Manifold System Research Articles

Modular Design for a Single-Phase Manifold Mini/Microchannel Cold Plate

The present work is related to the design of a manifold mini/microchannel heat sink with high modularity and performance for electronics cooling, utilizing two well established (i.e., jet impingement and channel flow) cooling technologies. A manifold system with cylindrical connection tubes and tapered inserts is designed for uniform coolant distribution among different channels and easy manufacturing of the whole cooling device. The design of the insert provides freedom to manipulate the flow structure within each manifold section and balance the cooling performance and required pumping power for the cold plate. Due to the optimized tapered shape of the insert inlet branches, fluid flows more uniformly through the entire heat sink fin region leading to uniform heat sink base temperatures. Extending the design of the heat sink fin structure from the mini to microscale, and doubling of the number of insert inlet/outlet branches, results in an 80% increase in the cooling performance, from 30 kW/(m2 · K) to 54 kW/(m2 · K), with only a 0.94 kPa added pressure drop penalty. The present cold plate design also provides flexibility to assemble manifold sections in different configurations to reach different flow structures, and thus different cooling performance, without redesign. The details of the modular manifold and possible configurations of a cold plate comprising three manifold sections are shown herein. A conjugate flow and heat transfer three-dimensional (3D) numerical model is developed for each configuration of the cold plate to demonstrate the merits of each modular design. Parallel flow configurations are used to satisfy a uniform cooling requirement from each module, and it is shown that “U-shape” parallel flow “base” configuration cools the modules more uniformly than a “Z-shape” flow pattern due to intrinsic pressure distribution characteristics. A serial fluid flow configuration requires the minimum coolant flow rate with a gradually increasing device temperature along the flow direction. Two mixed (i.e., parallel + serial flow) configurations achieve either cooling performance similar to the U-shape configuration with slightly more than half of the coolant flow rate, or cooling of a specific module to a much lower temperature level. Generally speaking, the current cold plate design significantly extends its application to different situations with distinct cooling requirements.

Analysis of signal-to-noise ratio of δ13C-CO2 measurements at carbon capture, utilization and storage injection sites

As new regulations from the United States Environmental Protection Agency require monitoring and accounting for Class VI injection wells, determining the efficacy of monitoring techniques is a crucial barrier to wide scale carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) deployment. The monitoring of CO2 injection sites to ensure safety and operational success requires high temporal resolution CO2 concentration and carbon isotopic (δ13C) measurements. As rapid measurement of δ13C is not possible with standard isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), we have developed a methodology using cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) with a manifold system in order to obtain accurate rapid measurements from a large sample area over an extended study period. A modified Picarro G1101-i CRDS with updated software and an auxiliary laser allows for rapid and continuous field measurement of concentrations and δ13C of carbon dioxide as well as concentrations of water and methane. A manifold system actuated by a 16 position valve allows for an increased sampling region and internet connectivity and software developments permit immediate access to data from a remote location. At a field site in Texas where preparations have been underway for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations, we have been able to observe biogenic effects on a diurnal scale, as well as variation due to precipitation and seasonality. Our system has proven field readiness for the monitoring of sites with modest CO2 flux. These data have been used to improve leak detection thresholds by an order of magnitude over published models.

Discrete method for design of flow distribution in manifolds

Flow in manifold systems is encountered in designs of various industrial processes, such as fuel cells, microreactors, microchannels, plate heat exchanger, and radial flow reactors. The uniformity of flow distribution in manifold is a key indicator for performance of the process equipment. In this paper, a discrete method for a U-type arrangement was developed to evaluate the uniformity of the flow distribution and the pressure drop and then was used for direct comparisons between the U-type and the Z-type. The uniformity of the U-type is generally better than that of the Z-type in most of cases for small ζ and large M. The U-type and the Z-type approach each other as ζ increases or M decreases. However, the Z-type is more sensitive to structures than the U-type and approaches uniform flow distribution faster than the U-type as M decreases or ζ increases. This provides a simple yet powerful tool for the designers to evaluate and select a flow arrangement and offers practical measures for industrial applications.

