Manifestation Of Conflict Research Articles

FORMATION OF CADETS ' READINESS FOR INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE PROCESS OF INCLUSION IN EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY

Introduction . Interpersonal communication in police activities is an urgent problem, since the police is obliged to provide practical assistance to everyone who needs it, interaction and cooperation is positioned as a principle of the police. Showing tact in solving law enforcement tasks, the ability to mitigate conflict manifestations and take into account the range of interests of social partners when resolving legal conflicts, etc. play a role in improving the efficiency of operational activities. It is important in the educational process of the University to form a readiness for interpersonal communication using the potential of extracurricular activities, which can make a significant contribution to the formation of the personality of the future police officer. Materials and methods. As a result of the study and analysis of scientific literature, the experience of organizing extracurricular activities of cadets, the following areas were identified that focus on the inclusion of cadets in interpersonal communication (industrial practice, scientific extracurricular activities, professional and moral education and cultural development, physical culture and recreational activities). Each direction is characterized by leading forms, methods, and conditions. In order to determine the effectiveness of the work carried out, diagnostic tools have been developed. The diagnostic tools included the questionnaire of interpersonal relations of A. A. Rukavishnikov (OMO) and the methodology of E. A. Rukavishnikov. Bogardus "Scale of social distance". These methods allowed us to evaluate typical ways of students ' attitude to people and determine the degree of social and psychological acceptance of each other by people. The experimental group (EG) made up of 124 student AT Ministry of the interior (G. N. Novgorod), and VA MVD Rossii (Volgograd), control group (CG) 119 cadets of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia (G. N. Novgorod), and VA MVD Rossii (Volgograd). Results of the study . The results of the experiment confirmed the positive impact of systematic organized extracurricular activities on the formation of readiness of future police officers for interpersonal communication. Discussion and conclusions. Thus, during the experimental work, the authors paid special attention to interpersonal communication as a global human value. Comprehensive integration of extracurricular activities and activation of life activities of future specialists of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia in the following areas: industrial practice, scientific extracurricular activities, professional and moral education and cultural development, physical culture and recreational activities allowed changing the content of the educational environment of the University. At the same time, the coordination and control functions for organizing purposeful systematic unification of all areas of extracurricular work, including integration with classroom activities, are assigned to the teaching staff, teachers-curators of training groups, and the course link.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ КОНФЛІКТИ У КОЛЕКТИВІ

У статті розкривається сутність, структура соціально-психологічного конфлікту як специфічного конфлікту а також виявляється найбільш значущі соціально-психологічні методи попередження та вирішення конфліктів. Суть дослідження у тому, що соціально-психологічні конфлікти відіграють важливу роль у процесі ставлення особистості, адже потрібно правильно виходити з конфліктних ситуацій шляхом вирішення конфліктів у колективі. Якщо спробувати оцінити соціально-побутовий конфлікт то можна сказати, що він ніколи не буває виключно позитивним чи негативним, адже конфлікт це є позитивним моментом соціального та психологічного розвитку особистості, саме тому дана стаття є важливою в процесі ставлення, розвитку особистості у колективі. Важливо зрозуміти, що соціально-психологічний конфлікт перш за все обумовлений у першу чергу соціальними детермінантами. Виходячи з цього, можна виділити з одного боку присутність вторинних соціально-психологічних аспектів, а з іншого наявністькласу конфліктів, які створюються соціально-психологічними факторами. На основі аналізу зроблено висновки, щодо виникнення соціально-психологічних конфліктів у колективах. Основна задача статті це визначення прояви соціально-психологічного конфлікту у колективі та способи його вирішення. Визначити основні стилі вирішення конфлікту, стратегії вирішення конфлікту, та прояви соціально-психологічного конфлікту у військових підрозділах. Актуальність теми полягає у тому, що уявлення про соціально-психологічні конфлікти періодично змінюються.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ МАРКЕРИ ОСОБИСТОСТІ, ЩО ПЕРЕЖИВАЄ ВНУТРІШНЬООСОБИСТІСНИЙ КОНФЛІКТ

