Manila Declaration Research Articles

Types of international judicial institutions and their role in ensuring the right to judicial protection

The article is devoted to the study of the types of international judicial institutions and their role in ensuring theright to judicial protection. It is noted that the Manila Declaration provides for a judicial settlement of disputes andarbitration. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The InternationalCriminal Court is the permanent body with jurisdiction over persons responsible for particularly serious crimes, inaddition to national criminal jurisdictions. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an independent, conven-tional body whose function is to protect human rights in the states of North and South America. The Arab Court ofHuman Rights has not yet begun its work, although the Court’s mandate allows States parties to lodge complaints.The African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights is an independent body whose purpose is to protect human rightsin African countries. The jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights extends to all matters of interpretationand application of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its protocols.The Court of Justice of the European Union interprets EU law and provides for the settlement of disputes by the EU’snational government-institutions. It is emphasized that regional judicial institutions are designed to protect the rightsand freedoms of man and citizen. They are part of a subsidiary human rights protection mechanism that can be applied once all national remedies have been exhausted. Recourse to the International Court of Justice or arbitration isnot an unfriendly act in relations between states, but on the contrary indicates the use of peaceful means of dispute settlement. Unlike other international courts, only international criminal tribunals can be joined in a single proceeding.

ОСНОВНІ ЗДОБУТКИ ТА ПРОРАХУНКИ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ЮНВТО (1975-2020 РР.)

In this article, the main achievements and miscalculations of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) from 1975 to 2020 are researched in detail. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is a specialized intergovernmental institution of the United Nations system, which is responsible for promoting sustainable, responsible and sustainable development. Thus, the main goal of this organization is to promote tourism, which will make an invaluable contribution to economic prosperity, maintaining peace and international security, prosperity of states, respect and observance of human rights and freedoms in the world. By taking appropriate action, UNWTO is moving closer and closer to achieving this goal. Therefore, this article traces the statistics of the growth of the level of international tourism in all regions of the world during the organization existence period and in recent years. In addition, the reverse process has been recorded, namely why 2020 is considered the worst year for tourism, and what losses follow when, for example, between 100 and 120 million workers in the tourism industry have lost their jobs. The work also depicts the creation of the regulatory framework of the Organization, which is undoubtedly an achievement. It is impossible not to mention the agreement on the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), signed in 1976, the Manila Declaration on World Tourism in 1980, the Tourism Code in 1985, and so on. Also, the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics in Tourism and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals maximizes the socio-economic growth of the tourism industry. In addition to the adoption of important documents, it is also worth paying attention to the variety of activities of the Organization. Throughout its existence, UNWTO has held a large number of international forums, conferences, seminars, etc., from cultural to technical topics. These achievements are confirmed by the fact that international tourism has become one of the means of the countries’ economic growth. The achievements of this organization are also reflected in universal recognition, for example, 2002 was declared the International Year of Ecotourism, and 2017 – the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development, during which a number of thematic events were held with a large number of people. In addition, Tourism Day is celebrated every year on September 27, which testifies to the popularity and importance of the industry for the world. Recognition is also evident through the cooperation of UNWTO with more than 200 international organizations, such as the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). However, despite the huge number of positives of the organization, there are still some miscalculations. This is the amount of membership fees and gaps in tourism statistics and classification. In general, UNWTO is the leading international intergovernmental organization on travel and tourism, whose main functions are to promote global tourism through planning, development of recommendations and direct assistance to member countries in increasing the tourist attractiveness of regions, given the economic benefits.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA

Tourism is a global economic, social and cultural phenomenon of the modern world. Tourism meets human needs for cultural, physical, cognitive and spiritual development. Its key objectives are determined by specific social and cultural functions. In terms of the financial backing, tourism is divided into two types: Commercial (based on personal or corporate funding); Social (based on state or charity funding). Commercial tourism is focused on making a profit by travel companies, vital to their further expansion and development. In the process of profit maximization, companies try to find the optimal ratio between costs and tourism product prices. The tourism services, they offer, are mainly focused on high and middle income individuals, who can afford to fully cover their travel expenses. Social tourism is subsidized from the opportunities allocated to meet the social needs essential to creating travel opportunities for students, young people, retirees and veterans. This category of people, as the least able-bodied segment of the population, is provided with the appropriate opportunities by the state and nongovernmental organizations, or charitable foundations. This position is reinforced by the Manila Declaration on World Tourism, which states that “social tourism is a goal that society should pursue in the interests of those citizens who are least privileged in exercising their right to leisure”. The concept and types of social tourism are different in different countries. In some countries, civil servants, the military and other categories enjoy the opportunity to travel at the expense of the budget, while in others it is subsidized, for example, by trade union funds. Companies that arrange such tours receive subsidies from the state, which allows them not to raise prices during the holidays. The paper discusses the positive experience of developed countries in implementing social tourism development programs, the classification of target population groups in social tourism, development prospects in this field of tourism and positive factors.

