably at pressures higher than 9 MPa. There was a significant hysteresis between the excess adsorption and desorption isotherms for each rank of coals, which was related to the volumetric uncertainties occurring during the adsorption isotherm measurements. The parameters related to the adsorption capacity and micro porous characteristics of the coal were obtained at different pressure ranges by fitting the experimental data to the modified Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A) equation at the increasingly larger pressure ranges, using only the first 4 data points of the excess adsorption isotherm initially, and progressively using additional data points for the subsequent values. It was shown that the curve fit parameters vary with pressure, and therefore, concluded that the adsorption on non-rigid solids such as CO2 on coal is indeed a dynamic process. It was suggested that new adsorption isotherm equations need to be developed considering the dynamic nature of the adsorption on solid adsorbents.

Отраслевой стандарт по манометрическому методу контроля герметичности

Отраслевой стандарт по манометрическому методу контроля герметичности

Measurement techniques for carbon dioxide sorption capacity on various coal samples: critical review

Underground carbon sequestration is proposed as a geologic disposal technique for the long-term storage of CO2 emissions to mitigate climate change and air pollution. Coal bed seams have large CO2 adsorption capacity, long time CO2 trapping and extra enhanced coal-bed methane recovery (CBM). However, CO2 sorption capacity is one of significant steps required to be determined accurately in any feasibility evaluation of carbon sequestration. Hence, in lab scale, there are three methods for CO2 adsorption capacity measurements namely manometric/volumetric, gravimetric and new capsule techniques for gas sorption on variety of sorbents. The manometric and volumetric methods require accurate determination of cell and void volumes and suitable equation of state (EoS). The gravimetric method requires a very accurate sensitive balance and less buoyancy effect and it is the best technique for small amounts (milligrams) of sorbents and the adsorption equilibrium can be mentored. Among all gas adsorption measurement techniques, the newly developed method “capsule method” exhibits the highest CO2 adsorption capacity on Polish coal by 4.08 mmol/g because capsule method that directly measures CO2 uptake of solid coal matrix cylinders, without the application of the equation of state (EoS) for CO2 or volumetric corrections. The main advantage of capsule method is that it is independent of any Equation of State (EoS), and it has no volumetric effects or impurities distort the shape of the gas adsorption isotherm. The disadvantage of capsule method is time-consuming and it is not easy to implement.

Effect of composting plant material with copolyester on quality of organic matter

Abstract The problem of incorporating plastics into the environment will be aggravating, both regarding its scale and kind of these materials. Investigations were carried out using aliphatic-aromatic copolyester poly (succinate-co-glutarate-co-adipate-co-terephthalate 1,4-butylene) with addition of fatty acid dimers. The work aimed to determine the effect of composting the copolyester with plant biomass on changes of fractional composition of humus substances and their stability. Copolyester was supplemented to the biomass in the form of a nonwoven fabric in two doses. It constituted 8 and 16% of the dry mass of the composted substrates. The composting process was run within two ranges of ambient temperature 25-30°C and 40-45°C. After the completion of this process, the degree of material maturing was assessed using manometric methods and the carbon content was analysed in the individual organic matter fractions. On the basis of cumulated respiratory activity AT4 a lack of composted material activity was revealed in the higher temperatures of the process. However, in the objects where copolyester was transformed in the lower temperatures this activity was considerably diversified. Adding copolyester to the composted biomass led to a diversification of the Cha : Cfa ratio. The values of Cha : Cfa ratio most approximating 1.5, ie the value regarded as optimal, were registered in the object, where copolyester supplement constituted 16% and the plant biomass was maintained within the 40-45°C temperature range.

Hydrodynamics of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids in internal-loop airlift reactors

Airlift reactors have numerous applications in processing industries, and thus the hydrodynamic behaviors using fluids that have distinct rheological characteristics need to be better understood for the successful design and operation of these devices. In this sense, the novelty of this study is to evaluate the influence of the energy losses in each reactor region on the interstitial liquid velocity (VLR), and to provide correlations for prediction of gas hold-ups (εR and εD) and VLR for a wide range of physical and rheological properties of the liquid, using different models (draft-tube—DTA, split-cylinder—SCA) and scales (5 and 10L) of airlift reactors. Gas hold-ups were determined by a manometric method, and VLR was calculated by circulation time of spheres with the same liquid density. Energy losses were calculated using a semi-theoretical method. The total energy dissipated in the riser and downcomer was greater for DTA reactors, whereas in the bottom was greater for SCA reactors. Non-Newtonian fluids showed higher VLR in SCA reactors, while the opposite was observed for Newtonian fluids. Excellent fits to the experimental data were achieved using simple correlations to predict εR and εD, as well as dimensionless correlations that incorporated the desired parameter (VLR).