In the article the psychological markers of the person who is experiencing an intrapersonal conflict are substantiated. The urgency of the problem of identifying and predicting the nature of the impact of interpersonal conflicts is due to the fact that it needs to be resolved issues not only to find ways to eliminate or prevent crisis forms of conflict experiences, but, above all, to isolate the conditions in which a person can use the positivity of these experiences. For a consistent study of intrapersonal conflicts, characteristic signs in the cognitive, emotional and behavioral spheres have been identified. It is noted that there is a dialectical relationship between the situation and personality traits in the occurrence of intrapersonal conflict, which can be expressed in this way: the more acute and unexpected are negative environmental factors, the less important are the qualities of personality, and vice versa, in reducing the severity of the mass. these factors make the individual's personality composition more important. Here we can talk about a certain «psychological space of adaptive capacity of the individual». Some personal qualities or certain environmental factors narrow this space, reducing the extent to which personal measures are taken to restore the process of human adaptation. In a particular person, the possibility of manifestation of intrapersonal conflict is determined by the complex interaction of negative factors of the environment and individual psychological characteristics, in which these factors find the weakest place in the personality for resistance. For the serial research of intrapersonal conflict identified characteristic psychological markers: in the cognitive area – cognitive processes: inattention; low self-esteem; internal divergence between the images of «I am perfect» and «I am actual», «want» and «can», «must» and «may»; in the emotional sphere - the advantage of negative mental states: depressive mood; anxiety; tension; apathy; aggression; in the field of behavioral manifestations of behavioral reactions: the reduction in the intensity and effectiveness of communication links; reduced performance; the decline in success of educational activity; the desire to retire (avoidance of interpersonal contact).

Motivational interviewing with male couples to reduce substance use and HIV risk: Manifestations of partner discord and strategies for facilitating dyadic functioning.

The efficacy of motivational interviewing (MI) to reduce substance use is well established; however, its use with couples has met with mixed results. The development of such interventions is particularly relevant for male couples, as rates of substance use in this population are comparatively high and use is associated with aspects of sexual relationship functioning. One challenge noted in conducting MI with couples is how to respond to situations in which partners disagree with one another or argue against change. Guided by the couples interdependence theory, we conceptualized conflicts within session as failures in the accommodation process. We used qualitative analysis to examine manifestations of conflict in session and to identify effective provider response strategies. The sample included 14 cis-male couples with at least 1 partner was aged 18-29 years, reported substance use, and was HIV negative. All couples completed 3 MI sessions lasting 60-75 min each. Manifestations of conflict included conflation of thoughts/feelings, vague or indirect communication, and inaccurate assumptions. Effective provider responses included correcting assumptions, shifting focus, relationship repair, "common ground" reflections, and relationship affirmations. Observed conflicts aligned with conceptualizations of destructive resolutions to the accommodation process (i.e., exit and neglect). Effective provider responses to conflict facilitated dyadic functioning and catalyzed constructive accommodation. These results provide an initial compendium of provider skills and strategies that may be particularly relevant in work with sexual minority male couples, for whom achieving accommodation around drug use and sexual health goals is often viewed as a key mechanism of intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

ВНУТРІШНЬООСОБИСТІСНИЙ КОНФЛІКТ У СТУДЕНТІВ: СУЧАСНЕ ОСМИСЛЕННЯ

Introduction. Nowadays, in the globalization and euro integration conditions, reforms are taking place in institutions of higher education of Ukraine. Accordingly, educational changes affect the development of the student's personality. Given this, the problem of intrapersonal conflicts among students is relevant.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of intrapersonal conflicts among students.Methods. In the course of the research, the following research methods have been used: general science (psychological analysis, synthesis, generalization, retrospective, chronological) is the basis for studying intrapersonal conflicts among students; problem-genetic provided retrospective coverage of types of intrapersonal conflicts; structural contributed to the structure of the article; the terminological analysis of the special literature provided the definition of the individual terms of our article in the psychological aspect; comparative allowed to highlight the features of intrapersonal conflicts among students, as well as to formulate relevant conclusions.Results. In the course of the research the essence of the concepts of "intrapersonal conflict", "student age" is revealed; types of intrapersonal conflicts are covered; features of intrapersonal conflicts among students are shown.Originality. Scientific novelty of the obtained results of the research consists in the complex and systematic coverage of the outlined problem, which was not the subject of special study, - intrapersonal conflict among students: modern comprehension; established the essence of individual concepts; From the psychological point of view, the peculiarities and types of intrapersonal conflicts in students are analyzed and highlighted. The practical significance of the results of the study is that the formulated provisions and conclusions enriched the knowledge of the problem under consideration.Conclusion. The theoretical positions and conclusions of the article can become a good material in the practice of teachers, psychologists, social workers. Further development in the study was obtained: systematization and characterization of the historiography of the problem; psychological analysis of the study of intrapersonal conflicts in foreign sources; study of understanding and manifestation of intrapersonal conflict among law students and further development of training exercises.