Mechanical packaging, power, and cooling design for the IBM z13

The system-level packaging of the IBM z13™ supports the implementation of a new drawer-based Central Processor Complex (CPC). Departing from previous IBM z Systems™ designs, the introduction of distributed land-grid-array (LGA) attached single-chip modules (SCMs) required new mechanical, power, and cooling designs to address specified performance requirements and to provide enhanced reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) attributes. Building upon the designs created for the IBM zEnterprise® BC12 (zBC12), new CPC drawer and frame mechanical designs were created to significantly increase overall packaging density. Similar to its predecessor, the IBM zEnterprise EC12 (zEC12), the z13 utilizes water-cooling of the processors, but in contrast to the single input and return flow used to cool the multi-chip module (MCM) in the zEC12, the z13 accomplishes its processor cooling using a flexible hose internal manifold design that provides parallel input and return fluid flow to each SCM. The use of flexible hose also enabled SCM field replacement, new to high-end IBM z Systems. A new internal cooling loop unit and an updated external (building-chilled) modular water-conditioning unit were designed utilizing customized water delivery manifold systems to feed the common CPC drawer design. Revised power delivery and service control structures were also created to address the distributed nature of the z13 system design.

Uncertainties of Gaseous Oxidized Mercury Measurements Using KCl-Coated Denuders, Cation-Exchange Membranes, and Nylon Membranes: Humidity Influences

Quantifying the concentration of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and identifying the chemical compounds in the atmosphere are important for developing accurate local, regional, and global biogeochemical cycles. The major hypothesis driving this work was that relative humidity affects collection of GOM on KCl-coated denuders and nylon membranes, both currently being applied to measure GOM. Using a laboratory manifold system and ambient air, GOM capture efficiency on 3 different collection surfaces, including KCl-coated denuders, nylon membranes, and cation-exchange membranes, was investigated at relative humidity ranging from 25 to 75%. Recovery of permeated HgBr2 on KCl-coated denuders declined by 4-60% during spikes of relative humidity (25 to 75%). When spikes were turned off GOM recoveries returned to 60 ± 19% of permeated levels. In some cases, KCl-coated denuders were gradually passivated over time after additional humidity was applied. In this study, GOM recovery on nylon membranes decreased with high humidity and ozone concentrations. However, additional humidity enhanced GOM recovery on cation-exchange membranes. In addition, reduction and oxidation of elemental mercury during experiments was observed. The findings in this study can help to explain field observations in previous studies.

Quantum simulation of non-trivial topology

We propose several designs to simulate quantum many-body systems in manifolds with a non-trivial topology. The key idea is to create a synthetic lattice combining real-space and internal degrees of freedom via a suitable use of induced hoppings. The simplest example is the conversion of an open spin-ladder into a closed spin-chain with arbitrary boundary conditions. Further exploitation of the idea leads to the conversion of open chains with internal degrees of freedom into artificial tori and Möbius strips of different kinds. We show that in synthetic lattices the Hubbard model on sharp and scalable manifolds with non-Euclidean topologies may be realized. We provide a few examples of the effect that a change of topology can have on quantum systems amenable to simulation, both at the single-particle and at the many-body level.

Experimental and numerical evaluation of an elongated plate-fin heat sink with three sections of stepwise varying channel width

