Manitou Lake Research Articles

Iron oxide - copper - gold-type and related deposits in the Manitou Lake area, eastern Grenville Province, Quebec: variations in setting, composition, and style

The Manitou Lake area (Kwyjibo and Lac Marmont sectors), located in Quebec's eastern Grenville Province, contains magnetite-rich deposits with variable morphological, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics. Most Kwyjibo sector deposits are rich in Cu, rare-earth elements (REE), Y, P, F, and Ag and are anomalous in Th, U, Mo, W, Zr, and Au, and Lac Marmont sector deposits are commonly poor in these elements. Deposits occur in or are closely associated with 1175–1168 Ma leucogranite. They contain combinations of magnetite, clinopyroxene, blue–green hornblende, titanite, apatite, fluorite, quartz, biotite, andradite, epidote, albite, hematite, sulfides (chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, molybdenite, sphalerite), ilmenite, allanite, and other REE-bearing minerals. Veins and breccias are common. Most of the magnetite mineralization was preceded by potassic metasomatism (microcline) and was followed by most of the sulfides and radioactive minerals. Nearby sulfide-dominant deposits may be related. The deposits were formed by metasomatic replacement and fracture filling from hydrothermal fluids of variable composition, which were probably channeled in major, active faults. Oxygen-isotope data from magnetite-rich rocks suggest that fluids were predominantly magmatic and (or) metamorphic and that, locally, mixing with cooler meteoric water may have facilitated precipitation of sulfides and rare-metal minerals. Titanites in mineralized rock have been dated at 972 ± 5 Ma, but most magnetite may be older. Mineralization was syn- to post-tectonic and occurred in an orogenic to orogenic-collapse setting. The Cu–REE–Y-rich deposits are similar to iron oxide – copper – gold (IOCG) Olympic Dam type deposits, and copper- and rare-metals-poor occurrences resemble magnetite ± apatite Kiruna-type deposits.

Lithostratigraphy and recent sedimentation history of Little Manitou Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada

Little Manitou Lake is a topographically closed, hypersaline lake that occupies a long, linear glacial meltwater channel in the northern Great Plains of western Canada. Most of the modern and late Holocene sediment in the lake has been generated from within the basin itself, either by endogenic inorganic precipitation or by other authigenic processes. These endogenic and authigenic precipitates, composed of mainly very soluble sulfate salts and sparingly soluble carbonates, provide an explicit record of the past chemical and hydrological fluctuations that have occurred in the lake. Although detailed chronostratigraphy is incomplete, preliminary14C dating indicates an age of about 2000 years for the oldest sediment recovered from the basin.

Geochemical indication of late Holocene Evolution of Little Manitou Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada: ABSTRACT

Geochemical indication of late Holocene Evolution of Little Manitou Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada: ABSTRACT

Development of a Water Supply and Water Treatment Facility for a Small Rural Community

The Saskatchewan Abilities Council operates a permanent recreation and training facility at Manitou Lake, Saskatchewan. This facility, known as Camp Easter Seal, accommodates approximately 200 people during the summer. Prior to 1986, water for domestic use was obtained from an off-site shallow well. Contamination of the well resulted in the need to develop a safe reliable water supply for the camp. Such a supply was developed on-site, from a deep aquifer. Since the water from the deep aquifer contained excessive concentrations of sodium and sulfate ions, a specialized water treatment system was required. The system that was designed included manganese greensand filters, water softeners and a reverse osmosis desalination unit. To reduce the cost of supplying domestic water to the camp, a split distribution system was installed – only desalinated water was provided for human consumption; softened water was distributed to the laundry, showers and washrooms.

Kink folds at Upper Manitou Lake, northwestern Ontario

Two sets of conjugate kink folds occur in the greenstones of Upper Manitou Lake, northwestern Ontario. One set is sparsely developed; the later set is developed over the entire area, concentrating in the neighbourhood of the Manitou Straits Fault. This second set of kink folds is asymmetrically developed and seems to be associated with sinistral movement along the fault.The mechanism of fold development involved rotation of kinked foliae between kink fold boundaries, but lateral migration of these boundaries and of the tip of the kink fold is a necessary part of the mechanism. The folds developed at relatively low confining stresses by shear along closely spaced schistosity planes.

Query Re:Record of Western Tanagers at Little Manitou Lake, August 14, 1963

Query Re:Record of Western Tanagers at Little Manitou Lake, August 14, 1963

Ferns of Manitoulin Island, Ontario (Continued)

7. PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM (L.) Kuhn var. IATIUSCULUM (Desv.) Underw. ex Heller-In open rocky woods, McKim's Beach, 14 Sept. 1961, S 9332. Sight records: Barrie Is., Bluejay Creek, Cape Robert, Christina Bay, Cook's Dock, Dean Bay, Evansville, Frechette Bay, Gore Bay, Green Bay, High Hill, Honora, Ice Lake, James Bay, Kaboni, Manitou Lake, 5 & 8 miles SW of Manitowaning, Marsh Lake, Mindemoya, Mississagi Strait, Mud Lake, Perch Lake, Poole Lake, Providence Bay, Roberts Bay to Thomas Bay, Silver Lake, Silverwater, Sounding Cove, South Baymouth, West Bay, Windfall Lake; Cockburn Is.; Great, Outer, and Western Duck Islands; Baie Fine; Killarney. Bracken occurs almost everywhere in the district and is abundant. Other collections: Providence Bay, Wekwemikongsing, and Cockburn Is., C. 0. Grassl 5859, 5877 4 5879 (MICH); 2 miles NW of Manitowaning, H. H. Brown 5579 (TRT); Fossil Hill, K. K. Irizawa 134 (TRT). 8. CRYPTOGRAMMA STrLLERI (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl-On rocks of escarpment overlooking West Bay, 26 July 1956, S 4. F 6607; rock face of wooded ridge, Mud Lake, 5 July 1957, S & G 7164; mossy crevices of limestone in shady woods 8 miles SW of Manitowaning, 7 June 1959, S 4 H 8444; mossy crevices of limestone cliffs at top of escarpment, 1 mile N of Green Bay, 15 July 1959, S 4 H 8779; crevices of limestone cliff, East Bluff, 1 mile NE of Gore Bay, 24 July 1959, S 4 H 8973. Sight records: Cook's Dock, Evansville, Ice Lake, Manitowaning, Michael Bay, Mindemoya. The Slender Cliff-brake is locally abundant on cliff faces and shaded limestone ridges. Other collections: Gore Bay, Battery Bluff and near Rattlesnake Harbour, C. O. Grassl 1517, 1636, 4 5889 (MICH); High Falls, Pease Ogden 25059 (GH, TRT); 2 miles N of Murphy Point, Senn 4. Lindsay 5437 (DAO, TRT). Reported from McLeod Harbour on Cockburn Island by Bell (1870), as Allosorus gracilis; the specimen which I have seen from Bell's collection at Carleton University (CCO), labelled Is. may have been taken on Cockburn Island. 9. ADIANTUM PEDATUM L.-I have seen the Maidenhair Fern on Manitoulin Island only once, in woods along the Manitou River near Michael Bay on 28 July 1952, in company with John Clayson. Since this species is common in most of Southern Ontario (Fig. 2) no voucher was taken at that time. Its rarity on the island was realized only later when the data were being examined for the preparation of this paper. I have also seen a specimen from a garden in Gore Bay to which the fern was said to have been trans71

Asplenium cryptolepis on Manitoulin Island

Upper Peninsula of Michigan. On one occasion when we were returning from an excursion to Providence Bay on the south shore of the island to our base camp at Little Current on the north shore we made a very brief but rewarding stop near the little Indian settlement of Excelsior, at the south end of West Bay. Between West Bay and Manitou Lake there is a prominent headland known as High Hill. According to Chapman and Putnam (1951), High Hill stands over 500 feet above the level of Lake Huron or more than 1100 feet above sea-

THE SALINE LAKES OF SASKATCHEWAN

Sixty lakes in central and southern Saskatchewan were investigated during the years 1938 to 1943. Most of these are saline and lie within the aspen parkland. A few freshwater lakes from the adjacent forest zone were included for comparison. Physical and chemical studies included observation of depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen, light penetration, and the mineral constituents of the water. The plankton was sampled with nets and traps, bottom organisms with an Ekman dredge, and the fish with gill nets and seines. In the first two years the survey covered all the main lakes in the southern part of the province. In the last three, more intensive studies were made in selected lakes.Most of the lakes have between 300 and 30,000 p.p.m. of total solids but Little Manitou Lake has 120,000 p.p.m. The salts are mostly sulphates of magnesium or sodium with little chlorides. Seasonal, annual, and long-term variations in salinity are discussed. Most of the lakes are shallow and only those of moderate depth show thermal stratification. High salinity affects the course of circulation. Light penetration is low in the shallow lakes but none is excessively turbid.The phytoplankton, dominated by the blue-green algae, is mostly composed of euryhaline species. Higher aquatic plants are widespread but absent from Little Manitou Lake. Cosmopolitan species of halophytes grow around the saline lakes. Rotifers are abundant with Pedalia and Brachionus dominant in the more saline water. The Entomostraca thrive in all salinities. The brine shrimp, Artemia salina, is found only in Little Manitou Lake. Chironomid larvae, amphipods, and mollusca dominate the bottom fauna. The relation of the quantity of bottom organisms to salinity is discussed.Twenty-six species of fish are found. Several species tolerate a salinity of 15,000 p.p.m. but only the nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius, occurs in 20,000 p.p.m. The saline lakes produce much game fish and about 5% of the commercial catch of the province. Fish planting and the results of three experiments in fish culture are recorded.These lakes may be classified as saline eutrophic. Salinity is the dominant influence and it is also an expression of the climatic and physiographic factors that were responsible for the formation of the lakes. The saline lakes of Saskatchewan are much like those in the steppes of western Siberia.

Geology of East Bay, Minnitaki Lake, District of Kenora, Ontario

The results of a detailed field study of East Bay, Minnitaki Lake, District of Kenora, Ontario, are here given. A sequence of lavas and pyroclastics together with sediments, over 10,000 feet thick, is described. An analysis of the complex of folds and faults in which these beds are involved is presented. As a result of a better understanding of structure the "Keewatin" period was found to consist of two periods of volcanism separated in time by two periods of diastrophism and an intervening period of sedimentation. A similar sequence is known from other areas in the northern sub-province, of the Lake Superior pre-Cambrian. The East Bay section is compared with the sections of Vermilion Township, Savant Lake, and Mosher Bay of Manitou Lake.