СПІВВІДНОШЕННЯ ПОКАЗНИКІВ КОНФЛІКТНОСТІ З ШИРОКИМ СПЕКТРОМ РИС ОСОБИСТОСТІ

Theoretical and methodological analysis of scientific literature has shown that there is a great deal of information about the personality traits, which belong to manifestations of conflict and qualities closely related, and are contained in the factors of the personality, such as the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI). This article presents the results of the theoretical and empirical research on conflict and personality traits of a wide range of future psychologists. Psychological analysis of conflict proneness as a phenomenon has been proposed. Conflictness is interpreted as a personality trait that is characterized by such psychic activities, emotions, thoughts, messages, plans, attitudes, which spur them to conflict behavior, callous, and physical activity. Conflictness is a selective orientation of an individual towards behavior that corresponds to the conflict experiences, thoughts, intentions, and attitudes. From the standpoint of continually-hierarchical approach, in the qualitative structure of conflict, the following components were empirically identified and described: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral and the types of conflict differed by the combination of its indicators. The research used a complex of psychodiagnostic techniques to identify conflict predisposition indicators and demonstrate them: “Differential Diagnosis of Propensity to Conflict” (developed by Olha Sannikova and Tetiana Ulianova), “Personal Aggressiveness and Conflictness” (developed by Evgenii Iliin and Pavel Kovalev). There have been established interrelations between conflict proneness indices and personal qualities that follow its demonstrations: aggressiveness, neuroticism, unrestraint, weak self-control and self-regulation of the emotional sphere. A qualitative analysis was carried out, which allowed grouping the subjects according to a certain attribute and studying individual psychological peculiarities of conflict as personality properties.

Males evolve to be more harmful under increased sexual conflict intensity in a seed beetle

Abstract One conspicuous manifestation of sexual conflict is traumatic mating, in which male genitalia damage the female during copulation. The penis of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, is covered in spines that damage the female reproductive tract. Females kick males ostensibly to shorten these harmful copulations. How these iconic conflict behaviors coevolve in response to sexual conflict intensity can provide insight into the economics of these traits. We examined whether male harm and female resistance coevolved in response to elevated sexual conflict. We quantified copulation behavior and female reproductive tract damage of individuals from replicated populations evolving for 32 generations under low or high sexual conflict (female- and male-biased treatments, respectively). First, we permitted females ad libitum matings with males from either sex-ratio treatment, recording her tract damage and longevity. Second, we performed a full-factorial cross of matings by males and females from each of the replicate populations, recording mating and kicking duration and reproductive output. We found manipulation of sexual conflict intensity led to the evolution of male harmfulness, but not female resistance to harm. We also demonstrate that female kicking does not respond to sexual conflict intensity, suggesting it does not function to mitigate male harm in this species. Our findings demonstrate the complexities of behavioral and morphological coevolutionary responses to sexual conflict intensity in an important model species.

Expert Assessment of Negative Manifestations that Cause Ethnic and National Conflicts in Modern Russia

The article deals with the problems of modern ethnic conflict manifestations, which, if ethnic tension increases in Russian society, may pose a threat to Russia’s national security. The survey conducted by the author of the article (using the methods of questionnaires and in–depth interviews) of twenty experts who are highly qualified specialists in the field of countering ethnoextremism, the results of mass sociological research, analysis of scientific papers and media publications on the research topic allowed us to determine the probability of various negative manifestations that cause the emergence and development of ethno-national conflicts in the next five to seven years. The most likely negative manifestations (the maximum expert rating is “5”) are the actions of Islamist extremism, including terrorism. The main danger is the terrorist activities of the international organization “Islamic state” and its affiliated extremist structures. Experts believe that ethnoextremistic actions are quite likely (rating “3”): local population towards non-cultural migrants from the North Caucasus republics; local population towards migrants from Central Asian States and towards Russians in the national republics of Russia; local population towards the Federal government and regional authorities; as well as due to the increased influx of migrants from China towards migrants from Ukraine. Experts consider negative manifestations of regional elites towards the Federal government, local population towards Russian citizens in foreign countries, as well as manifestations of Russian nationalism and anti-Semitism to be the least likely (rating “2”). The results of scientific research presented in this article demonstrate the importance of studying the problem of negative ethnic and national manifestations, determining the degree of their influence on the content and dynamics of possible conflicts, and developing effective measures for their timely prevention and suppression.