The performance of a novel design of a three-section plate-fin heat sink employing channels of stepwise decreasing hydraulic diameter is numerically and experimentally evaluated. Prototype heat-sink and inlet–outlet manifold configurations have been manufactured and characterized, in terms of thermal resistance and induced pressure drop, in a closed fluid loop experimental rig and for flow rates in the range of 20–40mL/s. The flow development and particularly the secondary flow pattern inside the heat sink are investigated by means of a numerical three-dimensional model. The findings of the study establish that the induced pressure drop, which does not exceed 1000Pa for the considered flow rates, is primarily attributed to the flow friction in the third-heat sink section, which is of microscale dimensions and the effect of the inlet–outlet manifold system is very small (0.5% of the total). In terms of heat transfer, the effect of buoyancy in the first heat-sink section has a beneficial impact on thermal performance maintaining the thermal resistance constant, at a value approximately equal to 0.015K/W, regardless of the flow rate of the cooling fluid. Heat transfer is also enhanced in the successive sections due to the effect of contraction-induced longitudinal vortices. Finally, it is proven that the heat sink wall exhibits a more uniform temperature distribution with the decrease of the Reynolds number.

Geometry of D_4 conformal triality and singularities of tangent surfaces

It is well known that the projective duality can be understood in the context of geometry of An-type. In this paper, as D4-geometry, we construct explicitly a flag manifold, its triplefibration and differential systems which have D4-symmetry and conformal triality. Then we give the generic classification for singularities of the tangent surfaces to associated integral curves, which exhibits the triality. The classification is performed in terms of the classical theory on root systems combined with the singularity theory of mappings. The relations of D4-geometry with G2-geometry and B3-geometry are mentioned. The motivation of the tangent surface construction in D4-geometry is provided.

Determination of chlorinated pesticide residues in drinking water by liquid-solid extraction and vacuum manifold system

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the chlorinated pesticide residues in drinking water using a vacuum manifold system. Method: The liquid- solid extraction method and GC/ µECD were used for the determination of chlorinated pesticides residues in drinking water. Results: Chlorinated pesticides residues analysis are extracted from a 1 L water sample by passing of sample water through a cartridge with C 18 organic phase. The water sample is passed through the vacuum manifold system at 4 mmHg pressure. This extract is concentrated further by evaporation. It was found that the recovery values increased from 53.7% to 95.6%. It was found that the precision values increased from 4.1% to 19.8%. In calculating the limit of quantitation, the standard deviation's numerical value which is calculated for each parameter experimentally was multiplied by 10. Analyzing the, Regulation on Concerning Water Indended for Human Consumption the permitted maximum residue limits for Aldrin, Dieldrin, Heptaklor and Heptaklorepoksid is 0.03 µg/L and it's 0.1 µg/L for other pesticide parameters. The reporting limit in chlorinated pesticides which are tested is between 0.01 µg/L and 0.07 µg/L. The reporting limit for Beta HCH (beta hexachlorocyclohexane) was found as 0.07 µg/L.

Writings as Operations of Disenfranchisement, Investigating Manuscripts, and Choreographer's Notes from the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Centuries: Advantages and Problems in Reconstructing from the Papers

Bharatanatyam has manifold systems of writing/documentation. They are in the form of sculptures, paintings, inscriptions, and treatises. They are also in the form of personal notes by dance masters (Nattuvanars), notated descriptions by scholars, by wealthy merchants, travellers, and the court and temple dancers (Devadasis) themselves.The female mind, body, and voice were used to embody the choreographies envisioned by the male Nattuvanars. But the qualitative fulcrum of this dance remained in extempore exposition. Every repertoire had a pedagogy that was fundamentally dynamic in its transfer and performance but also written and preserved. The Devadasi envisioned compositions as a representation of her psyche each time, both in practice and performance. Therefore the same repertoire gets reinterpreted every time by her, but within the structured pedagogy accorded by the composition and the choreographer. Let us investigate if the term choreography is useful in representing this unique process.

ICONE23-1147 The steam manifold system optimization research based on the 1D and 3D coupled flow field model

ICONE23-1147 The steam manifold system optimization research based on the 1D and 3D coupled flow field model

A microfluidic manifold with a single pump system to generate highly mono-disperse alginate beads for cell encapsulation.