From South Asia to the world: embracing the challenge of global sustainable nitrogen management

From South Asia to the world: embracing the challenge of global sustainable nitrogen management

Manila Declaration on Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making It Happen

Globally, Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) is gaining widespread recognition from governments and policymakers for its potential to restore key ecosystem services and to improve human wellbeing. We organized an international conference on FLR, titled—Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making it Happen, between 25–27 February 2019 in Manila, the Philippines with 139 participants from 22 countries. The Forest and Landscape Restoration Standards (FLoRES) task force also met prior to the conference, which included a field visit to a pilot community-based forest reforestation site in Biliran Island, the Philippines. Based on the three-day conference, case study presentations, and FLoRES task force meeting, we prepared the Manila Declaration on Forest and Landscape Restoration to highlight the need to support quality of FLR efforts and outcomes in the tropics. Here we provide a synthesis of the main messages of the conference, with key outcomes including the Manila Declaration on Forest and Landscape Restoration, and ways forward to make quality FLR happen on the ground.

Promoting gender sensitivity: Disaster risk reduction in Pakistan

Gender sensitization is a theory that a maximum number of policy analysts discover easy to implement, but very few perform well. The same can be said about disaster risk reduction. When these two concerns are put together to mainstream gender into disaster risk reduction (DRR), concerned organizations and experts find gaps in planning and implementation of policies. This is not because the job is integrally challenging; rather, there is not adequate practical guidance and pragmatic information. This paper aims to increase awareness about gender issues in disaster risk reduction, to improve government capability to address gender problems in DRR and to encourage Pakistan’s government to incorporate gender perception into DRR legislatures, strategies and plans for sustainable development. The importance of the Beijing Agenda for global action on gender sensitive DRR and the Manila Declaration for Global Action on gender in climate change and DRR have been highlighted, with the help of information from other developing countries, to develop a road map for Pakistan. Capacity development and gender-aware knowledge products are the two main areas with the help of which concerns regarding gender sensitivity can be addressed in disaster preparedness, recovery and rehabilitation.

Games Of The XXII Olympiad As An Instrument Of Soviet Cultural Diplomacy

The 1980 Olympiad in Moscow (the first Olympiad in Eastern Europe and the socialist state) is viewed through the prism of the successes and failures of the cultural and sports diplomacy of the Soviet state. Olympics-80 as a kind of mega-project developed socialism promoted (albeit temporarily) not only to strengthening the position of the Soviet Union in the international arena (especially in the background of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan), but also unity of Soviet citizens in the face of Western threat. The situation was somewhat more complicated with attempts to use the Olympic project to strengthen the socialist camp. The source base of the research was the materials of the State archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian state archive of socio-political history and the Central archive of Moscow, as well as the published documents of the Russian state archive of modern history. It is shown that, despite the boycott of the Olympics, its consequences did not have a particularly strong impact on the development of sports ties and international tourism in the USSR. For example, in 1980, at the suggestion of the delegation of the USSR, the participants of the world conference on tourism, when adopting the Manila Declaration on world tourism, included in the Declaration all the initiatives of the Soviet delegation. And since 1982, the process of restoring international sports contacts began.

Social tourism, senior citizens, and education

ABSTRACTSocial tourism has been an active field in tourism literature for the last 50 years. Since its foundation, the International Social Tourism Organization has been the leading actor to conduct research in this area. The Manila Declaration (WTO, 1980) defines social tourism as “to make tourist leisure accessible to the majority, including youth, families and elderly people, by providing an exceptional economic opportunity”. The Family Holiday Association (UK) understands social tourism as “the inclusion of groups in society who are economically weak or otherwise disadvantaged in tourism participation”. Research has been conducted to understand the participation of senior citizens in social tourism. The methodology used in this study was a theoretical literature review on leisure and social tourism, as well as qualitative data was collected using the individual interview technique and the focus group technique. The survey proposed a number of indicators available to measure implications in leisure and tourism participation. One of the indicators is education. The research took place in Monterrey, México. The focus group method was used with six selected groups of senior citizens, two of them belonging to private enterprises, two groups from social associations or NGO's, and two groups were related to the public / government sector. The interviews were applied to the travel coordinators of each group selected. It was found, that social tourists perceived they were acquiring knowledge and cultural development when participating in tourism activities. Findings reflect the position taken by senior citizens when travelling with cohorts was different from the perspective of travelling with another age group. The educational contribution of their trips was one of the most important features identified during the discussions within the focus group. On the other hand, the interviewees did not emphasize the promotion or design of educational activities during the tours organized by them. They expressed the perception that senior citizens’ approach to travel was merely for socialization and relaxation. Further research will discover the great opportunity available when studying groups of elderly people or senior citizens participating in leisure and tourism.