The Manifestation Of Ethnic Solidarity In A Multiethnic Social Environment (Certain Select Region Case Study)

The purpose of the study is to clarify the nature of ethnic solidarity in a multiethnic social environment. Reasons for this are both the insufficient level of theoretical status of the problem of ethnic solidarity, and the high intensity of the manifestation of intergroup conflicts based on ethnic differences and actualization of ethnosocial characteristics of the conflict subjects, which implies destructive manifestation of group solidarity. The methodological base of the study includes typological comparison, analysis, synthesis, classical methodology of sociological research, and also a modeling method. The results of the study determine the relationship between the specifics of the external distinctness of ethnic groups and the level of conflict in the interethnic environment, as well as determine the role of ethnic solidarity in the escalating of social conflicts to the level of intergroup contradictions. This study considers the process of solidarity in the context of interethnic relations. In particular, the study derives the notion of ethnic solidarity. A particular example of a multiethnic region is the Krasnodar Territory, where one of the authors of the publication (V. Plotnikov) conducted a cycle of external studies of interethnic relations. Particular conclusions drawn from the examination and analysis of manifestations of ethnic solidarity in the multiethnic social environment of a particular region are the basis for similar review of the situation in other regions and are universal. The paper studies the negative forms of the manifestation of ethnic solidarity, the attendant factors, and also gives a local example of consideration of the factors of negative ethnic solidarity. At the end of the study, the authors outline methodological recommendations on the settlement and resolution of the problem of negative ethnic solidarity in the multiethnic region, with the possibility to apply them in the course of regulating social processes in the interethnic environment.

Personal, social and public resources for social conflict settlement: interdisciplinary approach

The risk of conflict interaction proceeds to invoke requests of studying conflict manifestations and the search for means for its peaceful settlement. The research subject was the category of «resource», which nature is characterized by bi-directionality: on the one hand, the category of «resource» is thought of as the subject matter of conflict interaction due to its scarcity, and on the other hand, it is as a means to enhance the human ability to handle difficult (incl. conflict) straits. The research objective was to refine a concept of the resource under the terms of interdisciplinary knowledge and its role in conflict arrangement practices. The research was conducted on the basis of theoretical analysis and methods of qualitative research (unstructured interview, questionnaire). The article argues that, the resource approach occurred relative to human adaptation processes, coping strategies and health conditions under the study of psychological phenomena. The personal resource potential of human vital activity primarily emerges full blown in the conflict. Instead, the actualization of the following levels (social and public) is of secondary importance and involves a certain level of practical skills in its using to resolve a conflict situation. The resource concept turned to be inadequately presented within the framework of conflict psychology and it could be expanded through the implication of interdisciplinary knowledge, in particular, the economics of resources and its application in the field of strategic management. This will be especially significant for organizational psychology in the context of the issues of the competitive ability development. The use of resources in a situation of interpersonal conflict is proven limited by self-preservation processes. The ability to cooperate different resources in a conflict situation is related to the practice of training relevant skills, which source point could be important people and first-hand experience. The conducted pilot study indicates the significance of applying the interdisciplinary approach as well as emphasizes the urgency of harmonizing the terminological tools in order to increase the effectiveness of creating interdisciplinary relations. Interdisciplinary research in the conflict sphere

Males sacrifice their legs to pacify aggressive females in a sexually cannibalistic spider

Monogynous male mating strategies have repeatedly evolved in spiders along with female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and extreme male mating investment. As a manifestation of sexual conflict, male African golden-silk spiders, Trichonephila fenestrata, are regularly attacked by females during copulation, and sexual cannibalism is common. Curiously, attacked males actively cast off (autotomize) their front legs and copulation continues while the female is feeding on these legs. Since the loss of legs is costly in reducing males’ ability to mate guard, it should yield significant benefits. In a series of experiments, we investigated the behavioural mechanism of male leg ejection and tested three hypotheses. First, we performed feeding experiments to test whether conspecific male legs are particularly attractive for females and act as a sensory trap. Second, we conducted mating experiments with sibling and nonsibling pairings to test whether males preferentially invest in high-quality mates. Third, by offering male legs during copulations, we tested whether male leg ejection serves to distract and pacify females. In support of the female pacifier hypothesis, our results confirm a significantly reduced probability of attacks in females that had been offered a male leg, but we found no relationship between simulated leg ejection and male survival. While there was no evidence for special properties of male legs, females accepted male legs significantly more often than insect food. The degree of male leg sacrifice did not depend on male–female relatedness, but large males lost more legs than small males, and small males achieved more copulations. However, total copulation duration was unrelated to male size. Male leg sacrifice in T. fenestrata may represent a rare example of an evolutionary transition in which the antipredation behaviour of autotomizing body parts has changed its function into a sexual context, here to pacify females and to facilitate undisturbed copulations.