Carbon dioxide sorption on EDTA modified halloysite

In this paper the sorption study of CO2 on EDTA surface modified halloysite was conducted. In the paper chemical modification of halloysite from the Dunino deposit (Poland) and its influence on sorption of CO2 are presented. A halloysite samples were washed with water-EDTA 1% solution, centrifuged to separate liquid and impurities and dried. The samples were tested for the sorption capacity using a manometric method with pressure up to 3 MPa. A Langmuir adsorption model was fitted to the data. The results showed that EDTA had a limited effect on the increase of sorption potential at low pressure and the samples exhibited similar results to that ones treated solely with the water solution.

Production of activated carbon pellets from olive stones for CO<SUB align="right">2 adsorption

The main objective of this work is to compare and model sorption isotherms of pure carbon dioxide to well characterised activated carbon pellets (ACP) prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures to determine the most appropriate sample for CO2 storage. CO2 adsorption on the activated carbon samples were studied using a manometric adsorption method. Experiments were conducted at room temperature and in the pressure range between 1 and 23 bars. The surface area, pore volume and pore diameter were evaluated from the analysis of N2 adsorption isotherm data. The characterisation of carbon materials was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal that all the samples are essentially microporous and have a high CO2 adsorption capacity. The highest CO2 adsorption value is 9.52 mmol/g at room temperature and 23 bars. The experimental results were fitted using Toth's approach and with corrected Langmuir's equation. Modelling provides affinity settings of carbon dioxide for different activated carbon.

Quality control of (Th,Pu)O2 fuel pellet obtained by coated agglomerate pelletization

(Th,Pu)O2 fuel pellets were synthesised by coated agglomerate pelletization route and characterized for the chemical quality control. (Th,Pu)O2 pellets were characterized for trace metals by spectrometric methods and non metals by ion chromatographic, spectrophotometric, conductometric and manometric methods. H, F, B and Cd contents were found to be less than 1 ppm while that for V and Cl were found to be less than 10 ppm. The pellets were found to contain Cr, Cu, Mo, Na, Ni and Pb in the range of 10–50 ppm whereas Zn, Al, Ca and C in the range of 50–100 ppm. More than 100 ppm Si, Fe and Mg were found to be present in the (Th,Pu)O2 pellets. The O/M content of the pellets were found to be ~2.00. A comparative study on (Infrared) I.R. and microwave (microwave) dissolution were also used to ascertain the Th and Pu content in the (Th,Pu)O2 pellets.

High-Pressure/High-Temperature Methane-Sorption Measurements on Carbonaceous Shales by the Manometric Method: Experimental and Data-Evaluation Considerations for Improved Accuracy