Cell encapsulation technology is a promising strategy applicable to tissue engineering and cell therapy. Many advanced microencapsulation chips that function via multiple syringe pumps have been developed to generate mono-disperse hydrogel beads encapsulating cells. However, their operation is difficult and only trained microfluidic engineers can use them with dexterity. Hence, we propose a microfluidic manifold system, driven by a single syringe pump, which can enable the setup of automated flow sequences and generate highly mono-disperse alginate beads by minimizing disturbances to the pump pressure. The encapsulation of P19 mouse embryonic carcinoma cells and embryonic body formation are demonstrated to prove the efficiency of the proposed system.

Design and Development of a Flow Based Dual Intake Manifold System

Design and Development of a Flow Based Dual Intake Manifold System

Chemical analysis of whale breath volatiles: a case study for non-invasive field health diagnostics of marine mammals.

We explored the feasibility of collecting exhaled breath from a moribund gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) for potential non-invasive health monitoring of marine mammals. Biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) profiling is a relatively new field of research, in which the chemical composition of breath is used to non-invasively assess the health and physiological processes on-going within an animal or human. In this study, two telescopic sampling poles were designed and tested with the primary aim of collecting whale breath exhalations (WBEs). Once the WBEs were successfully collected, they were immediately transferred onto a stable matrix sorbent through a custom manifold system. A total of two large volume WBEs were successfully captured and pre-concentrated onto two Tenax®-TA traps (one exhalation per trap). The samples were then returned to the laboratory where they were analyzed using solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 70 chemicals were identified (58 positively identified) in the whale breath samples. These chemicals were also matched against a database of VOCs found in humans, and 44% of chemicals found in the whale breath are also released by healthy humans. The exhaled gray whale breath showed a rich diversity of chemicals, indicating the analysis of whale breath exhalations is a promising new field of research.

A cellular manufacturing process for a full-scale biodiesel microreactor

A cellular manufacturing process was developed for fabrication and assembly of a full-scale biodiesel microreactor capable of producing biodiesel fuel at the rate of 2.47L/min and at a capacity of over 1.2 million liters of fuel per year. The scale-up of the microreactor was done through fabrication of over 14,000 individual microchannel laminae, and assembly of these laminae into a hierarchical system of modules and manifolds, thus duplicating many times over the intensification of the reaction rate per reactor volume that occurs in a single microchannel lamina. The work describes the design of the microreactor, the production process to fabricate and assemble the microreactor, the design of the manufacturing cell, and the testing of the microreactor to verify its performance.

Operating Manifold Services in Hospitals: A costly affair?

Manifold services form an important cost centre in hospitals. Most public sector hospitals do not have standard cost accounting system and therefore budget allocation is often difficult for support services such as the manifold. The study was conducted in a 1045 bedded tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India with the objective of identifying the cost incurred in delivery of manifold services. This traditional costing exercise was conducted from 01 July to 30 Sept 2010 and included classification of costs, identification of the cost centres in the hospital, cost allocation and apportioning. Direct and indirect costs as well as capital and operational costs were calculated. The process of manifold services from delivery to the operational aspects was studied. Tender documents and supply orders were perused to arrive at expenditure on manifold gas pipeline system, equipment & accessories. Total annual cost of manifold services at the hospital was calculated to be $ 333,676 and per day cost was calculated to be $ 941 .Annual cost per manifold terminal unit was $ 207.3. The daily cost of manifold system was calculated to be $ 0.56. The annual and daily cost per bed was deduced to be $ 320 and $ 0.87 respectively. While manifold is a vital support service, the fact remains that it is cost intensive and underutilized and often poorly planned in terms of cost effectiveness. The focus on technology in manifold services needs to be sustained.