Human Security, Peacebuilding, and the Responsibility to Protect in East Asia

East Asia is a region deeply affected by colonial, ideological, and national wars. At the level of international governance, security organizations in the region have looked to minimize the worst manifestations of interstate conflict through emphasizing non-intervention; while domestic governance has emphasized national interest and strength in terms of security and economic growth. East Asian challenges to normative universalism can be defined in cultural, economic, and political terms. This article, however, considers not only the threats to human security in East Asia, but also the roles that East Asian actors play in protecting and promoting human security, noting that under certain conditions, East Asian perspectives may be able to secure, in terms of human security, better results than could be achieved through extra-regional intervention.

Human Security, Peacebuilding, and the Responsibility to Protect in East Asia

East Asia is a region deeply affected by colonial, ideological, and national wars. At the level of international governance, security organizations in the region have looked to minimize the worst manifestations of interstate conflict through emphasizing non-intervention; while domestic governance has emphasized national interest and strength in terms of security and economic growth. East Asian challenges to normative universalism can be defined in cultural, economic, and political terms. This article, however, considers not only the threats to human security in East Asia, but also the roles that East Asian actors play in protecting and promoting human security, noting that under certain conditions, East Asian perspectives may be able to secure, in terms of human security, better results than could be achieved through extra-regional intervention.

Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of the Research of Social Stereotypes Effect on the Marital Conflicts’ Occurrence

Theoretical and methodological approach to study-ing the influence of social stereotypes on the occur-rence of conflicts between marrieds are discussed in this article. The concept and types of social ste-reotypes are given. The forms of manifestation of marital conflicts and the causes of their occurrence, which are most likely to be affected by stereotypical attitudes, are disclosed. Basic approaches to the study of marital conflicts and their extreme form of manifestation – marital violence, are considered. The issue of marital conflicts is relevant for Russian so-ciology due to the growth of divorces and cases of crimes committed in the family. The social attitudes about appropriate behavior in marriage can influ-ence to the occurrence of conflicts in the family and the ways for resolving them. The research of the influence of social stereotypes on marital relations can help to develop measures aimed at improvement the institution of family and marriage in modern Russia.

Systems for Conflict Resolution in Comparative Perspective

A cornerstone of industrial relations theory is the idea that the potential for conflict is inherent in the employment relationship. Across countries, forms of workplace conflict and methods of conflict resolution take a range of different forms. Yet aside from attempts to understand cross-national variation in strikes, little research has examined systemic differences in the manifestation and management of workplace conflict. The authors seek to fill this void by analyzing through a comparative lens practices for addressing employment-related conflict in four countries: Germany, the United States, Italy, and Australia. In contrast to the unidimensional varieties of capitalism approach, they analyze workplace conflict resolution systems across two dimensions: collective-individual and regulated-voluntarist. The analysis also emphasizes the importance of within-country variation and interactions between different conflict resolution subsystems.

Administrative Boundaries and Manifestations of Conflict between Pastoralists and Peasants in Kiteto District, Northern Tanzania, 1970 to 2016

After her independence in 1961, the new government of Tanganyika (now called Mainland Tanzania) embarked on the establishment of new administrative units, namely regions, districts, wards, villages, and hamlets as well as establishing political and administrative boundaries. The government expected that local communities would peacefully utilize the existing resources within the respective administrative units. Contrary to that, the newly established administrative units and their respective boundaries caused conflicts in different parts of Mainland Tanzania. The reviewed literature suggests that conflicts emerged over pieces of land that separated the borders and ethnically created boundaries. Using archival sources, interviews, newspapers and documentary reviews, this paper argues that boundary conflicts between peasants and pastoralists in Kiteto District were caused by political and administrative decisions of the post-colonial government which ignored the traditional land administrative units and boundaries. The new boundaries were set up for political interests; they ignored traditional boundary settings and violated land laws and procedures during the installation of the boundary marks. The paper is thought to be significant as it contributes to the existing scholarship on border disputes.