Summary In exploration for shale gas, experimental methane-sorption measurements represent a valuable source of information for resource estimates and for reservoir-modeling studies. Here, the main difficulty is the relatively low adsorption capacity of shales (typically 10% of the sorption capacity of coals), as well as the fact that the measurements need to be performed over a wide range of pressures and temperatures characteristic of past or present geological conditions. In this work, we demonstrate the capabilities of an adapted manometric apparatus to reliably measure excess sorption isotherms at pressures of up to 30 MPa and temperatures up to 423 K on carbonaceous shales. This is accomplished with an experimental design comprising separate heating zones for the sample cell and for the rest of the apparatus. An experimental and mass-balance approach is presented to quantify the temperature gradient existing between the two heating zones, as well as the thermal expansion of the sample cell, and to account for these in the calculation of the excess sorption. We demonstrate that the analysis of the helium-void-volume data over a large temperature range can be interpreted with respect to the thermal expansion of the sample and, in some cases, changes in pore-volume accessibility to helium. We propose to perform blank-expansion tests with non-adsorbing specimens (e.g., steel cylinders) as a quality check to eliminate device-specific artifacts resulting from unknown measurement uncertainties or from uncertainty in the equation of state. Two evaluation procedures are presented to quantitatively account for the blank tests in the final result of sorption measurements on shale samples. As an example, methane-sorption isotherms for carbonaceous shale at 311, 338, 373, and 423 K are presented. By use of a Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate the propagation of the experimental uncertainties, the final estimated uncertainty in excess sorption resulting from systematic errors was found to be ± 0.007 mmol/g at 25 MPa. The consideration of the blank-expansion tests in the mass balance further reduces the systematic error, at least to a point at which an excellent intralaboratory consistency is obtained. The estimated uncertainty resulting from random errors was found to significantly overestimate the actual precision of the experimental setup, and an explanation is provided with respect to experimental design. A data-reduction approach using an excess-sorption function based on a Langmuir-type absolute-sorption model was found to provide an excellent representation of the measured sorption data. By means of simplified model calculations we demonstrate that the excess-sorption formalism is a sufficient, simple, and adequate approach to applications in shale-gas-resource estimation. The uncertainties pertaining to representativeness of experimental sorption data of in-situ reservoir conditions are briefly discussed.

A Manometric Method of Measuring the Apparent Density of Granular Materials

Materials in the form of heterogeneous gas–solid systems are widely used in modern industrial production and agriculture. In order to assure a high level of performance of technological processes when such materials are used, it is necessary to know their thermophysical properties, such as density, thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, and thermal diffusivity [1O 3]. The density of granular material is determined by measuring its mass and volume. Different methods and devices are used to measure mass [4]. The mass of the hardest particles or the mass of the particles together with the air between them may be measured. Because of the great difference between the density of a gas and that of particles, the error of such measurements will be insignifi cant. The problem of measuring the volume of granular material does not have a unique solution. Depending on the relationship between the solid and gas phase in a volume that is being monitored, we distinguish the packed, volume, apparent, and effective density of granular material [1, 2]. By the volume density is understood the average density of the particles of a material in the volume of which there are closed and open pores. The defi nition of the apparent density in a volume of particles does not include open pores. The effective density is the density of the matter of the solid particles. For porous materials, some of these types of density may coincide, depending on the structure of these materials. The volume density and apparent density are measured by the methods of liquid and gas substitution. Methods of liquid substitution suffer from a number of drawbacks as compared to gas substitution, for example, the need to remove gas bubbles through heating or other means; interaction of the liquid with solid matter, leading to a variation in the solid volume and the fact that the liquid cannot be reused; the need to take into account the molecular volume of the liquid to assure it can percolate through open pores [2]; and the need to dry the material and the measurement tank. The methods used to measure density with gas substitution are based on the variation of the pressure in the measurement tank containing the test substance. Nondestructive methods of gas substitution are sometimes classifi ed as noncontact methods, since in the course of compressing the gas, which is a constituent part of granular material, no other medium comes into contact with the solid particles.

Influence of the raw material and nickel oxide on the CH4 capture capacity behaviors of microporous carbon

Three different sets of microporous carbon were produced at various activation temperatures: the first set was prepared from lignocellulosic material, the second set was prepared by mixing pyrogallol with formaldehyde (PF), and the third set was prepared by incorporation of nickel oxide in PF (PF/Ni). The objective of this work is to compare pure CH4 sorption isotherms for well-characterized the three sets of porous carbon prepared by different methods to determine the most suitable porous carbon for CH4 storage. Methane adsorption on several microporous carbon has been investigated using a manometric adsorption method. The experiments were carried out using CH4 pure gas at 298 K from 1 to 30 bar. The effect of the preparatory condition on the properties, textures, and adsorption gas of the prepared samples has been analyzed. The samples were characterized by adsorption of N2 (77 K), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). It was found that both the type of raw material and the conditions of activation (activation temperatures), had a huge influence on the microporosity of the resultants samples and their CH4 capture capacities. The sample that presented the maximum CH4 capture capacities at 298 K, was prepared from PF and was activated at 1000 °C. This sample showed the highest narrow microporosity volume (0.46 cm3/g) and greater affinity for methane, thus confirming that only pores of the less than 1 nm are effective for CH4 adsorption. The result shows that the addition of nickel oxide is not improved the adsorbed methane amount.