Manilkara Research Articles

Manejo de florestas naturais degradadas na Amazônia: estudo de caso sobre critérios de colheita

Este trabalho trata de uma experiência inovadora em relação a critérios para colheita de árvores em floresta natural degradada na Amazônia. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em 535,6 ha de floresta na Fazenda Shet, em Dom Eliseu - PA, usando a base de dados do censo florestal referente a árvores com DAP ≥ 25 cm. Os critérios para colheita das árvores consideraram, prioritariamente, os seguintes elementos: grau de sanidade, qualidade do fuste (2 e 3), diâmetro máximo a permanecer na floresta (DAP < 100 cm), árvores de menor diâmetro (25 ≥ DAP ≤ 55 cm), espécies com maior densidade de árvores por unidade de área, distribuição diamétrica, segundo o coeficiente de Liocourt, manutenção das espécies intensamente exploradas no passado e com população de árvores ≤ 0,15 arv.ha-1. Foram inventariadas 46.012 árvores, pertencentes a 106 espécies, e planejadas para colheita 23,19% (10.671 árvores), aos 12 anos após a exploração anterior. Baseando-se no planejamento da colheita e seguindo os critérios, a previsão de colheita em relação à população total inventariada teve como resultado: 2,16% árvores pelo critério de sanidade; 15,45% pela forma de fuste; 0,26% pelo diâmetro máximo; 93,93% pelo menor diâmetro; 57,50% pela densidade arbórea; e 5,04% pela manutenção das espécies. A colheita foi realizada em 98,79% das árvores com sanidade comprometida; 22,20% com fuste 2 e 3; 97,39% com diâmetro máximo; 95,02% com menor diâmetro; e 90,30% com maior densidade arbórea. Foram mantidas 98,14% das espécies Astronium lecointei, Cordia goeldiana, Copaifera sp., Hymenaea courbaril, Hymenolobium petraeum, Handroanthus serratifolius e Manilkara elata, intensivamente exploradas no passado, e 98,70% de outras 53 espécies com menor abundância (≤ 0,15 arv.ha-1). O planejamento da exploração seguindo os critérios de colheita propostos possibilitou a extração de árvores em ciclos de 10 a 12 anos, sendo um tempo menor que o previsto pela legislação. A manutenção da diversidade de espécies arbóreas e a conservação da floresta em pé, previstas com esses critérios técnicos, podem ser alternativas para o manejo florestal ecológica e economicamente viável.

Banque de graines du sol et déterminants de la germination du tali, Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan

Cette étude évalue l’abondance des graines d’Erythrophleum suaveolens dans la banque de semences du sol des forêts denses humides d’Afrique centrale. Les travaux ont été menés au Nord-Congo dans deux types forestiers : la forêt à Celtis sur des sols argilo-sableux à sablo-argileux et la forêt à Manilkara sur des sols sableux. Les tiges d’E. suaveolens (dhp ≥ 10 cm) ont été inventoriées dans deux blocs de 400 ha, et les structures diamétriques de leurs populations ont été comparées. En outre, 80 fosses (2 x 40 fosses par type de forêt) ont été creusées au pied de 20 arbres (10 par forêt), sur trois couches contiguës de 10 cm chacune, soit à une profondeur totale de 30 cm, et l’abondance des graines dans la banque de semences du sol a été évaluée. La dormance des graines récoltées a été testée par des essais de germination après traitement au H2SO4 et cinq graines prélevées jusqu'à une profondeur de 20 cm dans la forêt à Celtis ont été utilisées pour estimer leur âge par spectroscopie de masse par accélérateur (AMS). Dans les deux types forestiers, les structures diamétriques présentent une distribution gaussienne, illustrant un déficit de régénération. Alors que les densités de tiges (dhp ≥ 10 cm) sont proches, avec 0,85 et 1,05 tige/ha respectivement, dans la forêt à Celtis et la forêt à Manilkara. Les densités de graines sont significativement plus élevées dans la forêt à Celtis (8,55 graines/m2) que dans la forêt à Manilkara (0,15 graine/m2). Le pourcentage maximum de germination obtenu était de 19,1 % pour des graines n’ayant subi aucun traitement. Les lots traités à l’acide ont présenté de moindres taux de germination. Ces graines semblent pouvoir se conserver une dizaine d’années au moins dans la banque du sol. Les facteurs pouvant influencer les variations de densité des graines sont discutés et des recommandations sylvicoles sont formulées.

CORRELAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES ELÁSTICAS ESTÁTICAS E DINÂMICAS DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES NATIVAS DE MADEIRA

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar a correlacao entre o modulo de elasticidade dinâmico e o modulo de elasticidade estatico da madeira. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 36 pecas de madeiras nativas, isentas de defeitos e com dimensoes 5 x 5 x 100 cm. Foram escolhidas especies com grande variacao de densidade, sendo 12 corpos de prova de Caixeta (Tabebuia cassinoides), 12 corpos de prova de Massaranduba (Manilkara spp) e os demais de Pequia (Caryocar villosum). Inicialmente, foram realizados ensaios de vibracao longitudinal e transversal, utilizando o software FFT Analyser para obter as frequencias naturais em cada direcao, a partir das transformadas de Fourier. Posteriormente, as pecas foram submetidas a flexao estatica a quatro pontos, respeitando as recomendacoes previstas pela ISO 13.910: 2013. Os resultados evidenciam a eficiencia dos metodos de vibracoes naturais, com correlacoes superiores a 80% e pequena variacao, semelhante a literatura pesquisada.

Inhibitory effects of five medicinal plants on ratalpha-glucosidase: Comparison with their effects on yeast alpha-glucosidase

The mammalian and yeast α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Senna italica, Tinospora fragosa, Manilkara mochisia, Xanthocercis zambesiaca, Ozoroa cf. albicans, Peltophorum africanum, Cassia abbreviata were investigated using p-nitrophenyl glucopyranoside as a substrate. All the plant species tested had low inhibitory activity against rat intestinal α-glucosidase. The highest concentration of C. abbreviata resulted in no observable loss of rat intestinal α-glucosidase activity. At 2.5 mg/ml, X. zambesiaca managed only 25% inhibition of rat intestinal glucosidase activity. M. mochisia led to about 60% loss of activity at 5 mg/ml. On the other hand, all plant species tested had good inhibitory activity against Baker’s yeast α-glucosidase. These findings suggest that a chemical substance that inhibits yeast α-glucosidase activity will not necessarily inhibit mammalian α-glucosidase. The validatation of the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plant extracts, with the focus on the inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, will require, in addition, investigation of mammalian enzymes. The antioxidant activity of these plant species was also investigated, with C. abbreviata and ascorbic acid as the positive controls. The IC50 values were estimated. P. africanum had good antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 0.030 mg/ml, similar to the IC50 value resulting from the positive control, ascorbic acid. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, α-glucosidase activity, antioxidant activity, plant extracts.

Structural characterization of the woody plants in restinga of Brazil

The structure of the woody component of in restinga (tropical coastal vegetation) of Brazil was surveyed in order to describe and examine the relationship between community structure, water table, and soil nutrients. The survey was undertaken between January and March 2005 in an area with a forest physiognomy, employing the point-center quarter method with 100 sampling points. Soil samples were collected for chemical and physical analysis. A total of 51 species, 36 genera, and 31 families were sampled. The H’ was 3.508 nit.ind-1 and the species with the highest VI were Manilkara salzmannii (22.63), Myrcia bergiana (20.55), Chamaecrista ensiformis (19.82),Sacoglottis mattogrossensis (17.68), and Coccoloba laevis (15.18). The distribution of species was associated with certain soil nutrients (calcium, acidity, organic matter and cation exchange capacity). The species richness in Maracaipe Reserve was high in comparison to other coastal areas in the Brazilian northeast, indicates the need for conservation of this area. We may conclude that the present study indicated that soil nutrients were of greater importance for explaining the observed variations in the physiognomy and species distribution in the restinga area. Key words: Pernambuco, physiognomies, resting, species distribution.

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MALINKARA ZAPOTA BARK

Many plants possess antioxidant ingredients that provided efficacy by additive or synergistic activities. Manilkara zapota bark (MZB) has been used for the treatment of fever and diarrhea. Antioxidant activity of the ethanol crude extract of bark of Manilkara zapota was assessed in vitro using DPPH, reducing power capacity, total antioxidant, total phenol and total flavonoid content assays at different concentration. The extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity compared to known antioxidant. The potent extract of MZB was tested for in vivo efficacy by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) induced liver damage rats in hepatoprotective model. CCl 4 produced significant alteration of serum marker enzymes, total bilirubin, total protein and liver weight. The extract significantly restored of these values towards normal compared to control group. Due to its natural origin and potent free radical scavenging ability MZB could be used as a potential preventive intervention for free radical mediated diseases.

Antioxidant activity of M. zapota and C. limon seeds.

Seed extracts of Citrus limon and Manilkara zapota were analyzed for their antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were also estimated, antioxidant activity was found to be correlated to the former. Chloroform-methanol extract of M. zapota exhibited the highest total antioxidant capacity among all samples tested. The chloroform-methanol solvent mixture proved most efficient in extracting phenolic constituents.