A novel high pressure‐high temperature experimental apparatus to study sequestration of CO2‐SO2 mixtures in geological formations

AbstractA novel experimental set‐up to investigate the sequestration of non‐pure carbon dioxide (CO2) streams in geological formations through mineral trapping is discussed. The system includes a gas manifold system, a gas booster, a fluid reservoir, a high pressure‐high temperature reactor, and auxiliary elements to ensure safe and reliable operation under the high temperatures and pressures required for the experiments. The apparatus described here is inspired by previously reported batch equipment, but has the versatility of co‐injecting gas mixtures. The capacity of the vessel is 600 mL and the system is capable of applying pressures from ambient to 5000 psi (345 bar), and temperatures from ambient to 350 °C under batch continuous stirring conditions. These ranges of pressure and temperature can cover and even exceed the conditions relevant for the majority of subsurface sequestration studies. The interior wetted parts of the vessel are all in Hastelloy C276 (a Ni‐Cr‐Mo alloy) to be resistant to the corrosiveness of gases such as SO2. The system was tested by studying the sequestration of CO2‐SO2 mixtures in ferric (FeIII) iron‐containing sediments, as SO2 has been shown to reduce FeIII to FeII and permanently trap CO2 as the mineral siderite (FeCO3). A series of batch trials were conducted to demonstrate the experimental apparatus design efficacy along with the system´s behavior. The apparatus functioned well during the course of the experiments proving that this set‐up is a useful research tool to investigate the effect of impurities present in the flue gas from fossil fuel combustion in the geological storage of CO2.

Gas mixing system for imaging of nanomaterials under dynamic environments by environmental transmission electron microscopy

A gas mixing manifold system that is capable of delivering a stable pressure stream of a desired composition of gases into an environmental transmission electron microscope has been developed. The system is designed to provide a stable imaging environment upon changes of either the composition of the gas mixture or upon switching from one gas to another. The design of the system is described and the response of the pressure inside the microscope, the sample temperature, and sample drift in response to flow and composition changes of the system are reported.

Uniform distribution design and performance evaluation for UU-type parallel mini-hydrocyclones

The development of large scale separation is critical to further advancement in the use of mini-hydrocyclones, which are proposed as promising equipment for high precision separation. But the key problem addressed in previous literatures was the non-uniformity of distribution since their easy sensitivity to variations of geometrical parameters and flow conditions. In this paper, the uniform distribution for UU-type parallel mini-hydrocyclones was further investigated with a theoretical study. Firstly, a general mathematical model was established with intake and underflow headers to simplify preliminary design of complex manifold systems. Developments of models and methodologies of solutions were compared between intake-overflow model and intake-underflow model. It was found that two models can be described by the same characteristic control equations. Therefore, the unity of two theoretical models was convinced. In addition, four characteristic parameters (Dc/Di, n, ΔX and ξ) are selected to analyze the parameter sensitivity, meanwhile discuss their effects on the uniformity of distribution. Results showed that the non-uniformity of distribution became larger with an increase of Dc/Di, n or ΔX but ξ oppositely, and that a proper selection does improve uniformity after other varying parameters were fixed. This theoretical study proposed a reasonable optimized scheme for uniform distribution during preliminary design of complex manifold systems, which provided convenience and flexibility for designers.

Design and characterisation of a novel in vitro skin diffusion cell system for assessing mass casualty decontamination systems

The efficient removal of contaminants from the outer surfaces of the body can provide an effective means of reducing adverse health effects associated with incidents involving the accidental or deliberate release of hazardous materials. Showering with water is frequently used by first responders as a rapid method of mass casualty decontamination (MCD). However, there is a paucity of data on the generic effectiveness and safety of aqueous decontamination systems. To address these issues, we have developed a new in vitro skin diffusion cell system to model the conditions of a common MCD procedure (“ladder pipe system”). The new diffusion cell design incorporates a showering nozzle, an air sampling port for measurement of vapour loss and/aerosolisation, adjustable (horizontal to vertical) skin orientation and a circulating manifold system (to maintain a specified flow rate, temperature and pressure of shower water). The dermal absorption characteristics of several simulants (Invisible Red S, curcumin and methyl salicylate) measured with the new in vitro model were in good agreement with previous in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, these initial studies have indicated that whilst flow rate and water temperature are important factors for MCD, the presence of clothing during showering may (under certain circumstances) cause transfer and spreading of contaminants to the skin surface.