Review on the Social Conflicts of Land Acquisition and Demolition and its causes in China: From the Perspectives of Stakeholders and Institutions

In China, with the accelerating process of urbanization, social conflicts usually occur during the process of land acquisition and demolition, which has brought about large negative social impacts. Faced with the needs of the practice, this paper conducts a comprehensive review to sort out the performances of conflicts, to explore the causes and to provide some suggestions from both the stakeholders and institutional perspective. The study contends that there are three main manifestations of social conflicts in land acquisition and demolition: (1) violent enforcement of demolition; (2) differences in compensation needs; and (3) problems of landless people’s disorderly struggle. At the same time, in order to solve these problems, the government should establish a sense of “service-oriented governance”, distinguish the relationship between public interests and personal interests, enrich the public feedback channels to enhance the public’s right to speak. For developers, the government should strengthen control and avoid corruption caused by the combination of officials and businessmen. Finally, the government should improve the compensation and supervision mechanism for land acquisition and demolition, fundamentally solving the chaotic state that no great laws to follow.

Land use conflict identification and sustainable development scenario simulation on China's southeast coast

The southeast coastal region of China is a typical frontier region between urbanization and industrialization, where land use is facing the pressure and challenge of continuous expansion of construction land, decreasing agricultural land and accelerated degradation of ecological land. Solving the resulting land use conflicts (LUCs) has become an urgent issue in regional sustainable development. In order to explore LUC status and to guide LUC governance, an empirical model of land use conflict identification and intensity diagnosis was constructed, and a method for simulating sustainable land use scenarios based on conflict management was proposed. Nan'an City was selected as an empirical study area. The empirical model divides the conflict intensity into seven levels, and divides the LUC zones into 16 types according to their “dominant land + conflict intensity”. We recommend formulating land use change rules according to the “distribution-land type-performance- intensity” of conflict zones when simulating future sustainable land use scenarios. The empirical results showed that the current land use pattern in Nan'an City has led to fierce competition and conflict. The spatial distribution, land type composition, conflict manifestation and intensity of different LUC zones varied widely; therefore, it is necessary to adopt different governance strategies to achieve a balance between the differential demands of land use and to guide the direction of sustainable development. The constructed empirical model and proposed simulation approach could better reflect the true situation of land use in the economically developed areas of China, and would provide theoretical and methodological support for the prevention and resolution of LUCs.

Task Conflict and Task Control: A Mini-Review.

Stimulus-driven behaviors are triggered by the specific stimuli with which they are associated. For example, words elicit automatic reading behavior. When stimulus-driven behaviors are incongruent with one’s current goals, task conflict can emerge, requiring the activation of a task control mechanism. The Stroop task induces task conflict by asking participants to focus on color naming and ignore the automatic, stimulus-driven, irrelevant word reading task. Thus, task conflict manifests in Stroop incongruent as well as in congruent trials. Previous studies demonstrated that when task control fails, reaction times in congruent trials slow down, leading to a reversed facilitation effect. In the present mini-review, we review the literature on the manifestation of task conflict and the recruitment of task control in the Stroop task and present the physiological and behavioral signatures of task control and task conflict. We then suggest that the notion of task conflict is strongly related to the concept of stimulus-driven behaviors and present examples for the manifestation of stimulus-driven task conflict in the Stroop task and additional tasks, including object-interference and affordances tasks. The reviewed literature supports the illustration of task conflict as a specific type of conflict, which is different from other conflict types and may manifest in different tasks and under diverse modalities of response.

Developing and Standardizing Marital Instability Measurement Test for Couples

Abstract Background: Divorce is the most common manifestation of severe conflict, and over half of the couples who seek advice will finally get divorced. Objectives: The present study aimed at developing and standardizing Marital Instability Measurement test for couples. Material and Methods: This is a developmental – psychometric research and accordingly, using theoretical bases and the existing literature, a questionnaire consisted of 6 components and 21 items was prepared and confirmed by the experts in the field. Statistical population of the current study included couples with marital instability in Tehran, who attended the Police Counseling Center. 400 people answered the research questionnaire. After excluding incomplete questionnaires, 320 questionnaires were analyzed by convenience sampling method. Results: After collecting data and inserting them into the software, firstly explanatory factor analysis was conducted on the obtained data and then the extracted items for the studied components were confirmed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis test. Conclusion: Accordingly, we can say that the research questionnaire has good validity and reliability and can be used by other researchers in future works. Developing, Standardization, Marital, Instability, Measurement, Couples