Properties of Manilkara Discolor (Sond.) Hemsl.): a lesser-known timber species from Kilindi District Tanzania

This work was conducted to determine some physical and mechanical properties of Manilkara discolor , a lesser-known and lesser-utilized timber species from Kilindi District Tanzania. Three large trees free from visible defects were selected, felled and small sample pieces of 20 mm x 20 mm x 60 mm for compression, 20 mm x 20 mm x 20 mm for shear, 20 mm x 20 mm x 45 mm for cleavage and 20 mm x 20 mm x 300 mm for static bending, comprising 72 pieces for each test were prepared. The sample pieces were tested in laboratory using standard methods. The wood was brownish and attractive, fine textured with appealing figure and attaining good finish when plained. The results showed the species to have wood basic Density of 765 kg m-3, Modulus of Elasticity of 14,341 N mm-2, Modulus of Rupture of 119.48 Nmm-2, Work to Maximum Load of 0.132 mm Nmm-2 and Work to Total Fracture of 0.284 mm Nmm-2. The Compression parallel to grain was 41.69 Nmm-2, Shear parallel to grain was 18.65 Nmm-2 and Cleavage Strength was 34.97 Nmm-2. Manilkara discolor wood was found to have desirable values and can be used to substitute other species which are currently in danger of over-exploitation. Key words: Basic density – Tanga - Khaya anthotheca - Pterocarpus angolensis

(1514) Proposal to conserve Manilkara nom. cons. (Sapotaceae), against an additional name, Sapota

TAXONVolume 50, Issue 4 p. 1215-1216 Proposal to Conserve or Reject (1514) Proposal to conserve Manilkara nom. cons. (Sapotaceae), against an additional name, Sapota Werner Greuter, wg@zedat.fu-berlin.de Botanischer Garten & Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität, Königin-Luise-Str. 6–8, D-14191 Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Werner Greuter, wg@zedat.fu-berlin.de Botanischer Garten & Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität, Königin-Luise-Str. 6–8, D-14191 Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 2001 https://doi.org/10.2307/1224751AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume50, Issue4November 2001Pages 1215-1216 RelatedInformation

Estudio palinológico de las floras fósiles del Mioceno Inferior y principios del Mioceno Medio de la región de Pichucalco, Chiapas, México

De un grupo de rocas sedimentarias marinas que se encuentran al norte de Chiapas, cerca de los límites con Tabasco y Veracruz, a orilla de la carretera que va de Huimanguillo a la presa de Malpaso, entre 300 y 500 m de altitud, se hace un estudio palinológico y paleoecológico, consistente en su parte medular en la identificación de 663 diferentes microfósiles, en su mayoría polen y esporas, que fueron encontrados en 35 de las muestras de dichas rocas sedimentarias. Las condiciones ecológicas actuales de la localidad en cuestión son propias de las zonas tropicales húmedas, predominando cerca y sobre dichos sedimentos la vegetación característica de bosque tropical perennifolio (hoy mayormente substituido por agrupaciones secundarias, pero originalmente representado entre otros por árboles de Terminalia, Vochysia, Brosimum, Dialium y Manilkara) así como comunidades afines como palmares, sabana tropical y bosque de Quercus oleoides. La columna estratigráfica estudiada comprende desde el Mioceno Inferior hasta el Mioceno Medio y los microfósiles encontrados así como los espectros polínicos elaborados permiten ver que el mayor número de granos de polen pertenece a miembros de la familia Juglandaceae, principalmente al complejo Engelhardtia-Oreomunnea, que aparecen dominantes en la mayor parte de los sedimentos analizados. Le siguen en importancia los granos de polen de Picea, Quercus, Pinus y Melastomataceae así como las esporas de Pteridophyta, principalmente las que pertenecen a las familias Cyatheaceae y Polypodiaceae. Los altos porcentajes del polen de Engelhardtia-Oreomunnea junto con la abundancia de las esporas de Cyatheaceae (Cyathea y Alsophila) permiten deducir que las condiciones ambientales que prevalecieron durante el Mioceno Inferior y Medio en esa región montañosa costera deben haber sido las de un paisaje dominado en su mayor parte por los bosques de Engelhardtia-Oreomunnea, con clima relativamente fresco y muy húmedo. El trabajo incluye un estudio comparativo de las lluvias de polen moderno de algunas zonas calientes y templadas de México, en particular de los bosques de Engelhardtia-Oreomunnea y de otros tipos de vegetación relacionados con la palinoflora encontrada en los sedimentos muestreados.

Constituents of Mimusops manilkara leaves and saponins of Mimusops seed kernels

Constituents of Mimusops manilkara leaves and saponins of Mimusops seed kernels

The genus Manilkara Adans. in Brazil, seen by a field botanist.

The genus Manilkara Adans. in Brazil, seen by a field botanist.