The Impact Of Tourism On Indian Culture

<p>Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and countries. Increased leisure time and changes in lifestyle and consumption have given renewed importance to tourism. Travel outside a person's local area for leisure was largely confined to wealthy classes, who at times travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, <a title="Multilingualism" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism">learn new languages</a>, experience new cultures, and to taste different <a title="Cuisine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine">cuisines</a>. Tourism also encourages respect for and preservation of monuments and heritage properties.” At the interface between culture and tourism lies a series of deep and challenging issues relating to how we deal with issues of political engagement, social justice, economic change, belonging, identity and meaning. Tourism is a cultural phenomenon. It both impacts cultures and society, and is shaped by cultures and society. There is a deep influence of tourists and tourism on host country. Tourism is genuinely powerful and unique force for change in the community. Tourist impact has been most noticeable in lesser developed countries but is not entirely restricted to them. The cultural impact of tourism is concerned with the question of protecting and maintaining the cultural heritage and certain allied issues. The paper is an attempt to discuss the impact of tourism on Indian culture. The research design of this paper will be descriptive in nature.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Manila Declaration, Tradition, Value system, tribal tourism, Globalization<strong></strong></em></p>

C. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)

The year 2017 was highly significant for the CMS, as another triennium of activity culminated in the twelfth Conference of the Parties (COP-12) convened in Manila, Philippines, in October. Following the COP, the CMS welcomed two new parties—the Dominican Republic (1 November) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1 December), both of which are significant range states for a series of migratory species—thus increasing the membership of the CMS to a total of 126 parties. The COP resulted in a considerable volume of resolutions on an array of matters affecting the conservation status of migratory species. Following a new format, a substantial number of prior resolutions were updated, retaining their original numeration from previous COPs. Beyond the customary administrative formalities—notably, financial matters (Resolution 12.02), the mandate of the Scientific Council (Resolution 12.04), and requirements for national reporting (Resolution 12.05)—an important new executive process was established in the creation of a presidency (Resolution 12.01), mirroring practices in other multilateral agreements. In this regard, in recognition of the extensive administrative efforts required of the COP hosts, the presidency is conferred on the party in question for the subsequent inter-sessional period to provide leadership for the implementation of the CMS and to facilitate cooperation, with the Philippines duly established as the inaugural president. Setting the tone for the coming triennium, the parties adopted the Manila Declaration on Sustainable Development and Migratory Species (Resolution 12.03), which encourages the full implementation of the Strategic Plan for Migratory Species, contributing to the 2020 Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the United Nations (UN) 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), improving coordination with other bodies, the pursuit of private sector partnerships, and promoting ‘high-level political awareness and acceptance’ of the importance of migratory species conservation.

Blood and Foliage: Coral Red and Jade Green

The crimson and forest-green chevrons and piping on the long black academic gowns of surgeons and physicians, respectively, are symbols of blood and foliage, of healing with the knife or with medicaments.1 Most of us are strangers to neither calling, having trained intensively in both these arts and sciences, and many proudly don the red-piped garb of the College of Surgeons as well as the green-striped garments of our Society of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. The latter has seen 60 years come and go, and with these years, many highlights, lowlights, and colleagues who have gone before us.
 
 Red and green are also colors that mark a 35th anniversary with coral and jade, both regarded as precious gems from antiquity. Corallium rubrum (red coral) “combined myth and magic,” as “its bright red color fascinated people in the East and West alike.”2 It has been regarded as the “blood of Medusa, soft and diaphanous under water, as hard as stone in the air,” or a procreative “tree of blood” that “link(ed) with the divine and the supernatural.”2 Green jade, “the Emperor’s Stone,” has been mined and worked in China since prehistoric times, eventually becoming the “royal gem.”3 Red coral, green jade – precious stones on the 35th year of the Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Coral red, jade green – precious colors that reflect our noble profession.
 
 Red and green are also the colors of Christmas, and their use may be traced back to the “spatial and spiritual border marked by rood screens” in 14th to 16th century medieval churches, “whose symbolism may have carried over to the temporal boundary between the end of one year and the beginning of the next.”4 These elaborately designed dividers featured edifying illustrations of saints and holy scenes in multicolored splendor, but were predominantly green and red. “Iron was one source of red pigment, and copper a source of green pigment, that colored the screens” and because “metallurgy was determined by astronomy,” also closely associated were “Iron with Mars, the masculine, war, and fire” and “Copper with Venus, the feminine, love and water.”4 Hence, the colors people encountered held multiple planes of meaning for them, as they celebrated another year over, a new one begun.
 
 Today, there is much to be thankful for, and much more to remain open to. Our journal has maintained a respected position among its peers, and is ready to move forward. With this issue, we begin granting a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license5 to articles published in the Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, in addition to the copyright already transferred to the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.
 
 This license means that readers are free to share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under the following terms:
 Attribution – they must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. They may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in a way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
 NonCommercial – they may not use the material for commercial purposes.
 NoDerivatives – if they remix, transform or build upon the material, they may not distribute the modified material.
 
 We hope that this further concretizes our response to the Manila Declaration on the Availability and Use of health Research Information6 and eventually qualifies us for inclusion in the Directory of Open Access Journals.7 In support of this, we conducted a Basic Medical Writing Workshop for authors last March 19, 2016 and a two-day Research Technical Review Workshop for reviewers last April 29-30 hosted by the PSOHNS, and plan to continue doing so. We are seriously negotiating for migration from our current online platform to one that will better serve our needs, and those of our readers. We will soon activate our social media presence as well.
 
 Indeed, we all are yin and yang, you and I, red coral and green jade. We draw blood, and apply herbal poultices. We swim with the flow, yet solidly stand our ground. We don gay apparel of coral red and jade green, and merrily yet solemnly celebrate. Mabuhay!

Availability and Use of Health Research Information in and for Lowand Middle-Income Developing Countries - Manila Declaration

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2016; 6(1): 4-5

Impact, Not Just Impact Factor: Responding to the Manila Declaration on the Availability and Use of Health Research Information

Impact, Not Just Impact Factor: Responding to the Manila Declaration on the Availability and Use of Health Research Information

Manila Declaration on the Availability and Use of Health Research Information in and For Low- And Middle-Income Countries in the Asia Pacific Region

Manila Declaration on the Availability and Use of Health Research Information in and For Low- And Middle-Income Countries in the Asia Pacific Region

The Value of the Manila Declaration on International Dispute Settlement in a Case in Which the Philippines is a Party

The Value of the Manila Declaration on International Dispute Settlement in a Case in Which the Philippines is a Party

International Life Sciences Institute Regional Conference on Food Fortification: Science, Technology, and Policy 3–5 December 1996 Manila Declaration on Food Fortification

International Life Sciences Institute Regional Conference on Food Fortification: Science, Technology, and Policy 3–5 December 1996 Manila Declaration on Food Fortification

Guidelines and policies on collection of biological specimens in the Philippines

In October, 1993, 16 months after the United Nations approved the International Convention on Biodiversity held in Rio de Janeiro, June, 1992, the Philippine Congress ratified and adopted the Convention. This is a manifestation of the full support of the Philippines for the principles and policies adopted by the UN body on the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable development of biological resources and equitable sharing of benefits between users and owners of biodiversity resources. The Philippine scientific community has long recognized the need for and importance of a national guideline and policy with regard to the collection of plants and animals in the Philippines for scientific or commercial purposes. A series of consultative meetings were held by representatives of government agencies, non-government organizations, private organizations, academic and private persons concerned with biodiversity conservation to formulate national guidelines that regulate the collection of plant and animal specimens in the country. Guidelines were unanimously adopted by various government agencies and academia and a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was signed on September 28, 1990. Very recently a new document was drafted, specifically to serve as a guideline for those who desire to undertake sample collecting in the Philippines for biodiversity prospecting. The document is now being reviewed by government departments and agencies and will be presented to the President of the Philippines for signing as an Executive Order (EO). Once signed, this EO will serve as a national policy for bioprospecting in the country. The Philippines is one of the countries in Southeast Asia that has endorsed the adoption of regional guidelines on the collection of plant and animal organisms for drug development. The ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1985), The Manila Declaration (1992) and lately, the Melaka Accord (1994), all of which were signed by various countries in Asia, are manifestations of this interest.

Preservation and utilization of natural biodiversity in context of search for economically valuable medicinal biota (Technical Report)

Natural products remain excellent sources of leads in the search for novel medicaments for the treatment of diseases. The largest present underexplored source of such materials lies in tropical and subtropical regions. In these areas a long tradition of ethnobotanical medicine often exists with which to guide laboratory experimentation, but the finds, equipment and necessary expertise is often lacking. The divergence betwen availability and the means with which to develop provides the basis for significant disagreements over the value to be placed on each party's contribution and represents a factor which inhibits the development of these materials for mankind's benefit. Various scientific societies, governmental agencies, industries, groups and individuals have advanced their views, but confounding features have prevented the emergence of an amicable consensus. The rapid rate with which biota are disappearing has increased the urgency of the need to find solutions to the problems which remain. IUPAC has considered a number of declarations on the subject, particularely the Manila Declaration of 1992 and the Melaka Accord of 1994, which are reproduced in an appendix, and has made several recommendations it believes should be considered by participants when promulgating declarations and enacting legislation on the topic. This position paper sets forth IUPAC's views on the subject for the guidance of its members and affiliated organizations and is not itself a declaration nor does it adopt by reference any particular declaration.

Document: The Manila Declaration. Statement of the Asia—Pacific People's Conference on Peace and Development

Over 200 peace and nuclear disarmament activists from 18 countries assembled in Manila, Philippines from January 10–14, 1989 to participate in the Asia-Pacific Peoples Conference for Peace and Development. Sponsored by the Australian Anti-Bases Coalition campaign and the Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific-Philippine Forum, in conjunction with grassroots multi-sectoral and issue-oriented groups in the Philippines, the conference seeks to promote a regional approach to nuclear disarmament, demilitarization, the elimination of foreign military bases, peace and development in the Asia-Pacific region. As a result of this conference, the Asia-Pacific People's Forum on Peace and Development, a transnational coalition of organizations and individuals committed to a“nuclear free and independent Asia and Pacific region,” was organized. As a truly broad people's movement, the Forum has declared its support, among others, of the“total dismantling of all nuclear arms and foreign military and intelligence bases in our region,” the“full support for the inherent rights of indigenous peoples to their ancestral domains, and to their self-determination and preservation of their cultural heritage,” the“elimination of all discrimination based on race, gender, class, and religion,” the“full implementation of all international conventions on human rights, disarmament, peace, and development, throughout the region,” and“ending the use of foreign debt as the major vehicle of economic intervention and domination in the region, and repudiating “Third World’ debt. Demanding a new, just, and equitable economic order.” In light of the journal's commitment to peace, economic well being, social justice and ecological balance, we are publishing these documents for our readership's information and reflection. Additional information about the Forum may be obtained from Asia-Pacific People's Forum on Peace and Development, 5 Road 13th, Quezon City, Philippines, or 1314 14th Street, #5, N. W., Washington, DC 20005, USA.

Development and the Environment in ASEAN

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES and their relationship to the problems of development is a topic that has been largely ignored by western academics dealing with Southeast Asia. In the ASEAN nations themselves, however, the environment has for some time been considered a fundamental issue with great economic, social and implications. Environmental problems are widely perceived to be entering a stage of crisis. In a recent pastoral letter of the Philippine bishops, read from every pulpit in the nation on 13 March 1988, the church warned: It is now a matter of life and death.... Our forests are almost gone, our rivers are almost empty.... during the monsoon rains, flash-floods destroy everything in their path. Environmental problems are a more deepseated crisis than political instability, economic decline and growth in armed conflict.' Despite the apocalyptic tone, this statement may not be excessively alarmist; rather, it is in agreement with both the consensus among the independent environmental groups which have arisen in the area in the last two decades and with the assessments of many outside observers. The governments of the region all now claim a passion for environmental protection, and express optimism about the possibilities for a legislative solution. Speaking about ASEAN's 1981 Manila Declaration on the Environment, an Indonesian spokesman said, By this declaration ASEAN heralds a new turning point in the growth and development of environmental awareness in the world.... This is a revolutionary declaration indeed! A declaration which for the first time in history proclaims the existence of a REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT! Never before has any region in the world had the courage and progressiveness to make such a commitment. 2 The environment has in fact become a major aspect of